Drugs of Final

*Drug name: 1.
Procaine
Mechanism of action: Block voltage-dependent sodium

channel
Indication: Topical and regional anesthesia ,

antiarrhythmic
Side effect : hypotensive, inhibit CNS, arrhythmic effect,

siezures, tremor
Note: This drug combained with epinephrine because

dont have vasoconstriction to prolong duration
*Drug name: 2.Lidocaine
Mechanism of action: Block inactive sodium channel
Indication: all types of local anesthesia , antiarrhythmic
Side effect: drowsiness, visual impairment, nausea,

tremor, seizures ,in severe cases cardiovascular and
respiratory disorder
Note: This drug combained with epinephrine , The most

common use for anesthesia and ventricular fibrillation
*Drug name: 3.Medicinal coal
Mechanism of action: Prevent irritation of the sensory

nerve endings this drug applied in skin and mucousa
Indication: to treat of poisoning with chemical compound ,

diarrhea, meteorism , remove stomach gas
Side effect: Vomiting, constipation or diarrhea, black

stools, Sorbitol may cause loose stools and vomiting
Note: the real name is activated charcoal

*Drug name: 4.Pilocarpine
Mechanism of action: non-selective muscarinic receptor

agonist and have indirect action inhibit cholinesterase
enzyme
Indication: dry mouth , glaucoma, constipation
Side effect: excessive salivation, sweating, bronchial

mucus secretion, bronchospasm, bradycardia,
vasodilation, and diarrhea, miosis
Note: This drug and aceclidinum the most common use for
glaucoma
*Drug name: 5. Aceclidine
Mechanism of action: non-selective muscarinic receptor

agonist
Indication: Glaucoma , dry mouth (xerostomia),

constipaton
Side effect: Irritation of the conjunctiva ,atony, bronchial

spasm
,bradicardia, diarrhea, miosis
Note:
*Drug name: 6. Neostigmine
Mechanism of action: Reversible block

acetylcholinesterase
Enzyme to prevent hydrolysis of acetylcholine
Indication: Dry mouth, glaucoma, myasthenia gravis

constipation
Note: Similar action of drugs physostigmine, galantamine
*Drug name: 7. Armine
Mechanism of action: Irreversible block

acetylcholinesterase
Enzyme to prevent hydrolysis of acetylcholine
Indication: Dry mouth, glaucoma, myasthenia gravis

,constipation

Note:
*Drug name: 8. ATROPINE
Mechanism of action: M-cholinoblocking
Indication: Diagnosis in ophthalmology To see optic disc, in

atony, bronchospasm, Spasm of bile duct , poisoning of m-
cholinomimtic drugs
Side effect: Tachycardia ,dry mouth , constipation

,hypotensive , xerodermia, decrease in sweating
,photophobia
Note: Drugs atropine like effect is, metocinum,

Platyphilline, Ipratropium, scopolamine
*Drug name: 9. Scopolamine
Mechanism of action: M1-cholinoblocking
Indication: Airsickness, Seasickness, parkinsonism

,photophobia
Note: It have more than atropine in duration of action

*Drug name: 10.platyphilline
Mechanism of action: M-cholinoblocking And it has

modrate ganglioblocking
Indication: Eye diagnosis like atropine ,

Spasmolytic effect in stomach, intestine, biliary duct ,
ureters

,photophobia
Note:
*Drug name: 11.Hexamethonium
Mechanism of action: ganglionic blocker a nicotinic (NN)
Indication: Block autonomic ganglia use in chronic

hypertension, .have spasmolytic effect in GIT , ureters, gall
bladder
Side effect: orthostatic hypotension and sexual

dysfunction, constipation, urinary retention, glaucoma,
blurry vision, decreased lacrimal gland secretion, dry
mouth (xerostomia)) effects.
Note: This drug is limit use because a lot of side effect
*Drug name: 12.Suxamethonium
Mechanism of action: It binds to post-synaptic nicotinic

receptors, activating them and opening ion channels,
which causes depolarization and contraction after that
paralysis develop
Indication: Used muscle relaxation and short-term
paralysis and sometimes used in combination with
analgesics and sedatives for euthanasia
Side effect: hyperthermia, muscle pains, acute

rhabdomyolysis with hyperkalemia, ocular hypertension,
constipation , bradycardia, and cardiac arrest
Note: Suxamathonium In kharkevitch page 116 down

*Drug name: 13.Norepinephrine
Mechanism of action: Adrenomimitic receptors

(a1+a2+b1)
Indication: hypotension, septic shock and neurogenic

shock, hemorrhagic shock , and also can use with other
drugs such local anesthesia
Side effect: Hypertension, headache, arrhythmias,

respiratory disorders, constipation, reflex bradycardia
Note: Note. Not giving intramuscular it cause tissue

necrosis
*Drug name: 14.Epinephrine
Mechanism of action: Adrenomimetic receptors

(a1+a2+b1+b2)
Indication: cardiac arrest, anaphylaxis, and superficial

bleeding, bronchospasm and hypoglycemia, open-angle
glaucoma
Side effect: palpitations, tachycardia, arrhythmia, anxiety,

panic attack, headache, tremor, hypertension, and acute
pulmonary edema
Note: Note. It also cause tissue necrosis and also use in

local anesthesia
*Drug name: 15.Salbutamol
Mechanism of action: Adrenomimetic receptor (b2)
Indication: Asthma, COPD, cystic fibrosis, acute

hyperkalemia
Side effect: tremor, anxiety, headache, muscle cramps,

dry mouth, and palpitation, tachycardia, arrhythmia,
flushing, hypokalemia
Note: Administration inhalation or IV

*Drug name: 16.Propranolol
Mechanism of action: Adrenoblockers nonselective beta

blocker (b1+b2)
Indication: Tachyarrhythmias, Hypertension, Angina

pectoris,
Myocardial infarction, Migraine prevention,
Essential tremor
Side effect: Insomnia, hypoglycemia and bradycardia,

breast milk at very low levels, Cardiac failure,
bronchospasm
Note:
*Drug name: 17.Atenolol
Mechanism of action: Adrenoblockers selective beta

blocker (b1)
Indication: hypertension, angina, long QT syndrome, acute

myocardial infarction, supraventricular tachycardia,
ventricular tachycardia,
Side effect: higher risk of provoking type 2 diabetes ,

bradycardia, hypotension with shock, acute heart failure,
hypoglycemia
Note: The use selective b-block B1 to not cause

bronchospasm
Like propranolol
*Drug name: 18.Reserpine
Mechanism of action: irreversibly blocks the vesicular

monoamine transporter (VMAT) that block release of
dopamine, norepinephrine, serotonin
Indication: antipsychotic and antihypertensive, dyskinesia

in patients suffering from Huntington's disease
Side effect: nasal congestion, nausea, vomiting, weight

gain, gastric intolerance, gastric ulceration
Note: Reserpine and guanithidine is sympatholytic
*Drug name: 19.Dobutamine
Mechanism of action: Adrenomimitics selective beta

agonist (b1)
Indication: heart failure, ischemic heart disease,

cardiogenic shock, bradycardia, hypotension
Side effect: hypertension, angina, arrhythmia, and

tachycardia
Note:
*Drug name: 20.Morphine
Mechanism of action: agonist the presynaptic nerve

action of opioids to inhibit neurotransmitter release the
opioids receptors is m, d and k (mu, delta and kappa)
Indication: acute and chronic severe pain, myocardial

infarction,
acute pulmonary edema, acute shortness of breath due to
both cancer and noncancer causes
Side effect: acute respiratory depression, renal failure

,constipation ,euphoria, dysphoria , constipation ,
hormonal imbalance,
CNS depressant, bradycardia, miosis, drug dependence
Note:
*Drug name: 21.Trimeperidine
Mechanism of action: Morphine like action But the duration

is longer
Indication: The same like morphine
Side effect: Less than morphine in action
Note:
*Drug name: 22.Pentazocine
Mechanism of action: agonistantagonist narcotic, agonist

of (delta and kappa) and antagonist of (mu)
Indication: treat pain, analgesic effect, respiratory edema
Side effect: Respiratory depression, psychotomimetic

effects, hypertension,
agranulocytosis, erythema multiforme and toxic epidermal
necrolysis
Note:
*Drug name: 23.Tramadol
Mechanism of action: it binds to the (mu) -opioid

receptor. Second, it inhibits the reuptake of serotonin and
norepinephrine
Indication: Acute and chronic pain, Rheumatism
Side effect: Headache, dizziness, lethargy, increase in

sweeting, hypotension, tachycardia, dry mouth,
constipation
Note: This drug is low affinity to opioid receptors than

morphine
*Drug name: 24.Acetylsalicylic acid
Mechanism of action: Irreversible nonselective block

cyclooxygenase-1(COX-1)and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2)
Indication: fever, pain, rheumatic fever, and inflammatory

diseases, such as rheumatoid arthritis, pericarditis,
antiplatelet, prevent heart attacks, strokes, and blood clot
Side effect: bronchospasm, peptic ulcers, bleeding, skin

rash , Reye's syndrome, kidney disorders
Note: Aspirin. With low dose act as antiplatelet.
*Name of the drug : 25. ketorolac (NSAID)

Mechanism of action :Inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis
by competitive blocking of the enzyme cyclooxygenase
( cox) its non selective COX inhibitor .
Indications: post operative ( pain reliever),moderate to
severe pain ( for short term only ),inflammation ,allergic
conjunctivitis ,eye sensitive to light ( photosensitivity )
Adverse effects : GI ( ulceration of mucous membrane,
constipation or diarrhea, vomiting , nausea , stomach
fullness , stomach upset ) ,renal failure ,headache
,dizziness ,drowsiness ,sweating.
Notes : it has several actions ( anti-inflammatory ,
antipyretic, analgesic , anti-aggregation ) but its anti-
inflammatory effect is not significant , and due to its
severe adverse effects the drug has been withdrawn from
clinical use in some countries .
*Name of drug : 26. naltrexone (opioid antagonist)

Mechanism of action :
Its universal antagonist of opioid analgesics
Indications :
Used to reverse the coma and respiratory depression of
opioid overdose ( for drug dependence manangment)
chronic alcoholism
Side effects : sleeplessness ,nausea, arthralgia, abdominal
pain ,drug dependence(withdrawal syndrome )
,tolerance ,tachycardia ,blurred vision
Tinnitus.
Notes : given for oral administration only .
*Name of drug :27.paracetamol (non-opioid)

It act by inhibiting type 3 cyclooxygenase (COX-3) in the
CNS in which lead to the reduction in the synthesis of
prostaglandins ( peripheral prostaglandin synthesis is not
impaired)
Indications : headache ,myalgia ,neuralgia, arthralgia, post
operative pain ,anti pyretic
Side effects : Tolerance ,Skin allergic reaction, Stomach
pain , Loss of appetite ,Nausea ,Jaundice ,Hepatic failure
,Renal failure.
Notes : it has analgesic and anti-pyretic effects
*Name of drug :28. baralgine (non opioid)

Mechanism of action : Non opioid with peripheral action.
Indications :the same as paracetamol
Side effects : the same as paracetamol
Notes :
*Name of drug :29. phenobarbital(hypnotic non selective)

Mechanism of action : Sedative hypnotic action is due to
their interaction with GABAa receptors, which enhance
GABAergic transmission , by prolonging the duration of
chloride channel oppenings thus potentiate influx of
chloride ions into the neuronal cells . in addition can block
excitatory glutamate receptors. Also it has anesthetic
effect by impairment of other channels especialy sodium
channel ( others are pottasium and calcium channels )
Indications : anesthetic,seizures ,status epilepticus
insomnia ,anxiety, eclampsia
Side effects : drowsiness impaired concentration , mental
and physical sluggishness (lethargy), nausea
,dizziness.
Notes : today barbiturates have been replaced by
bezodiazepines bcz the induce tolerance, dependence,
and are associated with very severe withdrawal symptoms
(ex: coma)
*Name of drug : 30.Diazepam (anxiolytic and hypnotic)
Mechanism of action : ( agonist of benzodiazepine
receptors )
It act by increase the affinity of GABA to GABAa receptors
and intensify the inhibitory action of GABA. And increase
the opening frequency of chloride channels ,then influx of
chloride ions inside the neuronal cells will increase ,
leading to an increase in the inhibitory postsynaptic
potential (inhibit the formation of action potential) .
Indications : Panic disorder, Obessive compulsive
disorder ,Social anxity disorder ,Schizophrenia ,Multiple
sclerosis, Cerebral plasy ,Epilepsy ,Insomnia.
Side effects : drowsiness, confusion ,ataxia
,dependence ,allergic reaction ,nausea, vomiting
,headache, gastric indigestion ,dizziness
Notes : it has several effects ( anxiolytic, hypnotic,
sedative, anticonvulsant, muscle relaxant and amnesic
effect ).
*Name of drug :31. nitrazepam (hypnotic)

receptors )
Indications : Panic disorder ,Obessive compulsive
disorder ,Social anxity disorder ,Schizophrenia ,Multiple
sclerosis ,Cerebral plasy ,Epilepsy ,Insomnia
Side effects : drowsiness ,confusion ,ataxia ,dependence
allergic reaction ,nausea ,vomiting ,headache, gastric
indigestion ,dizziness
Notes : prolong the action of anesthetics, ethyl alcohol and
other hypnotics ( non selective CNS depressants ).
*Name of drug : 32.fenazepam (hypnotic)

receptors )
Indications : Panic disorder ,Obessive compulsive
disorder ,Social anxity disorder ,Schizophrenia
Multiple sclerosis ,Cerebral plasy ,Epilepsy, Insomnia
Side effects : drowsiness ,confusion , ataxia ,dependence
,allergic reaction ,nausea,vomiting ,headache,gastric
indigestion,dizziness
Notes : it has long term effect t = 30-40 h and more).
*Name of drug : 33.zopiclone (hypnotic)

Mechanism of action:
Selectively interact with the first subtype of bezodiazepine
receptor BZ1 .
Indications : Panic disorder ,Obessive compulsive disorder,
Social anxity disorder ,Schizophrenia
Multiple sclerosis ,Cerebral plasy ,Epilepsy, Insomnia
Side effects : tolerance ,dependence, metallic bitter
taste ,nausea, vomiting, headache ,dizziness, allergic
reactions ,coordination problems
Notes : duration of its use must be limited to a 4 weeks to
avoid tolerance and dependence (for overdose Flumazenil
is used as an antidote ). It has also another effects
(sedative, anxiolytic, anticonvulsant and muscle relaxing
effect ).
*Name of the drug : 34.valerian extract ( hypnotic)

Mechanism of action : ???
Indications: insomnia ,anxiety, stress ,menopausal anxiety
, dyssomnia, depression ,dysmenorrhea
ADHD ,muscle and joint pain, epilepsy
Side effects : headache, excitability , restlessness
sluggish
Notes: its an herb .
*Name of drug : 35.carbamazepine (antiepileptic)

