SMK SACRED HEART, SIBU STPM PHYSICS CHAPTER 15 DIRECT CURRENT CIRCUITS

1. Electromotive force (e.m.f.), E

= energy supplied to each coulomb of charge that flows
from the source.
Since its unit is V, from V = E= = =
V1 = V G Itotal = I1 = IG
I1 R1 = IG RG = = =
E=
E = I (R + r)
=1+ 11. Potentiometer (When G = 0)
E= Diagram Formula
R=
2. Potential difference between two points
V= = =constant
=
3. Maximum current
V = E Ir
Imaximum = , r = internal resistance
Due to presence of r , V < E, hence V = IR =
4. Electrical power, P = = constant
P = IV = I2R =
5. Series parallel Hence, =
Type Maximum
Series Voltage
Parallel Current V = IR =
6. Maximum power = = constant
2 2
P=I R=( ) R , when R = r Thus, =

Hence, =
7. Kirchhoffs first law:
The algebraic sum of the currents at a junction of a circuit
is zero. [ Principle of conservation of charge ] = ,
= 0 or Iin = Iout =

8. Kirchhoffs second law: = , V1 = E

In a closed loop, the algebraic sum of = = =1+
the e.m.f.s is equal to the products of
current and resistance. 2 = new length

[Principle of conservation of energy ] when S1 is closed

*Refer to Kirchhoffs Law question analysis

9. Potential and current divider

Poetntial divider Current divider
= =

Itotal = I1 = I2 Vtotal = V1 = V2
= = = Itotal R total = I1 R1 = I2 R2 =
10. Shunt and multiplier
Shunt Multiplier
12. Wheatstone bridge & Metre bridge
Resistor of lower resistance Resistor of high resistance
If R and S are replaced
than that of galvanometer connected in series with the
by wires. Then:
and is connected parallel to galvanometer.
galvanometer PQRS are
resistance