Power Quality Improvement in The Distribution

Network

1
Introduction to
Power Quality

2
 The Sinusoidal voltage

> The generators are designed to produce a sinusoidal induced voltage. Thus, the
transmission and distribution should have sinusoidal voltage to deliver the electrical
power to different customers.

e(t) = Ep sin (314t) volt

i(t) = Ip sin (314t ) Amp
Ip = Ep / |Z|
Z = R jX = |Z|< Ohm
3
PQ Characteristics

Hydraulic (pneumatic) system versus electrical power system

4
PQ Characteristics

> There is an analogy between electric power and hydraulic (pneumatic) systems.

> Voltage __________ Pressure

> Current __________ Liquid flow

> Distribution network __________ Liquid pipes

> Power Quality __________ Purity of Liquid

5
Whats Power Quality ?

The widespread use of equipment which is sensitive to voltage disturbances and/or

generates disturbance itself

Automated Variable Information Some types

systems Speed derives systems Of lamps

6
Degradation of Power Quality
- The most common disturbances are summarized in the following table

7
Why do we care about Power Quality?
Power Quality Correction Means Cost Savings:
Custom Duties Reduction & Removal Of Subsidization.

Power Quality Correction Means Energy Savings:

Reduction Of Equipment Size :20 To 40%
Increase In Available Power At Transformer Secondary.

Transformer power efficiency (kVA)

Cos Phi 250 400 630 1000 1600
0,5 125 200 315 500 800
0,7 175 280 441 700 1120
0,9 225 360 567 900 1440
0,95 238 380 598,5 950 1520

Power Quality Correction & Filtering Improves Reliability

8
What are Power Quality Measures?

Power Quality describes the Quality level of the Electrical network and the Efficiency
level of Energy use.

It is made of three primary components

Continuity (freedom of interruption) : the degree to which the user can rely on its
availability at all times

Voltage level : the degree to which the voltage is maintained at all times within a
specified range

Efficiency : the degree to which the energy consumption is optimized

9
What are Power Quality Measures?
The principal phenomena concerned in Power Quality are :

Power factor : A Direct Measure Of Efficiency

Harmonics : Relates Directly to Process Output & Continuity

Voltage fluctuations : flicker

Voltage dips and short interruptions : Production and data losses, tools and/or
machine breakdown, relays and PLCs disturbances

Transient over voltages : Capacitors and transformers damage, production losses

(sensitive batch process), ...

10
Power Factor
and
Power Factor
Correction

11
 Power Factor Correction
Power Factor and reactive power.
How to improve power factor.
Where to install power factor correction capacitors?
How to determine the optimum level of compensation?
Compensation at the terminals of a transformer.
Power factor correction of induction motors.
The effects of harmonics.

Practical design Guide

Practical Exercise

12
Power Factor and reactive power

13
Definition

The Power Factor is the ratio of

the active power P (kW) to the
apparent power S (kVA):

Power Factor: P/S = cos

This formula is applicable for sinusoidal

voltage and current. This is why the Power
Factor is then designated as "Displacement
Power Factor".
14
What is Power Factor ?
> Power Factor : The Cola Analogy
Mug Capacity = Apparent Power (KVA)
Foam = Reactive Power (KVAR)
Cola = Real Power (kW)
ower

Cola (kW)
Power Factor =
Mug Capacity (KVA)
kVA
Apparent
Power

Capacitors absorb the Foam (KVAR), freeing up Mug

ve Capacity so you dont have to buy a bigger mug and/or
er so you can pay less for your Cola!

15
An example of power calculations:
Motor Pn = 51 kW cos = 0.86 = 0.91 (motor efficiency)

16
Penalty Of Low Power Factor Calculation

Annual kWh
Average Annual PF

Annual kWh2 Annual kVARh2

PF Penalty Is A Percent Multiplier To The Annual Electrical Bill

No Penalty For 0.9 < Pf < 0.92

Bonus For 0.92 < Pf < 0.95

PF Penalty Multiplier 0.5% For Every 0.01 Drop ( For 0.7 < Pf < 0.9 )

Pf Penalty Multiplier Is 1% For Every 0.01 Drop ( For PF < 0.7 )

Thousands Of Customers Across The Country Are Currently Unaware

That They Are Being Penalized For Low Power Factor!!!