Sodium channel blocker ( so decrease the neuronal
excitability).
Indications :
Epilepsy ,trigeminal neuralgia, seizures ,bipolar disorders
Side effects : dyspepsia, headache, dizziness, drowsiness

,accomodation impairment, allergic reaction(leukopenia,
thrombocytopenia)
Notes : lower the tolerance to ethyl alcohol .
*Name of drug : 36.phenytoin ( antiepileptic)

Sodium channel blocker ( so decrease the neuronal
excitability).
Indications : grand mal seizure
Side effects: dizziness, ataxia, tremor , nystagmus
, diplopia, hyperplastic gingivitis, nausea and vomiting
,skin rash
Notes :
*Name of drug:37. valproic acid (antiepileptic)

It block sodium channel, also block T type calcium
channels.
Indications: grand mal seizure, ptite mal seizure
myoclonic epilepsy ,bipolar disorder, alzheimers
Side effects: nausea, ataxia, drowsiness
Headache, fever
Notes:
*Name of drug: 38.ethosuximide (antiepileptic)

Calcium channel blocker (T-type).
Indications: petite mal seizure,absence seizures
Side effects:
aplastic anemia, agranulocytosis, renal impairment
dyspepsia ,dizziness, weakness and fatigue
Notes: blood count must be controlled during its therapy.
*Name of drug : 39.levodopa (anti-parkinson)

Dopamine it self does not cross the BBB ,but its precursor
levodopa ,is actively transported into the CNS and is
converted to dopamine in the brain under the action of
DOPA-decarboxylase enzyme .
Indications: parkinson disease ,parkinson like symptoms
Side effects: nausea ,vomiting, cardiac arrhythmias,
hypotension ,mental disorders, motor dysfunction
Notes :adminstered after meal, and in long term therapy.
*Name of drug: 40.chlorpromazine(antipsychotic)

Competitive blocking of D2 Dopamine receptors
Indications : schizophrenia ,severe nausea and vomiting
,intractable hiccups
Side effects : extrapyramidal symptoms ,urinary retention,
weight gain ,sedation ,hypotension, arrhythmias ,dry
mouth ,sexual dysfunction
Notes :
*Name of drug : 41.perphenazine ( anti-psychotic)

Indications:
Schizophrenia, psychosis ,nausea, vomiting, tourrete
syndrome ,reye syndrome ,huntingtons disease
,withdrawal syndrome
Side effects :
constipation or diarrhea ,dizziness ,drowsiness
dry mouth ,enlarged pupils ,headache ,loss of appetite
stuffy nose ,vomiting
Notes : its a medium potency anti-psychotic
*Name of drug:42.droperidol (anti-psychotic)

(antagonist)
Indication : neuroleptanalgesia ,Psychosis ,preventing
nausea and vomiting during surgery
Side effects : anxiety ,drowsiness, hyperactivity
Restlessness ,allergic reaction
Notes : has short term action
*Name of drug:43. lithium carbonate(anti-manic)

It pass through the fast sodium channels into the cell
,where it partialy replace the sodium iones ,and impair the
ions exchange rate of extra and intracellular sodium ions,
as well as the distribution of K which may affect the
process of depolarization.(it may also have another
effects: decrease norepinephrine and dopamine release,
and reduce the concentration of cAMP).
Indications: mania ,depression
Side effects: dyspepsia,muscle weakness, tremor

Polyuria ,thirst
Notes : differ from anti-psychotic drugs by a slower onset
of effects (2-3 weeks), more selective action on manias ,
and lack of sedative effect.
*Name of drug:44. imipramine(anti-depressant)

Blocking neuronal uptake of serotonin and
norepinephrine(monoamines). non selective action.
Indications :
Depression, ADHD, panic disorders, pain
Side effects :
dry mouth ,tachycardia, constipation, accommodation
disorders, sedation, leukopenia , agranulocytosis
Notes : it has psychostimulant, antidepressant,
psychosedative effects .
*Name of drug: 45. amitriptyline(ani-depressant)

Blocking neuronal uptake of serotonin and
norepinephrine(monoamines). non selective action.
Indications : minor depressive disorder ,pain
Side effects : hives ,difficulty breathing, swelling of your

face,lips ,tongue,throat ,restless, hyperactive
anxiety
Notes : antidepressant and psychosedativ effects .
*Name of drug: 46.caffeine sodium

benzoate(psychostimuant)
Inhibition of phosphodiesterase which is responsible for
the intracellular metabolism of cAMP.thus they increase
intracellular cAMP and produce effects that mimic those
mediators that stimulate adenylate cyclase.(caffeine also
antagonist of adenosine,acting on both A1 and A2
receptors).
Indications: hypotension migraine, potency of analgesia,
as psychostimulant, fatigue ,drowsiness
Side effects : nausea ,vomiting ,anxiety ,excitation
, Sleeplessness, tachycardia ,arrhythmia
Notes: has psychostimulant and analeptic effects .
*Name of drug :47. piracetam(nootrop)

-intensification of energetic process in the brain
-stimulation of glucose utilization
-increase the tonus and activity of the nervous centers
-vasodilation in the brain (anti-hypoxic effect)
Indications :cerebrovascular failure, encephalopathy
Alcoholism, migraine ,coma ,in pediatrics and geriatrics
Side effects : excitation ,insomnia ,dyspepsia , nausea and
vomiting ,tremor ,neurosis ,leucopenia
Notes: has moderate anti-convulsive effect , and duration
of treatment is between one and several months.
*Name of drug: 48. ketamine (general anesthetic)

Induce a dissociated state (in which the patient is
unconscious but may appear to be awake, and does not
feel pain).
-antagonist of N-methyl-D-asparate receptor.
-agonist of opioid receptors
-inhibit the reuptake of serotonin , dopamine and
norepinephrine
-voltage sodium channel and L-type calcium channels
blocker.
Indications: anesthesia ,burn treatment ,spinal or epidural
anesthesia ,tracheal intubation ,emergency department
Side effects : bradycardia, intracranial hypertension
,erythema ,anorexia ,nausea, vomiting, increase
intraocular pressure
Notes :non inhalation anesthesia(IV+IM)and has short
duration of action (15 min).
Drug nr. 49
Name of drug : Strophantine
Mechanism of action : Inhibit Na & K-ATPase in the

cardiomyocyte membrane. This lead to a Na & K flow
disturbance . as result of this the K+ content inside the
cardiomyocyte decreases,while the Na content increase .
the difference between intra and exta cellular Na
concentration decreases , and this limits trans-membrane
Na\Ca exchange. The latter effect makes Ca+ outflow less
intessive and increase the Ca in sarcoplasm and
accumulate in sarcoplasmic reticulum . in turn that
stimulate additional amout of Ca+ to enter by calcium L-
channels , and that Ca+ causes contraction of
cardiomyocytes.
Indications : Acute & chronic heart failure , atrial

fibrillation & Flutter
Side Effects : Sinus Bradycardia , AV block , SA block,

Ventricular tachychardia & Fibrillation , Nausea , vomiting ,
Diarrhea , Abdominal discomfort, anorexia, Dizzness,
Headache , Fatigue , blurred vision ,aphasia ,confusion
,Delirium , Hallucination , Gynecomastia .
Drug Nr.50
Name of Drug : Digoxin
Mechanism of Action : Inhibit Na & K-ATPase in the

cardiomyocyte membrane. This lead to a Na & K flow
disturbance . as result of this the K+ content inside the
cardiomyocyte decreases,while the Na content increase .
the difference between intra and exta cellular Na
concentration decreases , and this limits trans-membrane
Na\Ca exchange. The latter effect makes Ca+ outflow less
intessive and increase the Ca in sarcoplasm and
accumulate in sarcoplasmic reticulum . in turn that
stimulate additional amout of Ca+ to enter by calcium L-
channels , and that Ca+ causes contraction of
cardiomyocytes.
Indication : Acute & chronic heart failure , atrial

fibrillation & Flutter
Side Effects : Sinus Bradycardia , AV block , SA block,

Ventricular tachychardia & Fibrillation , Nausea , vomiting ,
Drug nr.51
Name of drug : Amrinone
Mechanism of Action : increases cAMP content by

inhibiting phosphodiesterase 3 ,so it blocks the process of
cAMP inactivation . the accumulation of cAMP increases Ca
concentration that cause positive inotropic effect.
Indications : Acute heart failure , atrial fibrillation &

Flutter .
Side Effects : Hypotension , Nausea , vomiting ,

Drug nr. 52
Name of drug : Clonidine
Mechanism of action stimulates alpha-2 receptors and I-2

(imidazoline) of solitary tract in medulla oblongata ,this
leade to suppression of vasomotor center neurons and
reduce sympathetic tone and at same time vagal tone
increases .
Indication : Hpertension hypertenstion crises , .
Side Effects : sedation , dry mouth , constipation ,decrease

temperature, decrease apetite and salivation .
Drug nr.53
Name of drug : Nifedipine
Mechanism of Action : Blocks Calcium channel L-type so

lowering of Ca amount leads to decrease vascular tone
(because Ca is important for actin and myosin contraction)
Indication : Hypertesnion and angina pectoris
Side effects : reduce platelet aggregation , decrease

insulin release ,Headache, vertigo ,
hypotension,edema,tachycardia,constipation,allergic
reaction.
Drug nr.54
Name of Drugs : Captopril
Mechanism of Action : blocks Angiotensin-converting

enzyme (ACE) this enzyme convert angiotensin 1 into 2 .
Indications : arterial hyoertension,heart failure ,coronary

disease.
Side effects : allergic reaction(skin,fever),taste

disorder,edema ,tachycardia,dry cough ,leukopaenia
,proteinuria .
Drug nr 55
Name of drug : Prazosin

Mechanism of action : blocks postsynaptic Alpha-1
adrenoceptors without affecting alpha-2 .
Indication : Hypertension , heart failure, benign

hyperplasia of prostate gland
Adverse effects : Headache , Palpitation ,Sleepiness ,

orthostatic hypotension ,Dizziness, water retention.
Drug nr.56
Name of Drug : Lozartan
Mechanism of Action : selective antagonist of angiotensin

receptors . also stimulate adrenergic innervation .
Indications : Hypertension,chronic heart failure.
Side Effects : Headache , Dizziness,allergic reaction .
drug nr.57
Name of drug : Nebivolol
Mechanism of Action : Blocks Beta-1 adrenoceptors ,

inhibit rennin release .increase NO production .
Indications : Hypertension . Chronic obstruction lung

disease , heart failure, peripheral vascular disease ,
myocardial infarction .angina,migraine .
Adverse effects : Bradychardia ,Fatigue , insomnia,

hallucination, decrease libido ,decrease HDL ,Dizziness,
Orthostatic hypotension , impotence .
Drug nr.58
Name of drug : Hydralazine
Mechanism of Action: Activate K+ channel , increasing

potassium efflux and inducing hyperpolarization of the
smooth muscle membrane . when membrane is
hyperpolarized ,calcium influx is inhibited and the
arteriolar smooth muscle relaxes .
Indication : hypertension, myocardial infarction, heart

failure.
side effects : Headache , tachycardia, nausea,sweating

,arrhythmia , angina pectoris.
Drug nr.59
Name of drug : Quinidine
Mechanism of action : blocks Na channels , it reduces the

inward sodium flux ,which generate an Action potential
(phase0) .
Quinidine also suppresses the transmission of excitation
from vagus nerve to heart (M-Cholinoblocker) , also has
Alpha-adrenoceptor blockade affects peripheral vessels.
Indication : tachyarrhythmia , flutter and fibrillation ,

supraventricular tachycardia , ReEntry Arrhythmia , atrial
tachycardia and atrial fibrillation .
Side effects : Toxicity , Hypotension , sinus arrest , AV

dissociation , Nausea , vomiting, diarrhea , tinnitus ,
deafness , disturb vision , fever , pupura ,
thrombocytopenia .
Drug nr.60
Name of drug : Procainamide
Mechanism of action : blocks Na channels , it reduces the

(phase0) .
it also suppresses the transmission of excitation from
vagus nerve to heart (M-Cholinoblocker) , also has Alpha-
adrenoceptor blockade affects peripheral vessels.
Indication : atrial , junctional and ventricular arrhythmias
Side effects : Hypotension , QRS and QT prolongation , SLE

, GI disturbances .
Drug nr.61
Name of Drug : Ethacisine
Mechanism of Action : blocks Na channels , it reduces the

(phase0) .also blocks Ca channels .
it also suppresses the transmission of excitation from
vagus nerve to heart (M-Cholinoblocker) , also has Alpha-
adrenoceptor blockade affects peripheral vessels.
Indication : Refractory ventricular arrhythmia , supra

ventricular arrhythmia , extrasistoly , tachyarrhythmia ,.
Side effects : (-) inotripic effect , proarrhythmia effects ,

dizziness , visual disturbances , headache , nausea ,
tremor , diarrhea, heart block , sinus arrest .
Drug nr.62
Drug Name : Verapamil
Mechanism of action : it blocks Ca channels in phase 1&2 ,

reducing the inward slow calcium current flow (decrease
entry of extracellular Ca ions into cells) by blocking
potential-dependent calcium channels. As result of this
suppression of conduction and an increase in the effective
refractory period in AV node occurs .
Indications : Flutter , atrial fivrillation , supraventricular

tachycardia ,angina , hypertension , rapid heart beat ,
Side effects : hypotension , heart failure aggravation , AV

block , nausea , vomiting , dizziness , allergic reaction
,weakness , muscle spasm , edema .
Drug nr.63
Name of drug : Amiodarone
Mechanism of action : blocks of potassium channels

(decrease efflux of K ions cardiomyocytes) ,besides ,
amiodarone blocks Na channels and also causes non-
competitive block of beta-adrenoceptors and to lesser
extent Ca channels .
Indication : ventricular and supraventricular arrhythmia ,

WPW syndrome .
Side effects : syndromes similar to lupus eryhthematous ,

sinus bradycardia , asthma , photosesibilty ,
hypothyroidism ,Congestive heart failure , hypotension ,
pulmonary fibrosis, tremor .
Drug nr.64
Name of drugs : Hydrochlorothiazide
Mechanism of action : it suppresses reabsorption of Na

and Cl mostly in the early part of the distal tubules by
means of inhibiting Na\Cl transport system .
it also inhibit carbonic anhydrase thus leads to decrease in
biocarbonate reabsorption , besides this drug enhances K
secretion and increase the excretion of Mg ions .
Indication : hypertension , cardiac failure, edema , stone in
kidney , enuresis, glaucoma, insipid diabetes .
side effects : HypK,Mg,Na , decrease insulin ,

hyperuricemia , nausea, vomiting , vertigo, dermatitis .
Drug nr.65
name of drug : Manitol
mechanism of action : when this drug reach renal tubular

lumen , they cause a rise of osmotic pressure (manitol
undergoes reabsrption insignificantly , as for urea ,50% of
its amount is reabsorbed). At the same time the
reabsorption of water is decreased and Na also .
indications : diuretic , dehydrating agent (edema) , acute

chemical poisoning , glaucoma
side effects : headache , nausea , vomiting , dizziness

,chest pain .
Drug nr.66
Name of drug : Furosemide
mechanism of action : inhibit active reabsorption of Cl&Na

in thick ascending limb of Henles loop by blocking
Na\K\2Cl transport system , it also reduce Na reabsorption
in proximal tubules
indication : diuretics , antihypertensive , pulmonary

edema , brain edema, hypercalcemia.
side effects : potassium depletion , hypomagnesemia ,

hypokalemic metabolic alkalosis and dyspepsia , decrease
hearing , dizziness, allergic reaction . headache .
Drug nr.67
name of drug : Spironolactone
Mechanism of action : it blocks intracellular aldosterone

receptors and causes enhanced excretion of Na , Cl and
water .
it decrease secretion of K and increase serum K
concentration .
Indications : edema with hyp K or Hyperaldosteronism ,

hypertension,
side effects : Hyperpottasemia , hypNa , gynecomastia

,dyspepsia , dizziness, sleepness.
Drug nr.68
name of drug : Allopurinol
Mechanism of action : inhibits xanthine oxidase , this

prevent hypoxanthine and xanthine from transformation
into uric acid
Indications : chronic gout , Anti inflammatory .
side effects : allergic reactions , dyspeptic disorders ,

aplastic anemia , leukopoiesis suppression .
Drug nr.69
Name of drug : Cystenal
Mechanism of action : Mode of action - antispasmodic,

diuretic, anti-inflammatory
Indication: Urolithiasis, accompanied by secondary
inflammatory changes, crystalluria, spasms of the urinary
tract.
Side effects : Heartburn, nausea, vomiting, bowel

dysfunction.
Drug nr.70
Name of drug : Phenylephrine

Mechanism of action : in low dose it stimulate peripheral
dopamine receptors , in medium dose it stimulate beta-
1 adrenoceptors , in high dose- it stimulate alpha 1.
indications : Maintaining blood pressure in certain acute

low blood pressure situations. It is also used to treat blood
vessel failure during shock and low blood pressure or
allergic reactions caused by other medications.
Side effects : blurred vision , chest

pain,dizziness,headache,nausea,vomiting,sweating,nervos
ness,fainting,difficult to breath,
Drug nr.71
Name of drug : Izoturon
Indication : Antihypotensive
Side effects :
Drug nr.72
Name of drug : Dopamine

mechanism of action : Dopamine is a precursor to
norepinephrine in noradrenergic nerves and is also a
neurotransmitter in certain areas of the central nervous
system. Dopamine produces positive chronotropic and
inotropic effects on the myocardium, resulting in increased
heart rate and cardiac contractility. This is accomplished
directly by exerting an agonist action on beta-
adrenoceptors and indirectly by causing release of
norepinephrine from storage sites in sympathetic nerve
endings. In the brain, dopamine actas as an agonist to the
five dopamine receptor subtypes (D!, D2, D3, D4, D5).
Indication : For the correction of hemodynamic imbalances

present in the shock syndrome due to myocardial
infarction, trauma, endotoxic septicemia, open-heart
surgery, renal failure, and chronic cardiac decompensation
as in congestive failure
Side effects : Ectopic heartbeats, tachycardia, angina,

palpitation, vasoconstriction, hypotension, dyspnea,
nausea, vomiting, headache.
Drug 73 :name of drug : dextran 70 :*

-mechanism of action : High-molecular weight dextran is a
plasma volume expander made from natural sources of
sugar (glucose). It works by restoring blood plasma lost
through severe bleeding. Severe blood loss can decrease
oxygen levels and can lead to organ failure, brain damage,
coma, and possibly death. Plasma is needed to circulate
red blood cells that deliver oxygen throughout the body.
-indications : Dextran is used to treat hypovolemia
(decreased volume of circulating blood plasma),
that can result from surgery, trauma or injury,
severe burns, or other causes of bleeding. Other
medical uses It is used in some eye drops as a
lubricant.[4] and in certain intravenous fluids to
solubilize other factors, such as iron (in a solution
known as Iron Dextran).Intravenous solutions with
dextran function both as volume expanders and
means of parenteral nutrition. Such a solution
provides an osmotically neutral fluid that once in
the body is digested by cells into glucose and free
water. It is occasionally used to replace lost blood in
emergency situations, when replacement blood is
not available, but must be used with caution as it
does not provide necessary electrolytes and can
cause hyponatremia or
other electrolyte disturbances. It also
increases blood sugar levels.
-side effects : When given in large amounts (> 15 ml/kg)
dextran 70 may interfere with platelet function and
produce a transient increase in bleeding time.
Urticaria, nasal congestion, wheezing, tightness of the

chest and mild hypotension are reported and severe
anaphylactoid reactions with circulatory collapse have also
occasionally occurred.
*drug 74 : name of drug :Isosorbide dinitrate :
-mechanism of action :releases nitric oxide , which forms

s-nitrosothioles, these substances activate soluble
cytosolic guanylyl cyclase .which decreases free cytosolic
ca+2 ion content that leads to vascular smooth muscle
relaxation.
-indications : angina pectoris.
-side effects :reflex tachycardia, headache, dizziness,

decrease in arterial blood pressure and even collapse,
tolerance. gastrointestinal disturbances .
*drug 75 :name of drug :nitroglycerine :

relaxation.
--indications : angina pectoris, it is also used in myocardial

infarction unless there is marked hypotension.
tolerance to nitroglycerine develops only if this drug is
used continuously and constantly , if the drug is used
intermittently ,tolerance does not occur .
*drug 76 :name of drug : nitrong :

relaxation.
-indications : angina pectoris.

tolerance. gastrointestinal disturbances .
*drug 77 : name of drug :Dipiridamol :
-mechanism of action :suppression of adenosine reuptake

(by myocardium or erythrocytes) and with the inhibition of
adenosine desamidase enzyme . as a result , the
myocardium accumulates increased concentrations of
adenosine, which is known to posses a marked coronary
dilating effect. Adenosine is released in myocardial
hypoxia. It should be noted also that dipiridamol inhibits
platelet aggregation.
-indications: in treatment of angina pectoris in the

absence of coronary atherosclerosis.
-side effects :dyspeptic disorders , headache and

hypotension, crash syndrome.
*Drug 78 :name of drug :heparin :

-mechanism of action: heparin is a cofactor of
antithrombin III , in plasma it activates antithrombin III
(antithrombin II ), intensifying its anticoagulating activity.
At the same time some factors that activate blood
coagulation (XIIa , kallikrein, XIa, Xa, XIIIa )become
neutralized . the process of prothrombin conversion into
thrombin is altered. Besides, thrombin (IIa) is inhibited.
-indications : Heparin is used to treat and prevent blood

clots in the veins, arteries, or lung. Heparin is also used
before surgery to reduce the risk of blood clots .phlebitis
,thrombophlebitis , varicose veins with skin ulceration and
subcutaneous hematomas.myocardial infarction
,pulmonary embolism,deep vein thrombosis, thrombosis
after operations .
-side effects : osteoporosis , bleeding ,thrombocytopenia

allergy, tachycardia,hypotonia,skin necrosis after
subcutaneous administration ,hyperaldosteronism ,hair
loss.
*drug 79 :name of drug :nadroparin :
-mechanism of action : it inhibits factor Xa and minimally

affects factor IIa .
-indications : Nadroparin is used to prevent and treat deep

vein thrombosis, a condition in which harmful blood clots
form in the blood vessels of the legs. These blood clots
can travel to the lungs and can become lodged in the
blood vessels of the lungs, causing a condition called
pulmonary embolism. Nadroparin is used for several days
after surgery, while you are unable to walk. Nadroparin
also is used to prevent blood clots from forming during
hemodialysis.
-side effects : Deep, dark purple bruise, pain, or swelling

at place of injection, Injection site blood clot, bruising, pain
at injection site, decrease in platelets, nosebleed and
blood in urine/stool.
*drug 80 :name of drug :Ethyl biscumacetate :
-mechanism of action :antagonist of vitamin k1 , it

derivative of 4-oxycoumarin and indandion, it acts by
inhibiting vitamin k epoxide reductase and preventing k1-
epoxide restoration into an active form of vitamin k , and
therefore block the synthesis of factors (II,VII, IX,X ), it
suppresses vitamin k-dependent prothrombin synthesis in
the liver as well as the synthesis of proconvertin and some
other factors (concentration of these factors in the blood
decreases) .
-indication : prophylaxis of thrombosis and embolism (in

thrombophlebitis, thromboembolism , myocardial
infarction, angina pectoris and rheumatic mitral valve
disease) , it is used for long-term treatment.
-side effects : bleeding , hemorrhage , dyspeptic

disturbances , suppression of hepatic function and allergic
reactions.
*drug 81 : name of drug : phytomenadione :
-mechanism of action : Phytonadione is a man-made form

of vitamin K, which occurs naturally in the body. Vitamin K
is a fat-soluble vitamin that is most well known for the
important role it plays in blood clotting. However, vitamin
K is also absolutely essential to building strong bones,
preventing heart disease, and crucial part ofother bodily
processes. In fact, vitamin K is sometimes referred to as
"the forgotten vitamin" because its major benefits are
often overlooked.
-indication : bleeding and hemorrhagic diseases in infants ,

hepatitis , liver cirrhosis , chronic diarrhea and dudenal
ulcers , use pre and postoperations , to treat uterine
bleeding .
-side effects : Temporary flushing, taste changes,
dizziness, rapid heartbeat, 2sweating, shortness of breath,
or bluish lips/skin/nails may also infrequently
occur. allergic reaction, including: rash,itching/swelling
(especially of the face/tongue/throat), severe dizziness,
trouble breathing.
*drug 82 : name of drug : Aminocapronic acid :
-mechanism of action :it stops the conversion of

plasminogen into plasmin (this is likely to be due to the
suppression of this process activator) and it also produces
a direct suppressing effect on plasmin.
-indications : after injuries, surgical procedures, in hepatic

cirrhosis , fibrinolytic agents overdose and in uterine
bleeding.
-side effects :dizziness , nausea, diarrhea.
*Drug 83 : name of the drug : Alteplase :
-mechanism of action : it firstly interacts with plasminogen

,then this complex gains proteolytic activity and
stimulates the conversion of plasminogen (profibrinolysin)
into plasmin (fibrinolysin) in the thrombus. Plasmin is a
proteolytic enzyme that dissolves fibrin.
-indications : to dissolve thrombi in the coronary vessels in

patients with myocardial infarction , pulmonary embolism ,
deep venous thrombosis and acute thrombosis of the
arteries of various localization.
-side effects : bleeding nausea, vomiting, dizziness or mild

fever.
*Drug 84 :name of drug : Ticlopidine :
-mechanism of action : antiaggregant activity , by

prevention of ADP-induced stimulation of platelet purine
receptors (P2 ) . at the same time platelets and
glycoprotein receptors are not activated, preventing
glycoprotein receptors interaction with fibrinogen.
-indications : unstable angina pectoris to prevent

myocardial infarction , to reduce the incidence of
postoperative thrombotic complications in the heart and
vessels.
-side effects : are not infrequent , these may include

dyspeptic manifestations , skin rashes and increased
levels of atherogenic lipoproteins in the blood. Sometimes
leukopenia , agranulocytosis and pancytopenia may
develop.
*Drug 85 : name of drug : fercoven :
-mechanism of action : iron-containing compound which is

used in the anemia (it contains iron saccharate ,cobalt
gluconate and hydrocarbon solution).(page 397 in
kharkevitch )
-indications :iron deficient hypochromic anemia ( for

example due to chronic bleeding , abnormal iron
absorption, and in pregnancy ).
-side effects : in overdose of fercoven :face and neck skin

hyperemia , pain in the lower back and a feeling of
pressure in the chest
*Drug 86 : name of drug : ferrous sulfate :
-mechanism of action : This medication is an iron

supplement used to treat or prevent low blood levels of
iron (e.g., for anemia or during pregnancy). Iron is an
important mineral that the body needs to produce
red blood cells and keep you in good health.
-indications : iron deficient hypochromic anemia ( for
example due to chronic bleeding , abnormal iron
absorption, and in pregnancy ).
-side effects : black discoloration of teeth (oral

solution ),GI irritation (nausea , vomiting ), constipation
(astringent effect) diarrhea (irritating effect ).
*Drug 87 : name of drug : aprotinin :
-mechanism of action : Aprotinin inhibits several serine

proteases,
specifically trypsin, chymotrypsin and plasmin at a
concentration of about 125,000 IU/ml, and kallikrein at
300,000 IU/ml.[5] Its action on kallikrein leads to the
inhibition of the formation of factor XIIa. As a result, both
the intrinsic pathway of coagulation and fibrinolysis are
inhibited. Its action on plasmin independently slows
fibrinolysis.
is indicated for prophylactic use to

*indications :
reduce perioperativeblood loss and the need for blood

transfusion in patients undergoingcardiopulmonary
bypass in the course of
coronary artery bypass graftsurgery who are at an
increased risk for blood loss and blood transfusion.
-side effects : Aprotinin may cause severe and sometimes

fatal allergic reactions (eg, rash; hives; itching; difficulty
breathing; tightness in the chest; swelling of the mouth,
face, lips, or tongue; fast heartbeat; pale skin; severe low
blood pressure; loss of consciousness possibly leading to a
lack of heartbeat or breathing). The risk is increased in
patients who have previously received aprotinin. The risk
of fatal allergic reactions may be greater in patients who
receive aprotinin more than once in a 12-month period of
time.
*Drug 88 :name of drug :cyanocobalamine :