18
How to improve power factor

20
 How to improve the power factor
Example:
A motor consumes 100 kW at a power factor of 0.75.
To improve
the power factor to 0.93, the reactive power of the
capacitor bank must be : Qc = 100 (0.88 - 0.4) = 48 kvar

21
How to improve the power factor
Compensation at LV:

At low voltage, compensation is provided by:

Fixed-value capacitor
Equipment providing automatic regulation, or banks which
allow continuous adjustment according to requirements, as
loading of the installation changes

Note: When the installed reactive power of compensation exceeds 800

kvar, and the load is continuous and stable, it is often found to be
economically advantageous to install capacitor banks at the medium
voltage level.
22
How to improve the power factor
1. Fixed Capacitors
This arrangement employs one or more capacitor(s) to form a constant level of
compensation.

Control may be:

Manual: by circuit-breaker or load-break switch
Semi-automatic: by contactor
Direct connection to an appliance and switched with it

These capacitors are applied:

At the terminals of inductive devices (motors and transformers)
At bus-bars supplying numerous small motors and inductive appliance for which
individual compensation would be too costly
In cases where the level of load is reasonably constant.

Where the kvar rating of the capacitors is less than, or equal to 15% of the supply
transformer rating, a fixed value of compensation is appropriate. Above the 15% level,
it is advisable to install an automatically-controlled bank of capacitors. 23
How to improve the power factor
2. Automatic Capacitors bank

This kind of equipment provides automatic

control of compensation, maintaining the
power factor within close limits around a
selected level. Such equipment is applied at
points in an installation where the active-
power and/or reactive-power variations
are relatively large,

for example:
At the bus-bars of a general power
distribution board
At the terminals of a heavily-loaded feeder
cable

24
How to improve the power factor
2. Automatic Capacitors bank

Power factor correction equipment including

static contactors (thyristors) instead of
usual contactors is particularly suitable for a
certain number of installations using
equipment with fast cycle and/or sensitive to
transient surges.

The advantages of static contactors are :

Immediate response to all power factor

fluctuation (response time as low as 40 ms
according to regulator option)
Unlimited number of operations
Elimination of transient phenomena on the
network on capacitor switching
Fully silent operation 25
Where to install power factor correction
capacitors?

26
Global Compensation

27
Compensation by sector

28
Individual Compensation

Individual compensation should be considered when the power of the motor is significant with respect to
the declared power requirement (kVA) of the installation.

The kvar rating of the capacitor bank is in the order of 25% of the kW rating of the motor.
Complementary compensation at the origin of the installation (transformer) may also be beneficial. 29
Connection of Capacitor bank and protection setting

After applying compensation to a motor, the current to

the motor-capacitor combination will be lower than
before, assuming the same motor-driven load
conditions. This is because a significant part of the
reactive component of the motor current is being
supplied from the capacitor.

Where the over-current protection devices of the

motor are located upstream of the motor capacitor
connection (and this will always be the case for
terminal-connected capacitors), the over-current relay
settings must be reduced in the ratio:

cos before compensation / cos after

compensation
30
How self excitation of Induction motors can be avoided

In order to avoid self-excitation as described

above, the kvar rating of the capacitor bank must
be limited to the following maximum value:

Qc = 0.9 x Io x Un x 3

Where
Io = the no-load current of the motor
Un = phase-to-phase nominal voltage of the
motor in kV. 31
How to determine the optimum level of
compensation?

32
 Technical-economic optimization for an existing
installation
The optimum rating of compensation capacitors for an existing installation can be
determined from the following principal considerations:

Electricity bills prior to the installation of capacitors

Future electricity bills anticipated following the installation of capacitors
Costs of:
Purchase of capacitors and control equipment (contactors, relaying,
cabinets, etc.)
Installation and maintenance costs
Cost of dielectric heating losses in the capacitors, versus reduced losses in
cables,transformer, etc.,
following the installation of capacitors

. 33
34
Compensation to increase the available active power output

35
Compensation of reactive energy absorbed by the
transformer

36
Compensation of reactive energy absorbed by the
transformer

As a matter of interest, the kvar

losses in a transformer can be
completely compensated by adjusting
the capacitor bank to give the load a
(slightly) leading power factor.

In such a case, all of the kvar of the

transformer is being supplied from
the capacitor bank, while the input to
the MV side of the transformer is at
unity power factor,

37
Example of
an
installation
before and
after power-
factor
correction

38
The effects of harmonics.

39
Risk of resonance

40
Possible Solutions

41
Connection of Power Factor Correction capacitors with
detuned reactors
In order to attenuate the effects of harmonics
(significant increase of capacitor current as well as
high current and voltage distortion ), reactors should
be associated to capacitors. Reactors and
capacitors are configured in a series resonant
circuit, tuned so that the series resonant frequency
is below the lowest harmonic frequency present in
the system.

42
Practical Design Guide

43
Practical Exercise

44
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