-mechanism of action : substitution of vitamin B12 , in
vitamin B12 deficiency , role of vitamin B 12 :contains
cobalt and it is important for nuclear maturation and cell
division .
Functions of cyanocobalamine :
-red blood cells nuclear maturation and cell division.
-nerve cells myelination (increase conduction ).
-liver lipotropic.
-indications : malignant (pernicious )anemia, used to

prevent and treat low blood levels of this vitamin. Most
people get enough vitamin B12 from their diet. Vitamin
B12 is important to maintain the health of
your metabolism, blood cells, and nerves. Serious vitamin
B12 deficiency may result in a low number of red blood
cells(anemia), stomach/intestine problems, and
permanent nerve damage.
-side effects : this medication may rarely cause low

potassium levels in the blood (hypokalemia) as your body
makes new red blood cells. Serious side effects : muscle
cramps,weakness, irregular heartbeat. A very
serious allergic reaction to this drug is rare. However, seek
immediate medical attention if you notice any symptoms
of a serious allergic reaction,
including: rash,itching/swelling (especially of the
face/tongue/throat), severe dizziness, trouble breathing.
*Drug 89 : name of drug : vinpocetine :
-mechanism of action : It appears to interact with several
ion channels (sodium, potassium, and calcium) while tends
to result in suppressive effects on neurotransmitter
release and neuroprotection when dopamine or glutamate
are suppressed (these two, when unnecessarily stimulated
by toxins, can cause oxidative damage). It also interacts
with alpha adrenergic receptors and the TPSO receptor,
and while the exact benefit of these receptor interactions
are not clear they are probably relevant since they occur
at the same concentrations that the ion channel
interactions do.
Vinpocetine is also a phosphodiesterase 1 (PDE 1)

inhibitor, which is a mechanism that is both
cardioprotective and cognitive enhancing. Unfortunately,
this inhibition occurs at a fairly large dose and may not
apply to standard supplemental dosages of vinpocetine.
Similar to PDE1, an antidopaminergic potential of

vinpocetine and direct inhibition of glutaminergic
receptors both appear to occur at very high
concentrations in vitro and may not be relevant to
standard supplementation.
*drug 90 pentoxyphiline:
mechanism of action : inhibit phosphodiesterase --> leads

to increase cAMP which produce vasdilation and increase
the quintity of adenosine that produce vasodilation
indication : cerebreal attack , chronic cerebral failure

curculation , encephalopathy vestibular deregulation ,
peripheral deregulation of circulation
side effect: vomiting , nasuea , headache ,chestpain, fast

heartbeat
*drug 91. nicergoline :
mechanism of action : its a-adrenoblocker,is an ergot

derivative used to treat senile dementia and other
disorders with vascular origins ,It decreases vascular
resistance and increases arterial blood flow in the brain,
improving the utilization of oxygen and glucose by brain
cells.
indication : cerebral vasoconstriction,migrane.
side effect:
*drug.92: xantinol nicotinate: it's xantines derivates inhibit

phosphodiesterase--> leads to increase cAMP and produce
vasodilation
indication : chronic cerebral failure curculation ,

encephalopathy vestibular deregulation , peripheral
deregulation of circulation
side effect : vomiting , nasuea , headache ,chestpain, fast

heartbeat
*the medication is vasodilator
*Contraindicated in patients with severe bleeding, recent

heart attack, stroke, during pregnancy and known
hypersensitivity.
*drug.93:nikethamide :
mechanism of action : it stimulate the cns and respirartory

center ,and vasomotor if was inhibited
in highdose leads to convulsion. it has no action on heart
indication: asphyxia, including newborns, shock
Contraindications include hypertension, cardiovascular

pathologies and epilepsy
*drug.94 :codeine
mechanism of action: is synthesized from morphine and

inhibits cough center in the bulb. It is less active than
morphine.
indication: antitussive for cough
Side effects: constipations, nausea, vomiting, dizziness,,
somnolence, dysphoria, bronchospasm, convulsions
(children). , tolerance, rarely dependence.
Contraindications: renal failure, cirrhosis, to children till 5
years.
Non opioid drugs with central and peripheral action are
indicated in pulmonary diseases :
-Acute and chronic bronchitis, bronchopneumonia, asthma,
emphysema, before and after bronchoscopy,
bronchography.
*drug 95 : name of drug : ketotifen :

-mechanism of action : Ketotifen is a second-generation
noncompetitive H1-antihistamine and mast cell stabilizer it
inhibits release of antiallergic mediators from mast cells .
-indications : it is used to treat allergic conjunctivitis,[2] or
the itchy red eyes caused by allergies. In its oral form, it is
used to prevent asthma attacks.hay fever ,rhinitis
-side effects : include drowsiness, weight gain, dry mouth,
irritability, and increased nosebleeds.
*drug 96 : name of drug : aminophylline :
-mechanism of action : Like other methylated xanthine

derivatives, aminophylline is both a
1. competitive nonselective phosphodiesterase
inhibitor[3] which raises intracellular cAMP,
activates PKA, inhibits TNF-alpha[4]
[5]
and leukotriene[6] synthesis, and reduces
inflammation and innate immunity[6] and
2. nonselective adenosine receptor antagonist.

-indications : Its most common use is in the treatment of
airway obstruction from asthma or COPD. It is used off-
label as a reversal agent during nuclear stress testing.
-side effects : Mild and temporary changes in behavior;
temporary increased urination.Severe allergic reactions
(rash; hives; itching; difficulty breathing; tightness in the
chest; swelling of the mouth, face, lips, or tongue);
confusion; diarrhea; dizziness; fast breathing; heart
rhythm problems or irregular heartbeats; nausea;
persistent headache; seizures; sleeplessness; tremors;
vomiting.
:ETHIMIZOL.97
Mechanism of action : prevents the decrease of calcium
and creatine phosphate content in the myocardium of rats
exposed to electrical stimulation. The drug was shown to
exert a stimulant action on the heart adenyl cyclase
system. It is suggested that the action mode of ethimizol
on myocardial energy metabolism is connected with an
activation of the adenyl cyclase system followed by the
increased plasma membrane cell permeability by calcium
ions
Indication: reviving newborn infants born in
asphyxia,mixedema,hyperthyreosis
.Side effect : nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea
:ACETYLCYSTEINE.98
Mechanism of action : provide cysteine for glutathione
synthesis and possibly to form an adduct directly with the
toxic metabolite of acetaminophen, N-acetyl-p-
benzoquinoneimine. However, these hypothese have not
been tested in vivo, and other mechanisms of action such
as reduction of the quinoneimine might be responsible for
the clinical efficacy of N-acetylcysteine
Indication : sticky, or thick mucus secretions in various
lung problems (eg, chronic emphysema, bronchitis,
asthmatic bronchitis, pneumonia, during
.anesthesia.treatment of paracetamol overdose
Side effect : nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea or
constipation. Rarely, it can cause rashes, fever, headache,
.drowsiness, low blood pressure, and liver problems
:PRENOXDIAZINE.99
Mechanism of action : Prenoxdiazine hydrochloride is an
antitussive or peripherally acting cough suppressant for
nonproductive cough. It acts in the respiratory tract to
.reduce tussal impulses
Indication: Anti-tussive agent, Asthma ,Chronic obstructive
pulmonary disease (COPD) Intestinal Lung disease, Dry
cough, Postoperative Cough
Side effect: allergic reaction , dry mouth, gastric pains,
.constipation, liver and renal disfunction
note: At higher dose levels the patients occasionally *
.experienced slight sedative effect or tiredness
:AMPHEPRAMON.100
Mechanism of action :stimulate release of norepinephrine
from central adrenergic receptors.at higher dosage they
release of dopamine from mesocorticolimbic system and
the nigrodtriatal dopamine system . also it may act on as a
direct agonist on central 5-HT receptors and may inhibit
.monoamine oxidase (MAO)
) weight loss) .indication : obesity
,side effect : agitation ,insomnia,tachycardia,hypertention
Cyproheptadine .101
Mechanism of action :. blocker of serotonin receptors,
cyproheptadine (peritol) on the hypothalamohypophyseal-
adrenal system activity. It has been established in male
rats that the inhibitory, antiserotonin action of peritol on
the indicated system activity depends on the rate and
rhythmicity of the drug administration
Indication: antipruritic, appetite stimulant, antiallergic, and
.for the post-gastrectomy dumping syndrome
Side effect: Drowsiness, dizziness, blurred vision,
.constipation, or dry mouth/nose
.Pirenzepine: 102
Mechanism of action : is a muscarinic receptor antagonist
and binds to the muscarinic acetylcholine receptor. The
muscarinic acetylcholine receptor mediates various
cellular responses, including inhibition of adenylate
cyclase, breakdown of phosphoinositides and modulation
of potassium channels through the action of G protein .
.inhibitor of acid production
Indication : peptic ulcer, gastric ulcer, and duodenal ulcer
Side effect : Dry mouth, blurred vision
note: does not penetrate into CNS thus produce fewer *
. atropine-like side effect
:FAMOTIDINE .103
Mechanism of action : Famotidine is an H2 (histamine)-
receptor antagonist, also known as an H2-blocker.
Histamine is a chemical in some cells of the body that
causes production of acid in the stomach. H2-blockers
inhibit histamine action, and therefore reduce gastric
secretion or the amount of acid produced. Magnesium
hydroxide and calcium carbonate are both antacids that
.function by neutralizing excess gastric acid
Indication : Benign Gastric Ulcer, Duodenal Ulcer,
Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease, Hypersecretory
. Conditions, Heartburn,ulcear healing dyspepsia pain
Side effect : difficulty breathing, swelling of your face,
lips, tongue , diarrhea,constipation,dizziness, depression ,
. sleeplessness,fever,irregular hearbeat
:OMEPRAZOL .104
Mechanism of action : A highly effective inhibitor of gastric
acid secretion used in the therapy of stomach ulcers and
Zollinger-Ellison syndrome. Omeprazole belongs to a class
of antisecretory compounds, the substituted
benzimidazoles, that suppress gastric acid secretion by
specific inhibition of the H+/K+ ATPase enzyme system at
the secretory surface of the gastric parietal cell
Indication : treat reflux esophagitis , promotes peptic
ulcer healing
Side effect : constipation,chest pain , headache,gas rash ,
.drowsiness
ALMAGEL:( alumin hydroxide) .105

Mechanism of action : Aluminum hydroxide is an inorganic
salt used as an antacid. It is a basic compound that acts
by neutralizing hydrochloric acid in gastric secretions.
Subsequent increases in pH may inhibit the action of
pepsin. An increase in bicarbonate ions and prostaglandins
may also confer cytoprotective effects. Aluminum
hydroxide is a basic inorganic salt that acts by neutralizing
hydrochloric acid in gastric secretions. Aluminum
hydroxide is slowly solubilized in the stomach and reacts
with hydrochloric acid to form aluminum chloride and
water. It also inhibits the action of pepsin by increasing the
pH and via adsorption. Cytoprotective effects may occur
through increases in bicarbonate ion (HCO3-) and
prostaglandins
Indication : gastric ulcer,duodenal ulcer
,Side effect : constipation, hypophosphataemia
:FESTAL :106
Mechanism of action : Festal works by stimulating better
digestion of food and promoting
better absorption of nutrients in the body. This enzymic
preparation aids in the relief of gastro intestinal disorder
by acting directly in the bodys digestive organ
Festal compensates the insufficient amount of digestive
enzymes in the body essential for the digestion of food
and for complete absorption of nutrients. Festal improves
the functions of the pancreatic gland for better secretion
function
Indication : Use in cases of problems with the pancreas,

stomach, intestines, liver, bladder, gas in the intestines
and stomach, diarrhea from non-infectious origins. Festal
is recommended for persons who have gastrointestinal
disorders that prohibit the proper digestion of food and
absorption of nutrients. In addition this preparation is
helpful for persons with immobile life styles or for recovery
.after long-term immobilization
Side effect : allergic reactions, diarrhea, nausea,
abdominal pains, increased uric acid in the blood. In cases
of over dosage the level of uric acid content in the blood
plasma and urine will increase
: LOPERAMIDE.107
Mechanism of action : Loperamide acts on receptors along
the small intestine to decrease circular and longitudinal
muscle activity. {43} {44} Loperamide exerts its
antidiarrheal action by slowing intestinal transit and
increasing contact time, and perhaps also by directly
inhibiting fluid and electrolyte secretion and/or stimulating
salt and water absorption
Indication : Acute Diarrhea, Chronic Diarrhea, Traveler's
Diarrhea
Side effect : abdominal discomfort,constipation,dry mouth
. , drowsiness , nausea , vomiting , rash
:METOCLOPRAMIDE .108
Mechanism of action : 1) inhibition of presynaptic and
postsynaptic D2 receptors, 2)stimulation of presynaptic
excitatory 5-HT4 receptors and 3)antagonism of
presynaptic inhibition of muscarinic receptors (Figure 2A).
This promotes release of acetylcholine, which in turn leads
to increased lower esophageal sphincter (LES) and gastric
tone, increased intragastric pressure, improved
antroduodenal coordination and accelerated gastric
.emptying
Indication : reflux esophagitis , promote peptic uler
healing
Side effect : diarrhea,less frequently may cause
involuntary movement of limbs ,
. restlessness,drowsiness,muscle tremor,spasms
:ONDANSETRON .109
Mechanism of action : Ondansetron is a selective
serotonin 5-HT3 receptor antagonist. The antiemetic
activity of the drug is brought about through the inhibition
of 5-HT3 receptors present both centrally (medullary
chemoreceptor zone) and peripherally (GI tract). This
inhibition of 5-HT3 receptors in turn inhibits the visceral
afferent stimulation of the vomiting center, likely indirectly
at the level of the area postrema, as well as through direct
inhibition of serotonin activity within the area postrema
.and the chemoreceptor trigger zone
Indication : For the prevention of nausea and
vomiting associated with emetogenic cancer
chemotherapy, postoperation, and radiation. Also used for
. the treatment of postoperative nausea and vomiting
Side effect : Confusion, dizziness, fast heartbeat ,
.fever, headache, shortness of breath, weakness
:COLOSAS .110
mechanism of action :hepatoprotective action. :
Restores and maintains normal function of hepatocytes,
warns chronization process, restores the flow of bile, and
normalizes the immune system, has anti-inflammatory,
diuretic effect, enhances the motility of the intestine. Due
to the presence of vitamin C and other bioactive natural
products, has a tonic effect, increases immunity.(unclear
(mechanism ..in the book page 372)
Indication: avitaminosis,anemia,hypovitaminosis ,
low blood pressure caused by cardiac and coronary
insufficiency,gall bladder inflammation, hepatitis ,
Cholecystitis
,Side effect : joint pain, gastric upset
: SILIBINIne.111
Mechanism of action : silibinin has hepatoprotective
(antihepatotoxic) properties that protect liver cells against
toxins.[2][3] Silibinin has also demonstrated in vitro anti-
cancer effects against human prostate adenocarcinoma
cells, estrogen-dependent and -independent human breast
carcinoma cells, human ectocervical carcinoma cells,
human colon cancer cells, and both small and nonsmall
human lung carcinoma cells
Indication : severe intoxications with hepatotoxic
substances, such as death cap (Amanita phalloides)
poisoning There is also clinical evidence for the use of
silibinin as supportive element in alcoholic and child grade
'A' liver cirrhosis
Side effect : laxative effect , nausea, diarrhea,
indigestion, intestinal gas, bloating, fullness or pain, and
loss of appetite
:ESENTIALE.112
: Mechanism of action
. : Indication
:Side effect
DROTAVERINE .113
Mechanism of action : Drotaverine inhibits
phosphodiesterases hydrolysing cAMP, thereby increasing
cAMP concentration, decreasing Ca uptake of the cells and
changing the distribution of calcium among the cells. It
may also have minor allosteric calcium channel blocking
properties
Indication: Used in the treatment of functional bowel
.disorders and alleviating pain in renal colic
.Side effect : nausea, vomiting and dry mouth
:Indomethacin .114
Mechanism of action : prostaglandin G/H synthase (also
known as cyclooxygenase or COX) inhibitor that acts on
both prostaglandin G/H synthase 1 and 2 (COX-1 and -2).
Prostaglandin G/H synthase catalyzes the conversion of
arachidonic acid to a number of prostaglandins involved in
fever, pain, swelling, inflammation, and platelet
aggregation. Indomethacin antagonizes COX by binding to
the upper portion of the active site, preventing its
substrate, arachidonic acid, from entering the active site.
Indomethacin, unlike other NSAIDs, also inhibits
phospholipase A2, the enzyme responsible for releasing
arachidonic acid from phospholipids. Indomethacin is more
selective for COX-1 than COX-2, which accounts for its
increased adverse gastric effects relative to other NSAIDs.
COX-1 is required for maintaining the protective gastric
mucosal layer. The analgesic, antipyretic and anti-
inflammatory effects of indomethacin occur as a result of
decreased prostaglandin synthesis. Its antipyretic effects
may be due to action on the hypothalamus, resulting in an
increased peripheral blood flow, vasodilation, and
.subsequent heat dissipation
Indication : severe rheumatoid arthritis including acute
flares of chronic disease, ankylosing spondylitis,
osteoarthritis, acute painful shoulder (bursitis and/or
.tendinitis) and acute gouty arthritis
Side effect : heart attack, stroke, skin changes (paleness)
weight gain, swelling, shortness of breath, tachycardia,
unusual bleeding (including GI bleeding), jaundice,
stomach pain, and pain with urination, bloody urine, blurry
.vision, and back pain
note: Patients with asthma that are aspirin-sensitive *
.should avoid use of this drug
DICLOFENAC SODIUM :(voltaren) .115

Mechanism of action : The antiinflammatory effects of
diclofenac are believed to be due to inhibition of both
leukocyte migration and the enzyme cylooxygenase (COX-
1 and COX-2), leading to the peripheral inhibition of
prostaglandin synthesis. As prostaglandins sensitize pain
receptors, inhibition of their synthesis is responsible for
the analgesic effects of diclofenac. Antipyretic effects may
be due to action on the hypothalamus, resulting in
peripheral dilation, increased cutaneous blood flow, and
subsequent heat dissipation
Indication : acute and chronic treatment of signs and
symptoms of osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis, joint
.stiffness
Side effect : Upset stomach, nausea, heartburn, diarrhea,
constipation, gas, headache, drowsiness, and dizziness
may occur
: PIROXICAM.116
Mechanism of action : The antiinflammatory effect of
Piroxicam may result from the reversible inhibition of
cyclooxygenase, causing the peripheral inhibition of
prostaglandin synthesis. The prostaglandins are produced
by an enzyme called Cox-1. Piroxicam blocks the Cox-1
enzyme, resulting into the disruption of production of
prostaglandins. Piroxicam also inhibits the migration of
leukocytes into sites of inflammation and prevents the
formation of thromboxane A2, an aggregating agent, by
.the platelets
.Indication : osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis
Side effect : Upset stomach, nausea, dizziness,
.drowsiness, or headache
:IBUPROFEN.117
Mechanism of action : Ibuprofen is a non-selective
inhibitor of cyclooxygenase, an enzyme invovled in
prostaglandin synthesis in the arachidonic acid pathway
Indication : rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis, acute gout
. Side effect : nausea,vomiting , abdominal pain
note: Ibuprofen, a propionic acid derivative, is a *
prototypical nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agent (NSAIA)
.with analgesic and antipyretic properties
:NIMESULID.118
mechanism of action : is a relatively COX-2 selective,
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) with
.analgesic and antipyretic properties
Indication : acute pain, the symptomatic treatment of
.osteoarthritis and primary dysmenorrhoea in adolescents
Side effect : Abdominal discomfort, heartburn, abdominal
cramps, nausea, vomiting and diarrhea. Headache,
dizziness and drowsiness, Blood in urine, decrease in
.urination and kidney failure
:LEVAMIZOL.119
Mechanism of action : an antiparasitic agent appears to be
tied to its agnositic activity towards the L-subtype nicotinic
acetylcholine receptors in nematode muscles. This
agonistic action reduces the capacity of the males to
control their reproductive muscles and limits their ability
to copulate. The mechanism of action of Levamisole as an
anticancer drug in combination with fluorouracil is
unknown. The effects of levamisole on the immune system
are complex. The drug appears to restore depressed
immune function rather than to stimulate response to
above-normal levels. Levamisole can stimulate formation
of antibodies to various antigens, enhance T-cell
responses by stimulating T-cell activation and
proliferation, potentiate monocyte and macrophage
functions including phagocytosis and chemotaxis, and
.increase neutrophil mobility, adherence, and chemotaxis
Indication : anthelminthic and immunomodulator,
prescribed for cancer treatment and also used for
roundworm infection. It interferes with the growth of
cancer cells and slows their growth and spread in the
.body. It is used in the treatment of colon cancer
Side effect : Memory loss, loss of consciousness, fatigue,
speech disturbances, Muscle weakness, difficulty in
breathing , welling of lips, tongue, face, fever and chills
:DIFEMIYDRAMINE.120
Mechanism of action : A histamine H1 antagonist used as
an antiemetic, antitussive, for dermatoses and pruritus,
for hypersensitivity reactions, as a hypnotic, an
antiparkinson, and as an ingredient in common cold
preparations. It has some undesired antimuscarinic and
.sedative effects
Indication : nausea and vomiting, motion sickness and
,insect bite
Side effect : edation, tiredness, sleepiness, dizziness,
disturbed coordination, constipation, dry
mouth/nose/throat, difficulty urinating, and upset
.stomach
Drug 121 : name of drug : loratidine :*
-Mechanism of action : antihistamines block tissue
receptors sensitive to histamine (block H1-receptors).
-indications : allergic damage to the skin and mucosal
membrane :urticaria ,angioneurotic edema, hay fever,
rhinitis, and conjunctivitis .
-side effects: fast or uneven heart rate, jaundice
(yellowing of your skin or eyes); or seizures (convulsions)
headache, nervousness; feeling tired or drowsy, stomach
pain, diarrhea, dry mouth, sore throat hoarseness ,eye
redness, blurred vision; nosebleed; or skin rash ,slight
sedative effect, tolerance.
-notes : in case of hepatic and renal disturbances,
antihistamines should be used with caution. It's effect
lasts 24 hours.
Drug 122 : name of drug : clemastine :*
-mechanism of action : : antihistamines block tissue
-side effects : Dizziness; drowsiness; dry mouth, throat,
and nose; excitability; thickening of mucus in nose or
throat. Other severe side effects : Severe allergic reactions
(rash; hives; difficulty breathing; tightness in the chest;
swelling of the mouth, face, lips, or tongue); convulsions;
fast heartbeat or pounding in the chest; decreased
alertness; hallucinations; tremor; wheezing. slight sedative
effect.
-notes: : in case of hepatic and renal disturbances,
lasts 8-12 hours.it is a derivative of ethanolamine.
Drug 123 : name of drug : chloropyramine : *
-mechanism of action : : antihistamines block tissue
-side effects : Dry mouth, Drowsiness, Dizziness ,Nausea
and vomiting, Restlessness or moodiness (in some
children), Trouble urinating or not being able to urinate,
Blurred vision , Confusion.
-notes : in case of hepatic and renal disturbances,
lasts 4-6 hours.it is a derivative of ethylendiamines .it has
inhibitory influence on th CNS (due to the blockage of
central H1-receptors). This is manifested by sedative and
hypnotic effects.
*Drug 124 : name of drug : oxytocin :
-mechanism of action : increasing the contractile activity
of the myometrium by changing calcium concentrations
in the uterine muscle cells .at the same time the tone of
the myometrium also increases (especially if oxytocin is
used in high doses).
-indications :in order to induce and stimulate labor, or in
treatment of hemorrhage and atonia of the uterus during
the puerperium (period after labor).
-side effects : Nausea; vomiting; more intense or abrupt
contractions of the uterus.
More severe side effects : Severe allergic reactions (rash;
hives; itching; difficulty breathing; tightness in the chest;
swelling of the mouth, face, lips, or tongue); blood clotting
problems; changes in heart rate; heavy or continued
bleeding after childbirth; irregular heartbeat; pooling of
blood in the pelvis; ruptured uterus.
-notes :the pregnant uterus is more sensitive to oxytocin
than the non-pregnant one.the sensitivity of the uterus to
the oxytocin increases as the pregnancy advances,
reaching its maximum during labor and for several days
afterwards. oxytocin can also contribute to milk secretion
(due to increased release of prolactin from anterior lobe of
the pituitary ) and milk let-down (due to the excitation of
myoepithelial elements of the mammary gland). Oxytocin
is administered intravenously together with glucose
solution. The doses are measured in activity units (AU).
*Drug 125: name of drug : levothyroxine :
-mechanism of action : Levothyroxine is a replacement for
a hormone normally produced by your thyroid gland to
regulate the body's energy and metabolism.
-indications : Levothyroxine is given when the thyroid does

not produce enough of this hormone on its own
.myxedema Levothyroxine treats hypothyroidism (low
thyroid hormone). It is also used to treat or prevent goiter
(enlarged thyroid gland), which can be caused by hormone
imbalances, radiation treatment, surgery, or cancer.
-side effects :toxicity is directly related to T4 levels and

manifests itself as nervousness , heart palpitations and
tachycardia , intolerance to heat, and unexplained weight
loss.
-notes :L-thyroxin is usually administered orally or more

rarely by the intravenous route ,its effect develops
gradually and reaches its maximum after 8-10 days. The
effect lasts for several weeks .
*Drug 126 : name of drug : Thiamazol :
-mechanism of action : antithyroid agent that inhibits the

formation of thyroid hormones by interfering with the
incorporation of iodine into tyrosyl residues of
thyroglobulin. This is done by interfering with the oxidation
of iodide ion and iodotyrosyl groups through inhibition of
the peroxidase enzyme.
-indications : antithyroid drug , used to
treat hyperthyroidism, a condition that occurs when the
thyroid gland begins to produce an excess of thyroid
hormone. The drug may also be taken before thyroid
surgery to lower thyroid hormone levels and minimize the
effects of thyroid manipulation.also used in thyroid storm .
-side effects : leukopenia and agranulocytosis, sometimes

dyspeptic disorders occur. A goiter can develop.
-notes : it is taken orally.
*Drug 127 : name of drug : Insulin :

-mechanism of action : it interacts with the specific
receptors on the cellular surface that contain two alpha
and beta subunits, the resultant "insulin+receptor "
complex by endocytosis gets inside the cell where insulin
is released and evoke its effect . moreover, when
interacting with the membrane receptors, beta subunits
with tyrosine kinase activity become activated . insulin
activates glucose transport through the cellular
membranes.
-indications : diabetes mellitus . type I DM , retinopathy ,

uncontrolled type II DM , diabetic after pancreotomia ,
precoma and coma , nephropathy , diabetic coma
-side effects : hypoglycemia, weight gain,

lipodystrophy(less common with human insulin) ,allergic
reactions and local injection site reactions .
-notes :generally , it is administered subcutaneously (in

case of hyperglycemic emergency it is administered
intravenously). It increases utilization of glucose by the
muscles and fatty tissue , glycogenogenesis increases , it
reduces glycogenlysis in the liver and skeletal muscles
and inhibit the conversion of amino acids into glucose. It
stimulates protein synthesis and promotes storage of
triglycerides in the fatty tissue.
*Drug 128 : name of drug : calcitonin :
-mechanism of action : Calcitonin (thyrocalcitonin) is a

hormone produced by C cells in the thyroid gland. The
main action of calcitonin is on the bone. It increases
deposition of calcium and phosphate in the bone and
lowers levels in the blood, so effectively it inhibits calcium
resorption by binding to a specific receptor on the
osteoclasts, and inhibits their action. In the kidneys, it
decreases the re-absorption of both calcium and
phosphate on the proximal tubules. Its overall effect is to
decrease the plasma calcium concentration.
-indications : osteoporosis ( for example: due to long term

immobilization, old age , long-term glucocorticoid therapy)
as well as in nephrocalcinosis , Calcitonin is used to treat
hypercalcemia and Paget.
-side effects : hypocalcemia , Nausea with or

without vomiting. Skin irritation at the injection site. Skin
redness (flushing).
Common side effects of nasal calcitonin include:Runny
nose.Nasal discomfort, sores, or redness. Nosebleeds.
*Drug 129: name of drug : parathyreoidine :
-mechanism of action :the effect of parathormone is to
control of the metabolism of calcium and phosphorus, it
causes decalcification of the bones and calcium release
into the blood. It also promotes calcium absorption from
the gastrointestinal tract. (it has a stimulating effect on
the production of calcitriol , the most active metabolite of
vitamin D3 cholecalciferol) , parathormone increases the
reabsorption of calcium ions in the renal tubules , it results
in a rise in the plasma calcium level , the level of
phosphorus in the blood is reduced , which is associated
with the decrease of its reabsorption in the renal tubules.
-indications : chronic hypoparathyreoidism and

spasmophilia. used to build bone mass in patients who
have low bone density. They are used to treat or prevent
osteoporosis in men and postmenopausal women, who
have fractures or are at a high risk of having fractures.
-side effects : hypercalcemia , Osteoporosis. The

loss of calcium often results weak, brittle bones that
fracture easily (osteoporosis).
Kidney stones. The excess of calcium in your blood

may lead to excess calcium in your urine, which can
cause small, hard deposits of calcium and other
substances to form in your kidneys. A kidney stone
usually causes significant pain as it passes through the
urinary tract.
Cardiovascular disease. Although the exact cause-

and-effect link is unclear, high calcium levels are
associated with cardiovascular conditions, such as high
blood pressure (hypertension) and certain types of
heart disease.
-notes :it is obtained from the parathyroid glands of
livestock, the effect of parathyreoidine starts
approximately after 4 hours and lasts for up to 24 hours .
*Drug 130 : name of drug :chorionic gonadotropin :
-mechanism of action : has a luteinizing effect (promotes
ovulation and conversion of the follicles into corpus
luteum in the ovaries and also stimulates the production
and release of progesterone and estrogen . in the testicles
it stimulates the development of interstitial leydig cells
and their production of testosterone .
-indications :in females for treatment of menstrual
disorders and certain types of infertility. In males : for the
treatment of hypogenitalism , sexual infantilism , and for
cryptorchidism .
-side effects : allergic reactions ,in female :ovarian
enlargement ,hypovolemia . in male :may develop
gynecomastia .
-notes : produced by the placenta , it is obtained from the
urine of pregnant women, it is administered
intramuscularly .
*Drug 131: name of drug : glibenclamide :
-mechanism of action : hypoglycemic action , it blocks the
ATP-dependent K+ channels, this leads to the opening of
voltage-dependent Ca+2 channels , an increase in the
intracellular level of calcium ions and insulin release from
beta cells. It has been found there is also an increase in
sensitivity of B-cells to glucose and amino acids that
stimulate insulin production . and also there is an evidence
that it delay insulin breakdown in the liver , and also
increase the stimulating effect of insulin on the glucose
transport into the cells (fatty and muscle tissues ).
-indications : It is used in the treatment of type 2 diabetes.
-side effects :tolerance , dyspeptic disorders( nausea,
vomiting, diarrhea, other) , skin allergic reactions and
more rarely hemopoiesis suppression.
-notes: sulfonylurea derivative , belong to long-acting
drugs , it is administered once daily 30 min before a meal.
*Drug 132 : name of drug : metformin :
-mechanism of action : is not fully clear, it suppresses
gluconeogenesis in the liver , it also favors uptake of
glucose by the muscles (but this does not lead to glycogen
production), lactic acid is accumulated in the muscles (due
to stimulation of anaerobic glycolysis ). The fatty tissue
cells also intensify uptake of glucose. There is evidence
that metformin slightly delays carbohydrate absorption in
the intestine.
Due to its anorexigenic effect , metformin lowers body
weight. It somewhat lowers the plasma concentration of
triglycerides and cholesterol.
-indications :type 2 diabetes mellitus .
-side effects : nausea , vomiting, dyspepsia, metal taste in
the mouth, diarrhea .
-notes : from group of biguanides .it should not be
administered in patients with renal failure.
*Drug 133 : name of drug : prednisolone :
-mechanism of action : act intracellularly , they interact
with specific receptors in the cellular cytoplasm the
receptor become activated and this leads to
conformational changes , the complex "steroid+ receptor"
penetrates into the nucleus of the cell and binding with
the DNA , it regulates the transcription of certain genes. It
stimulates the production of specific m RNA that affects
the synthesis of proteins and enzymes .
Anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive actions:
Inhibition of gene transcription for COX-2, cytokines,
cell adhesion molecules, and inducible NO synthase
Blockage of Vitamin D3-mediated induction of

osteocalcin gene in osteoblasts
Modification of collegenase gene transcription
Increase synthesis annexin-1, important in negative

feedback on hypothalamus and anterior pituitary gland
-indications : Treating allergies, arthritis, breathing
problems (eg, asthma), certain blood disorders, collagen
diseases (eg, lupus), certain eye diseases (eg, keratitis),
cancer (eg, leukemia), endocrine problems (eg,
adrenocortical insufficiency), intestinal problems (eg,
ulcerative colitis), swelling due to certain conditions, or
skin conditions (eg, psoriasis).
-side effects : Acne; clumsiness; dizziness; facial flushing;
feeling of a whirling motion; general body discomfort;
headache; increased appetite; increased sweating;
nausea; nervousness; sleeplessness; upset stomach.
*Drug 134 : name of drug : hydrocortisone :
Anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive actions:
Inhibition of gene transcription for COX-2, cytokines,

cell adhesion molecules, and inducible NO synthase
Blockage of Vitamin D3-mediated induction of

osteocalcin gene in osteoblasts
Modification of collegenase gene transcription
Increase synthesis annexin-1, important in negative

feedback on hypothalamus and anterior pituitary gland
-indications : is used to treat a variety of skin conditions
(e.g., insect bites, poison
oak/ivy, eczema, dermatitis, allergies, rash, itching of the
outer female genitals,
analitching). Hydrocortisone reduces the swelling, itching,
and redness that can occur in these types of conditions.
This medication is a mild corticosteroid.
-side effects : Stinging, burning, irritation, dryness, or
redness at the application site may occur.Acne,
unusual hair growth, "hair bumps" (folliculitis), skin
thinning/discoloration, orstretch marks may also occur. If
any of these effects persist or worsen, tell your doctor or
pharmacist promptly.
*Drug 135 : name of drug : deoxycorticosteron acetate :
- mechanism of action : act intracellularly , they interact
-indications :chronic failure of the adrenal cortex (including
Addison disease) and also for treatment of myasthenia
and adynamia ,since they increase muscular tone and
efficiency .
-side effects : excessive retention of sodium ions and
water in the body ,edema , swelling of the body tissues
and ascites can appear , blood pressure increases . in
severe cases, left ventricular failure with pulmonary
edema can develop.
*Drug 136 : name of drug : estrone :
-mechanism of action : acts intracellularly , interacting
with specific receptors. The main localization of this effect
is the cellular nucleus where the estrogen or gestagen
receptor complex interacts with DNA and, thus affects
protein synthesis . the greatest number of estrogen and
gestagen( progestogen) receptors is seen in the uterus ,
vagina mammary glands, as well as in the hypothalamus
and the anterior pituitary lobe.
-indications :ovarian disorders ( in menstrual cycle
disorder- amenorrhea, dysmenorrhea after postcastration
disorders) and to suppress lactation in the postpartum
period. Estrogens (for example, hexestrole) are used in the
complex therapy of patients with prostate cancer and
breast cancer (in females over 60 years old )estrogens are
contained in combined contraceptive drugs.
-side effects :uterine bleeding ,it increases blood
coagulation and can therefore cause thromboembolism.
Sometimes edema is observed. Oral administration of
estrogens can cause nausea, vomiting , and diarrhea. In
males, estrogens cause feminization, reduce libido and
sexual potency.
*Drug 137 : name of drug :clomiphene citrate :
-mechanism of action: antiestrogens effect ,it blocks
specific receptors and inhibit the effects of estrogens, they
particularly block estrogen receptors that are involved in
the regulation of the hypothalamic (production of releasing
factors of luteinizing and follicle stimulating hormones)
and pituitary (release of gonadotropic hormones) function.
At the same time , the negative feedback is impaired and
this system becomes activated. Therefore, the
gonadotropic hormones release is increased which leads
to an increase in the size and function of the ovaries.
-indications :female infertility.
-side effects : The most common adverse drug

reaction associated with the use of clomifene (>10% of
people) is reversible ovarian enlargement. [6]Less common
effects (1-10% of people) include visual symptoms
(blurred vision, double vision, floaters, eye sensitivity to
light,scotomata), headaches, vasomotor flushes (or hot
flashes), abnormal uterine bleeding and/or abdominal
discomfort.[6] Rare adverse events (<1% of people)
include: high blood level of triglycerides, liver
inflammation, reversible baldness and/or ovarian
hyperstimulation syndrome.[7]
Clomifene can lead to multiple ovulation, hence increasing

the chance of twins (10% of births instead of ~1% in the
general population) and triplets.
Some studies have suggested that clomifene citrate if

used for more than a year may increase the risk of ovarian
cancer.
*Drug 138 : name of drug : testosterone propionate :

conformational changes , the complex "androgen+
receptor" penetrates into the nucleus of the cell and
binding with the DNA , it regulates the transcription of
certain genes.
synthetic ester of testosterone ,under the effect of

testosterone the genital organs and secondary sex
characteristics develop and spermatogenesis is controlled.
Testosterone also has a marked effect on protein
metabolism , promoting protein synthesis (so-called
anabolic action). It also increases reabsorption of water ,
calcium ,sodium, chlorine and other ions in the renal
tubules .
-indications :male sex organ dysfunction (in maturation

arrest, impotence and other disorders), as well as in
females with breast and ovarian cancer (in females under
60 years old ), in dysmenorrhea and climacteric disorders.
-side effects :in females a masculinizing effect (virilism)
(ex.hoarseness of voice, male pattern hair growth and
other effects is observed. There can be retention of
excessive amounts of water and sodium ions in the body.
*Drug 139 : name of drug : nandrolone phenylpropionate :
-mechanism of action : effects : increase in the mass of

the skeletal muscles , a number of parenchymal organs
and bony tissue. The total body mass also increases .
elimination of nitrogen , phosphorus and calcium from the
body is delayed. It activates protein synthesis , after their
administration appetite becomes improved . bone
calcification is accelerated in osteoporosis. These drugs
have a favorable effect on the regeneration processes.
-indications: cachexia , asthenia , osteoporosis, after long-

term administration of glucocorticoids , after radiation
therapy and to stimulate regeneration processes (for
example, after bone fractures).
-side effects : masculinization effect in females is usually

slight. Nausea, edema, excessive storage of calcium in the
bone tissue and, sometimes liver failure can be observed.
-notes : contraindications: pregnancy, lactation period,

prostate cancer, and hepatic disorders.
*Drug 140 : name of drug : thiamine chloride :
-mechanism of action :substitution of vitamin B1 ,

thiamine is phosphorylated and transformed into thiamine
pyrophosphate, which functions as a co-enzyme for
carboxylases which participate in oxidative
decarboxylation of keto acids such as pyruvate and alpha-
ketoglutarate. Also, it is coenzyme for transketolase which
is involved in the pentosophosphate pathway of glucose
degradation.
-indications :vitamin B1 deficiency, neuritis , neuralgia ,

paresis , and radiculitis. It is also used to treat
gastrointestinal pathology, a number of skin diseases as
well as cardiovascular diseases .
-side effects: sometimes allergic reactions are observed.
-notes: thiamine (vit.B1): is found in large amount in bran ,

rice, legumes, yeast and other products of plant and
animal origin.
*Drug 141: name of drug : ascorbic acid :
-mechanism of action :effects : it is participate in

oxidation-reduction reactions . it takes part in the
production of intracellular matrix of connective tissue
(including mucopolysaccharides- hyaluronic acid,
chondroitin sulphate) and collagen synthesis. It is also
required for the synthesis of corticosteroids , tyrosine
metabolism, the conversion of folic acid to its active form
(tetrahydrofolic acid) and activation of a number of
enzymes.
-indications: ascorbic acid deficincey , bleeding ,

infectiouns , intoxication with chemical substances ,
atherosclerosis , radiation sickness.
-side effects :it is well tolerated in therapeutic doses and it

does not cause any side effects. Prolonged use of large
doses of the drug may damage pancreatic islets and,
indirectly, the kidneys (through excessive corticosteroid
production). The latter leads to an increase in arterial
blood pressure.
-notes : it is found in vegetables, fruit, berries, rosehips,

pine needles and blackcurrant leaves.
*Drug 142 : name of drug : pyridoxine chlorhydrate :
-mechanism of action :substitution of vitamin B6 , effects

of vit.B6 : Vitamin B6 helps the body make several
neurotransmitters, Vitamin B6 helps the body to: Make
antibodies. Antibodies are needed to fight many diseases.
Maintain normal nerve function ,Make hemoglobin. A
vitamin B6 deficiency can cause a form of anemia. Break
down proteins. The more protein you eat, the more
vitamin B6 you need. Keep blood sugar (glucose) in
normal ranges.
-indications : vitB6 deficincey , Radiculitis , parkinsonism ,

radiation sickness , neuritis , mild and moderate severe
form of hepatitis , skin diseases .
-side effects :it is well tolerated , but sometimes allergic
reactions may occur .
-notes : it is found in yeast, cereals , legumes, bananas ,
meat, fish , liver, kidneys.
*Drug 143 : name of drug : nicotinic acid :
-mechanism of action :effects : is referred to as "vitamin
pp " ,nicotinic acid is converted into nicotinic acid amide.
The latter participates in the formation of two important
coenzymes (NAD & NADP ) ,serving as acceptors of
hydrogen (protons) and electrons at a certain stage of
respiration, these coenzymes together with
dehydrogenases take part in oxidation .nicotinic acid also
posses marked but short-term vasodilating effect . also it
influences lipid metabolism reducing the level of
cholesterol and free fatty acids in the blood.
-indications : pellagra , liver dieseases , gastritis with
diminished gastric acid secretion , skin diseases ,
vasospasm ( nicotinic acid ) , lipid lowering agent
( nicotinic acid ).
-side effects : low toxicity, vascular reactions to its
vasodilating effect. Prolonged therapy with large dosage of
nicotinic acid may result in development of fatty
degeneration of the liver.
*Drug 144 : name of drug : retinol acetate :
-mechanism of action : effects : substitution of vitamin A :
It plays an important role in the oxidation-reduction
processes and in synthesis of mucopolysaccharide ,
proteins and lipids. It plays an essential role in
photoreception . it has a role in neoplasm prevention and
resistance to infections .
-indications : vitA difecincey , certain diseases of the skin
example ( impairment of keratinization ) , cornea and
retina , burns , frostbites , infectious diseases , some GIT
disorders .
-side effects : prolonged therapy with large doses of
vitamin A may lead to the development of acute or chronic
hypervitaminosis. Headache , drowsiness, nausea ,
vomiting , photophobia, and seizures are noted in acute
cases . in chronic hypervitaminosis A skin dryness and
pigmentation , hair loss , nail fragility , bone and joint
aches are observed. Hyperostosis (especially in children),
liver and spleen enlargement, dyspepsia and headache
may occur.
-notes : it is found in fish liver oil( from cod , halibut and
sea perch ), liver butter.
Name of Drug : 145.Tocoferol acetate
Mechanism of action
Vitamin E exhibit antioxidant activity
Vitamin E's anti-atherogenic activity involves the inhibition
of the oxidation of LDL and the accumulation of LDL in the
arterial wall. It also appears to reduce LDL-induced
apoptosis in human endothelial cells.
In addition, vitamin E inhibits protein kinase C activity.
PKC plays a role in smooth muscle cell proliferation, and,
thus, the inhibition of PKC results in inhibition of smooth
muscle cell proliferation, which is involved in
atherogenesis.
Vitamin E's antithrombotic and anticoagulant vitamin E
upregulates the expression of cytosolic phospholipase A2
and cyclooxygenase (COX)-1 which in turn enhances the
release of prostacyclin. Prostacyclin is a vasodilating factor
and inhibitor of platelet aggregation and platelet release.
Indication
cardiovascular disease , some forms of cancer ,immune-
enhancing effects, asthma , rheumatoid arthritis,
neurological diseases Alzheimer's, eye disorders including
cataracts, diabetes , premenstrual syndrome, protect skin
from ultraviolet irradiation male fertility.
Side effect
Blurred vision ,diarrhea ,dizziness ,headache nausea or
stomach cramps, unusual tiredness or weakness
Name of Drug :146. Hialuronidaze
Mechanism of action
Hyaluronidase is a spreading or diffusing substance. It
increase the permeability of connective tissue through the
hydrolysis of hyaluronic acid. Hyaluronidase hydrolyzes
hyaluronic acid by splitting the glucosaminidic bond
between C1 of the glucosamine moiety and C4 of
glucuronic acid. This temporarily decreases the viscosity
of the cellular cement and increases diffusion of injected
fluids or of localized transudates or exudates, thus
facilitating their absorption.
Indication
For increase of absorption and distribution of other
injected drugs and for rehydration
Side effect
Cough ,difficulty swallowing ,dizziness ,fast heartbeat
,swelling on the face, eyelids, lips, tongue, throat, hands,
legs, feet, or sex organs, redness of the skin, skin rash
tightness in the chest ,unusual tiredness or weakness
Name of Drug :147. Nitrufural
Mechanism of action
The exact mechanism of action is unknown. Nitrofurazone
inhibits several bacterial enzymes, especially those
involved in the aerobic and anaerobic degradation of
glucose and pyruvate. This activity is believed also to
affect pyruvate dehydrogenase, citrate synthetase, malate
dehydrogenase, glutathione reductase, and pyruvate
decarboxylase.
Indication
bacterial skin infections ,pyodermas, infected dermatoses
and infections of cuts, wounds, burns and ulcers ,
trypanosomiasis
Side effect
Cough ,difficulty swallowing ,dizziness ,fast heartbeat
,swelling on the face, eyelids, lips, tongue, throat, hands,
legs, feet, or sex organs, redness of the skin, skin rash
tightness in the chest.
Name of Drug :148. Chlorhexidine
Mechanism of action
Chlorhexidine's antimicrobial effects are associated with
the attractions between chlorhexidine (cation) and
negatively charged bacterial cells. After chlorhexidine is
absorpted into the organism's cell wall, it disrupts the
integrity of the cell membrane and causes the leakage of
intracellular components of the organisms.
Indication
periodontitis, used as an adjunct to scaling and root
planing procedures. Also for prevention of dental caries,
oropharyngeal decontamination in critically ill patients,
hand hygiene in health-care personnel, general skin
cleanser, and catheter used also as mouthwash to prevent
oral plaque
Side effect
Blistering, burning, itching, peeling, skin rash, redness,
swelling, or other signs of irritation on the skin,swelling of
the face, hands, or feet ,trouble breathing,
Hypersensitivity.
Name of Drug : 149.potassium permanganate
Mechanism of action
a strong oxidizing agent used in solution as an antiseptic
and deodorizing application for malodorous lesions, and
formerly as a gastric lavage in poisoning from morphine,
strychnine, aconite, and picrotoxin;
Indication
Bromhidrosis, Dermatophytic infection, fungal infection,
hyperhidrosis infected genital or oral lesion
Side effect
Ulceration, Corrosive burns, Nausea, Vomiting, Cyanosis,
Methemoglobinemia, GI ulceration, Oral ulceration,
Metabolic acidosis, Cardiopulmonary arrest,
Hypermangnesemia, Corrosive pleurisy, Pericarditis.
Note
Name of Drug 150. Viride Nitens
Mechanism of action
The preparation has high antimicrobial activity especially
it is very effective against staphylococcus and
streptococcus, But it is not very effective against Aureus
streptococcus, if there are organic substances blood
serum, pus. It stimulates wound granulation.
Indication
post_operative , post_traumatic scars, bruises, pyoderma,
burns, bedsores, blepharitis.
Side effect
Skin rash, allergy , redness
Name of Drug : 151.
Mechanism of action
By binding to specific penicillin-binding proteins (PBPs)
located inside the bacterial cell wall, penicillin G inhibits
the third and last stage of bacterial cell wall synthesis. Cell
lysis is then mediated by bacterial cell wall autolytic
enzymes such as autolysins; it is possible that penicillin G
interferes with an autolysin inhibitor.
Indication
severe infections, septicemia, meningitis, pericarditis,
endocarditis and severe pneumonia.
Side effect
Neurological disorders, Neutropenia can occur if high
doses are administered consistently for over 2 weeks.
Name of Drug : 152.Ampicillin
Mechanism of action
By binding to specific penicillin-binding proteins (PBPs)
located inside the bacterial cell wall, Ampicillin inhibits the
third and last stage of bacterial cell wall synthesis. Cell
lysis is then mediated by bacterial cell wall autolytic
enzymes such as autolysins; it is possible that Ampicillin
interferes with an autolysin inhibitor.
Indication
infection Respiratory, GI, UTI and meningitis due to E. coli,
P. mirabilis, enterococci, Shigella, Salmonella N.
gononhoeae, H. influenzae, staphylococci, streptococci
including streptoc
Side effect
diarrhea, nausea, rash Hypersensitivityt hrombocytopenia,
thrombocytopenic headache, and dizziness
Name of Drug :153. Amoxicillin
Mechanism of action
Amoxicillin is a semisynthetic antibiotic with in vitro
bactericidal activity against Gram-positive and Gram-
negative bacteria. Amoxicillin is, however, susceptible to
degradation by beta-lactamases, and therefore, the
spectrum of activity does not include organisms which
produce these enzymes. Clavulanic acid is a beta-lactam,
structurally related to the penicillins, which possesses the
ability to inactivate some beta-lactamase enzymes
commonly found in microorganisms resistant to penicillins
and cephalosporins. In particular, it has good activity
against the clinically important plasmid-mediated beta-
lactamases frequently responsible for transferred drug
resistance.
Indication
infections of the ear, nose, and throat, the genitourinary
tract, the skin, lower respiratory tract acute uncomplicated
gonorrhea
Side effect
Itching of the vagina or genital area pain during sexual
intercourse
redness of the skin ,skin rash ,Bloody or cloudy urine
,fever , decreased urination seizures ,swelling of the feet
or lower legs
Name of Drug : 154.Imipenem
Mechanism of action
Imipenem acts as an antimicrobial through the inhibition
of cell wall synthesis of various gram-positive and gram-
negative bacteria. This inhibition of cell wall synthesis in
gram-negative bateria is attained by binding to pencillin
binding proteins (PBPs). This preferential binding to PBP-2
and PBP-1b results in the direct conversion of the
individual cell to a spheroblast, which leads to rapid cell
lysis and death without filament formation.
Indication
For the treatment of bacterial infections caused by
susceptible bacteria.
Side effect
Confusion seizures dizziness ain at place of injection ,skin
rash, hives, itching, fever, or wheezing tremors
Name of Drug :155. Aztreonam
Mechanism of action
The bactericidal action of aztreonam results from the
inhibition of bacterial cell wall synthesis due to a high
affinity of aztreonam for penicillin binding protein 3
(PBP3). By binding to PBP3, aztreonam inhibits the third
and last stage of bacterial cell wall synthesis. Cell lysis is
then mediated by bacterial cell wall autolytic enzymes
such as autolysins. It is possible that aztreonam interferes
with an autolysin inhibitor.
Indication
urinary tract infections, lower respiratory tract infections,
septicemia, skin and skin-structure infections, intra-
abdominal infections, and gynecologic infections.
Side effect
Chest discomfort ,cough ,difficulty with breathing or
troubled breathing ,fever, Noisy breathing, shortness of
breath ,tightness chest
Name of Drug : 156.Erythromycin
Mechanism of action
Erythromycin acts by penetrating the bacterial cell
membrane and reversibly binding to the 50 S subunit of
bacterial ribosomes or near the P or donor site so that
binding of tRNA to the donor site is blocked. Translocation
of peptides from the A or acceptor site to the P or
donor site is prevented, and subsequent protein synthesis
is inhibited. Erythromycin is effective only against actively
dividing organisms. The exact mechanism by which
erythmromycin reduces lesions of acne vulgaris is not fully
known: however, the effect appears to be due in part to
the antibacterial activity of the drug.
Indication
respiratory tract infections (upper and lower), pertussis
(whooping cough), as adjunct to antitoxin in infections due
to Corynebacterium diphtheriae, intestinal amebiasis
acute pelvic inflammatory disease, skin and soft tissue
infections, primary syphilis, urethritis ,Legionnaires'
disease
Side effect
diarrhea, nausea, stomach cramps, and vomiting.
Name of Drug : 157.Clarithromycin
Mechanism of action
Clarithromycin is first metabolized to 14-OH
clarithromycin, which is active and works synergistically
with its parent compound. Like other macrolides, it then
penetrates bacteria cell wall and reversibly binds to
domain V of the 23S ribosomal RNA of the 50S subunit of
the bacterial ribosome, blocking translocation of
aminoacyl transfer-RNA and polypeptide synthesis.
Clarithromycin also inhibits the hepatic microsomal
CYP3A4 isoenzyme and P-glycoprotein, an energy-
dependent drug efflux pump.
Indication
acute otitis ,patients with a history of type I penicillin
hypersensitivity, pharyngitis and tonsillitis ,respiratory
tract infections including acute maxillary sinusitis, acute
bacterial exacerbations of chronic bronchitis, community-
acquired pneuomia, Legionnaires' disease, and pertussis.
skin or skin structure infections, helicobacter pylori
infection, duodenal ulcer disease, bartonella infections,
early Lyme disease, and encephalitis, endocarditis.
Side effect
Symptoms of toxicity include diarrhea, nausea, abnormal
taste, dyspepsia, and abdominal discomfort, Transient
hearing loss with high doses has been observed,
Pseudomembraneous colitis has been reported with
clarithromycin use, Allergic reactions ranging from
urticaria and mild skin eruptions to rare cases of
anaphylaxis and Stevens-Johnson syndrome, hepatic
dysfunctions, tooth decolouration , cardiovascular defects
- QT prolongation.
Name of Drug : 158.Azithromycin
Mechanism of action
Azithromycin binds to the 50S subunit of the 70S bacterial
ribosomes, and therefore inhibits RNA-dependent protein
synthesis in bacterial cells.
Indication
For the treatment of patients with mild to moderate
infections caused by susceptible strains of the designated
microorganisms in the specific conditions: H. influenzae,
M. catarrhalis, S. pneumoniae, C. pneumoniae, M.
pneumoniae, S. pyogenes, S. aureus, S. agal
Side effect
oedema and cholestatic jaundice, Diarrhea, loose stools,
Blistering, crusting, irritation, itching, skin dry, or scaly
skin, fever, swelling.
Name of Drug :159. Lincomycin
Lincomycin inhibits protein synthesis in susceptible
bacteria by binding to the 50 S subunits of bacterial
ribosomes and preventing peptide bond formation upon
transcription. It is usually considered bacteriostatic but
may be bactericidal in high concentrations or when used
against highly susceptible organisms.
Indication:
Endocarditis, septicemia, bone infection,Skin infection,
lower respiratory infection.
Side effect:
Diarrhea ,Nausea Vomiting, Stomach pain
,Hypersensitivity,Jaundice Erythema multiforme,
exfoliative and vesiculobullous dermatitis, rash, Stevens-
Johnson syndrome, urticarial, Cardiopulmonary arrest,
Azotemia; oliguria; proteinuria; vaginitis, Agranulocytosis;
aplastic anemia; leukopenia; neutropenia; pancytopenia;
thrombocytopenic purpura.
Name of Drug : 160.Cephalexin
Cephalexin, like the penicillins, is a beta-lactam antibiotic.
By binding to specific penicillin-binding proteins located
inside the bacterial cell wall it inhibits the third and last
stage of bacterial cell wall synthesis that cause bacterial
cell wall autolytic enzymes such as autolysins it is possible
that cephalexin interferes with an autolysin inhibitor.
Indication:
Respiratory tract infection, Skin infections, Bone
infections, Genitourinary tract infections, Acute prostatitis
Side effect:
Diarrhea, Dizziness, Fever, General tiredness and
weakness, Headache, itching, Joint or muscle pain
Name of Drug :161. Cefuroxime
Cefuroxime like the penicillins is a beta-lactam antibiotic
its binding to specific penicillin-binding proteins located
inside the bacterial cell wall and its inhibit the third and
last stage of bacterial cell wall synthesis that lead to
bacterial cell wall autolytic enzymes such as autolysins it
is possible that cefuroxime interferes with an autolysin
inhibitor
Indication:
Bronchitis, Sinusitis, Tonsillitis, Ear infections, Skin
infections Gonorrhea, Urinary tract infections
Side effect:
Allergic reactions ,Skin rash, Nasal congestion, Cough, Dry
throat, Eye irritation, Anaphylactic shock, Cerebral
irritation
Name of Drug : 162.cefotaxime
The bactericidal activity of cefotaxime results from the
inhibition of cell wall synthesis via affinity for penicillin-
binding proteins
Indication:
Gonorrhea, Meningitis, Severe infections , Infections of the
kidney Urinary system, Prevent infection after surgery.
Side effect:
Nausea Vomiting, Epigastria distress, Diarrhea,
Convulsions, Dizziness, Fast heartbeat, Fever, Difficulty
with breathing swallowing
Name of Drug : 163.Gentamicin

Aminoglycosides like gentamicin irreversibly bind to
specific 30S subunit proteins and 16S rRNA this region
interacts with the base in the anticodon of tRNA and this
leads to interference with the initiation complex
misreading of mRNA so incorrect amino acids are inserted
into the polypeptide leading to nonfunctional or toxic
peptides and the breakup of polysomes into nonfunctional
monosomes
Indication:
bacterial neonatal sepsis, bacterial septicemia, serious
bacterial infections of the central nervous system
meningitis, urinary tract, respiratory tract, gastrointestinal
tract including peritonitis, skin, bone and soft tissue
including burns.
Side effect:
Nephrotoxicity, Drug accumulation in the endolymph and
perilymph of the inner ear causes irreversible damage to
hair cells of the cochlea or summit of ampullar cristae in
the vestibular complex,Toxicity may lead to retrograde
degeneration of the 8th cranial (vestibulocochlear) nerve.
Vestibular toxicity may cause vertigo, nausea, vomiting,
dizziness and loss of balance
Name of Drug : 164.Chloramphenicol
Chloramphenicol is lipid-soluble allowing it to diffuse
through the bacterial cell membrane its reversibly binds to
the L16 protein of the 50S subunit of bacterial ribosomes
where transfer of amino acids to growing peptide chains is
prevented thus inhibiting peptide bond formation and
subsequent protein synthesis.
Indication:
cholera ,eye drops or ointment to treat bacterial
conjunctivitis
Side effect:
abdominal distension with or without emesis, cyanosis
vasomotor collapse, irregular respiration Note:
Name of Drug : 165.Tetracycline

Tetracycline passively diffuses through porin channels in
the bacterial membrane and reversibly binds to the 30S
ribosomal subunit preventing binding of tRNA to the
mRNA-ribosome complex and thus interfering with protein
synthesis
Indication:
typhus fever ,Infections like Lyme disease ,Upper
respiratory infections S. pneumonia, H. influenza,Acne
,People who are allergic to penicillin
Side effect:
Increased sensitivity of skin to sunlight, Headache, Nausea
Vomiting, Yellow skin, Visual changes, Loss of appetite,
Abdominal pain
Name of Drug : 166.Doxycycline

Doxycycline like minocycline is lipophilic and can pass
through the lipid bilayer of bacteria Doxycycline reversibly
binds to the 30 S ribosomal subunits and possibly the 50S
ribosomal subunit blocking the binding of aminoacyl tRNA
to the mRNA and inhibiting bacterial protein synthesis
Indication:
Respiratory tract infections ,Malaria ,bacterial infections
plague tetanus,Campylobacter fetus
Side effect:
Anorexia, Nausea, Diarrhea, Dysphagia, Inflammatory
lesions Dermatitis, Hypersensitivity , Urticarial,
Anaphylaxis, Pericarditis Intracranial hypertension,
Thrombocytopenia, Neutropenia, Eosinophilia.
Note:
Name of Drug :167. Polimixin

After binding to lipopolysaccharide in the outer membrane
of Gram-negative bacteria polymyxins disrupt both the
outer and inner membranes. The hydrophobic tail is
important in causing membrane damage
Indication:
Neurotoxic, Nephrotoxic, Infection by bacteria of the
urinary tract, meninges, and blood stream.
Side effect:
Dizziness, Drowsiness, Fever, Headache, Pain in lower
back
Note: parenteral
Name of Drug :168. Vancomycin

The bactericidal action of vancomycin results primarily
from inhibition of cell-wall biosynthesis specifically
vancomycin prevents incorporation of N-acetylmuramic
acid (NAM)- and N-acetylglucosamine (NAG)-peptide
subunits from being incorporated into the peptidoglycan
matrix which forms the major structural component of
Gram-positive cell walls.
In addition, vancomycin alters bacterial-cell-membrane
permeability and RNA synthesis.
Vancomycin is not active in vitro against gram-negative
bacilli, mycobacteria, or fungi.
Indication:
Skin infection, endocarditis, bone infection, lung infection,
septicemia, osteomyelitis, Thrombophlebitis
Side effect:
Bladder pain ,Decreassed urine, Painful urination, Dry
mouth
Fever, Irregular heartbeat, Muscle pain , Loss of appetite,
Mood change, Nausea vomiting, Rapid weight gain ,
Shortness of breath
169-Name of drug sulphalen(ultra long action ..a

week)
Mechanism of action- compete with bacterial
paraaminobenzoic acid and inhibits dihydropteroate
synthase leading to inhibition of folic acid synthesis which
is essential for synthesis of DNA in bacteria.
Indications- tonsillitis ,pharyngitis, otitis, bronchitis,
urinary tract infection ,chronis disease,toxoplasma
Side effects nephrotoxicity ,polyneuritis ,allergy ,
anorexia, nausea ,vomiting, hemolytic anemia
thrombocytopenia , skin eruptions , crystalurea
170-Name of drug sulphaethydol (medium action-
4-6 days)
171-Name of drug sulphasalazine (with GIT action)
172-Name of drug co-trimoxazone
Mechanism of action- inhibits dihyrdofolate reductase and
inhibits synthesis of folic acid with consequent inhibition of
DNA and RNA synthesis.
Indications- prostatitis, tonsillitis ,pharyngitis, otitis,
bronchitis, urinary tract infection ,typhoid fever ,
gonorrhea
Side effects megaloblastic anemia , nephrotoxicity
,polyneuritis ,allergy , anorexia, nausea ,vomiting,
hemolytic anemia thrombocytopenia , skin eruptions ,
crystalurea
173-Name of drug furazolidone
Mechanism of action- Furazolidone and its related free
radical products are believed to bind DNA and induce
cross-links. Bacterial DNA is particularly susceptible to this
drug leading to high levels of mutations (transitions and
transversions) in the bacterial chromosome.
Indications-bacillary dysentery ,paratyphoid fever
,toxicoinfections
Side effects GIT upset,allegic reactions
174-Name of drug nirtoxolyne

Mechanism of action- This drug may also have antitumor
activity by inhibition of type 2 methionine aminopeptidase
(MetAP2) protein which is involved in angiogenesis. Its
antibacterial activity may stem from the metal ion
complexation vital for bacterial growth.
Indications- Nitroxoline is used to treat urinary tract
infections: pyelonephritis, cistitis, urethritis, epididymitis.
Side effects CNS: headache, dizziness, parasthesia,
polyneuropathy, Digestive system: nausea, vomiting,
decreased appetite ,Allergic reactions: skin rash,
hives ,Heart: increased heart rate
*175: -Name of drug ofloxacine
Mechanism of action- Ofloxacin is a broad-spectrum
antibiotic that is active against both Gram-
positive and Gram-negative bacteria. It functions by
inhibiting DNA gyrase, a type II topoisomerase, and
topoisomerase iv which is an enzyme necessary to
separate (mostly in prokaryotes, in bacteria in particular)
replicated DNA, thereby inhibiting bacterial cell division.
Indications- chronic bronchitis, pneumonia, urethritis
,Acute pelvic inflammatory disease, cystitis, urinary tract
infections ,Prostatitis ,gonorrhea. syphilis
Side effects arthropathy ,allergy ,headache,
hepatotoxicity ,phototoxicity.
176-Isoniazid it is the most active drug for the

treatment of tuberculosis
Mechanism of action -Inhibits the synthesis of mycolic
acid , which are important component of mycobacterial
cell wall , as a result of the activity , tubercle bacilli lose
their features of acid resistance , water resistance and
proliferating ability , leading to death of the bacteria .
Indication-Active tuberculosis , treatment and
prophylaxis of TB , HIV infections inactive TB , active TB
HIV infections
Side effect :-Increased liver enzymes , neuropathy ,
nerutoxicity , rash , agranulocytosis , thrombocytopenia ,
hepatitis ( severe ) , hepatotoxicity , systemic lupus
erythematosus , seizure
177-Rifampicin
Mechanism of action :-Binds strongly to the B-subunit of
DNA-dependent RNA polymerase and thereby inhibits RNA
synthesis , drugs resistance to rifampin , due to target
mutations in RNA polymerase , occurs readily .
Indication-Active tuberculosis , active TB- HIV infection ,
inactive TB , leprosy , osteomyelitis , infective endocarditis
, human anaplasmosis .
Side effects-Agranulocytosis , hepatitis , hepatotoxicity ,
anaphylaxis , nephrotoxicity , renal failure .
178-Name-streptomycin
Mechanism of Action :-Aminoglycosides acts by
inhibition microbial protein synthesis in susceptible
pathogens .
It binds to the small 16S rRNA of the 30S subunit of the
bacterial ribosome , leading to codon misreading and
inhibition of protein synthesis
Indications :-Klebsiella pneumonia infections ,
pseudomonas infections , bacterial meningitis , bacterial
sepsis of newborn , bacterial septicemia , eye infections ,
peritonitis , proteus infections , staphylococcal infections ,
urinary track infections .
Side effect :-Neuromuscular blockade finding , ototoxicity
, nephrotoxicity , respiratory track paralysis
-179-Name of drug -interferon

Mechanism of action- it appears to involve the induction of
host cell enzymesthat inhibit viral RNA translation
,ultimately leading to the degradation of viral RANm an
RNA t.
Indications- treatment of hepatic viral infections
Side effects fever, chills, myalgias , arthralgias, GIT
disturbances, fatigue ,neurotoxicity
180-Name-amantadine
Mechanism of action-They inhibits the first step in
replication of the influenza A and rubella viruses , these
steps involves viral absorption to the host cell
membrane , penetration into cell via endocytosis , and
viral particle uncapping . amantadine block a channel
protein in the viral coat that permits influx of the
protons , thus , uncoating is prevented . moreover ,
amantadine inhibits the viral maturation .
Indications-To prevent influenza A virus infections ,
amantadine also used in Parkinson syndrome .
Side effects :-Gastrointestinal deregulation , ataxia ,
dizziness
181-Name nystatin
Mechanism of action :-Is a fungistatic or funficidal ,
depending on the concentration achieved and the
susceptibility of the organism to amphotericin B . it acts
by binding to sterols in the fungus cell membrane ,
producing a change in membrane permeability that
allows leakage of intracellular components from the
cell .
Indication :-American mucocutaneous leishmaniasis ,
asperogillosis , blastomycosis , cryptococcal meningitis
HIV infections , fungal infection of CNS ( severe ) ,
fungal infections of lungs ( severe ) , histoplasmosis ,
Side effect :-Hypotension , thrombophlebitis , injection
site pain , diarrhea , nausea and vomiting , anemia ,
arthralgia , headache , tachypnea , fever , malaise ,
cardiac arrest , stevens Johnson syndrome ,
agranulocytosis , anaphylaxi
182-Name-clotrimazol
Mechanism of action :-Inhibits fungal sterol synthesis
leading to aggregation of 14 alpha methyl sterols in
the fungi , which is responsible for the fungistati activity
.
Indication-Bone marrow transplant-candidiasis
prophylaxis , candidal vulvovaginitis , candidemia ,
candidiasis of the esophagus , cryptococcal meningitis
HIV infection
Side effect -Nausea , headache , prolongation of QT
interval , torsades de pointes , stevens jhonson
syndrome , agranulocytosis , anaphylaxis , seizure
183-Name-chloroquine
Mechanism of action-Acts by : concentrating in parasite
food vacuoles , preventing the biocrystalization of the
hemoglobin breakdown product , heme , into hemozin ,
and thus eliciting parasite toxicity due to the buildup of
free heme .
Indication-Drugs of choice in treatment of nonfalciparum
and sensitive falciparum malaria .
Malaria treatment , malaria prophylaxis , non-intestinal
amebic infection .
Side effect-Pruritus , GI disturbances , headache ,
malaise , blurring of vision , urticaria .alopecia ,
hypotension , respiratory and cardiac arrest in large IM
doses , or rapid IV infusion .
184-Name of drug metronidazole

Mechanism of action- is reduced inside bacteria and
protozoa by ferrodoxin into an active metabolite ehich
binds to DNA and inhibits nucleic acid synthesis.
Indications- giardiasis, amoebiasis, trichomoniasis, peptic
ulcer , pseudomembranous colitis
Side effects anorexia ,nausea ,vomiting ,allergic reactions
, teratogenicity, headache ,dark color of urine
185-Name of drug mebendazol
Mechanism of action- decrease glucose uptake and inhibit
microtubular synthesis.
Indications- Used on empty stomach when used against
intraluminal parasites but with a fatty meal when used
against tissue parasites .
Used with corticosteroid to decrease the inflammation
caused by dying organism and it also reduced the duration
of course for 31 days .
Side effects Mild epigastric pain , diarrhea , nausea ,
headache , insomnia , fever , fatigue , alopecia
186-Name of drug pirantel
Mechanism of action- it acts as a depolarizing,
neuromuscular blocking agent ,causing persistent
activation of the parasites nicotinic receptors.
Indications- round worms, pinworms, hookworms, teniasis,
hydatid disease
Side effects nausea , vomiting ,diarrhea
188-Name of drug mercaptopurine
Mechanism of action- Mercaptopurine is an antimetabolite.
It works by blocking the growth of certain cancer cells.
Indications- is indicated for maintenance therapy of acute
lymphatic (lymphocytic, lymphoblastic) leukemia as part
of a combination regimen. The response to this agent
depends upon the particular subclassification of acute
lymphatic leukemia and the age of the patient (pediatric
or adult). This drug may also be used to treat Crohn's
disease, ulcerative colitis, and lymphoblastic lymphoma...
Side effects Nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and loss of

appetite may occur. Temporary hair loss may also occur..
189-Name of drug vincristine

Mechanism of action- inhibition of mitosis at metaphase
through its interaction with tubulin.(antitumor)
Indications- Treatment of acute lymphocytic leukemia
(ALL), Hodgkin lymphoma, non-Hodgkin lymphomas,
Wilms' tumor, neuroblastoma, rhabdomyosarcoma.
Liposomal vincristine is indicated for the treatment of
relapsed Philadelphia chromosome-negative (Ph-) acute
lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL).
Side effects Nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and loss of
appetite may occur. Temporary hair loss may also occur.
190-Name of drug acyclovir
Mechanism of action- Inhibition of viral DNA synthesis
through inhibition of DNA-polymerase , acyclovir
triphosphate is a preferred substrate of viral DNA
polymerase , it inhibits enzyme activity and , following
its incorporation into viral DNA , induce strand breakage
.
Indications- Herpes simplex virus infections , HSV
encephalitis , HSV genital , labial , peri-anal and rectal
infections , varicella zoster virus infections
Side effects nephrotoxicity, gut upset, local
irritation
187-Name of drug cholestramtne

Mechanism of action-
Indications-
Side effects
191-Name of drug cistamine

Indications-
Side effects
192-Name of drug diaphenylsulphon

Indications-
Side effects

Drugs of Final

Hochgeladen von

Dokumentinformationen

Copyright

Verfügbare Formate

Dieses Dokument teilen

Dokument teilen oder einbetten

Freigabeoptionen

Stufen Sie dieses Dokument als nützlich ein?

Sind diese Inhalte unangemessen?

Copyright:

Verfügbare Formate

Drugs of Final

Hochgeladen von

Copyright:

Verfügbare Formate

*Drug name: 1.

Mechanism of action: Block voltage-dependent sodium

Indication: Topical and regional anesthesia ,

Side effect : hypotensive, inhibit CNS, arrhythmic effect,

Note: This drug combained with epinephrine because

*Drug name: 2.Lidocaine

Mechanism of action: Block inactive sodium channel

Indication: all types of local anesthesia , antiarrhythmic

Side effect: drowsiness, visual impairment, nausea,

Note: This drug combained with epinephrine , The most

*Drug name: 3.Medicinal coal

Mechanism of action: Prevent irritation of the sensory

Indication: to treat of poisoning with chemical compound ,

Side effect: Vomiting, constipation or diarrhea, black

Note: the real name is activated charcoal

Mechanism of action: non-selective muscarinic receptor

Indication: dry mouth , glaucoma, constipation

Side effect: excessive salivation, sweating, bronchial

*Drug name: 5. Aceclidine

Mechanism of action: non-selective muscarinic receptor

Indication: Glaucoma , dry mouth (xerostomia),

Side effect: Irritation of the conjunctiva ,atony, bronchial

*Drug name: 6. Neostigmine

Mechanism of action: Reversible block

Indication: Dry mouth, glaucoma, myasthenia gravis

Note: Similar action of drugs physostigmine, galantamine

*Drug name: 7. Armine

Mechanism of action: Irreversible block

Indication: Dry mouth, glaucoma, myasthenia gravis

Side effect: excessive salivation, sweating, bronchial

*Drug name: 8. ATROPINE

Mechanism of action: M-cholinoblocking

Indication: Diagnosis in ophthalmology To see optic disc, in

Side effect: Tachycardia ,dry mouth , constipation

Note: Drugs atropine like effect is, metocinum,

*Drug name: 9. Scopolamine

Mechanism of action: M1-cholinoblocking

Indication: Airsickness, Seasickness, parkinsonism

Note: It have more than atropine in duration of action

Mechanism of action: M-cholinoblocking And it has

Indication: Eye diagnosis like atropine ,

Side effect: Tachycardia ,dry mouth , constipation

*Drug name: 11.Hexamethonium

Mechanism of action: ganglionic blocker a nicotinic (NN)

Indication: Block autonomic ganglia use in chronic

Side effect: orthostatic hypotension and sexual

*Drug name: 12.Suxamethonium

Mechanism of action: It binds to post-synaptic nicotinic

Side effect: hyperthermia, muscle pains, acute

Note: Suxamathonium In kharkevitch page 116 down

Mechanism of action: Adrenomimitic receptors

Indication: hypotension, septic shock and neurogenic

Side effect: Hypertension, headache, arrhythmias,

Note: Note. Not giving intramuscular it cause tissue

*Drug name: 14.Epinephrine

Mechanism of action: Adrenomimetic receptors

Indication: cardiac arrest, anaphylaxis, and superficial

Side effect: palpitations, tachycardia, arrhythmia, anxiety,

Note: Note. It also cause tissue necrosis and also use in

Mechanism of action: Adrenomimetic receptor (b2)

Indication: Asthma, COPD, cystic fibrosis, acute

Side effect: tremor, anxiety, headache, muscle cramps,

Note: Administration inhalation or IV

Mechanism of action: Adrenoblockers nonselective beta