Question 6 (19 marks)

A manufacturer of electrical components claims to provide 200 ohm resistors

whose exact resistance is Normally distributed with mean 200.0 ohm and standard
deviation 4.0 ohm.

(a) (8 marks) What is the probability that

i. a randomly selected resistor has resistance between 199 ohm and 201
ohm?
ii. a random sample of 25 resistors includes exactly 3 resistors between 199
ohm and 201 ohm?
iii. a random sample of 25 resistors has mean resistance between 199 ohm
and 201 ohm?
(b) (11 marks) In order to check the manufacturers claims, a random sample
of 25 resistors was measured. The sample mean was 198.312 ohm and the
sample standard deviation was 5.378 ohm. The resistances were:
189.1 189.4 190.8 191.5 193.6 194.6 195.1 196.1 196.5 197.2
198.0 198.1 198.2 198.4 198.5 198.8 199.1 199.6 200.7 201.2
205.5 206.0 206.4 206.7 208.7
i. Present the data in the form of a stem-and-leaf plot, using split rows and
truncated data values. Remember to specify the leaf unit. Briefly discuss
whether the plot supports the claim of Normally distributed resistance.
ii. Find a 95% confidence interval for the population mean (using the sample
standard deviation rather than the claimed population standard devia-
tion).
iii. Find a 95% confidence interval for the population standard deviation.
iv. Use the confidence interval method to test the manufacturers claim that
the population mean is 200 ohm. (Your answer should include null and
alternative hypotheses, significance level and conclusion.)

Question 7 (5 marks)
A continuous random variable X has cumulative probability distribution function

x2
FX (x) = x , 0x2.
4
(a) Evaluate the conditional probability P (X > 1|X > 0.5).
(b) What is the probability density function of X?
(c) Evaluate the expected value of X.

2
Question 8 (12 marks)
As it is easier to measure the refractive index of glass fragments rather than density,
it is useful to fit an equation which enables the prediction of density from refractive
index. Excel was used to analyze measurements of refractive index and density
(in g/cm3 ) for 18 glass pieces. Use the output below to help answer the following
questions.

Regression Statistics
Multiple R 0.9608
R Square 0.9231
Adjusted R Square 0.9183
Standard Error 0.004069
Observations 18
Coefficients Standard Error t Stat P-value
Intercept -3.6860 0.4458 -8.2682 3.6058E-07
Index 4.0697 0.2937 13.8561 2.4952E-09

(a) On the basis of the scatter plot, discuss whether the form of the fitted equation
appears to appropriate for these data.
(b) One piece of glass included in the data set has refractive index 1.5158 and
density 2.4765 g/cm3 . Evaluate the predicted density and the residual for
this data point.
(c) Under what circumstances is it valid to use the fitted equation to make pre-
dictions at values of the refractive index which were not included in the data
set?
(d) What proportion of variation in density can be explained by refractive index?
(e) What is the estimated standard deviation of density for any fixed value of
refractive index?
(f) Test whether the slope of the regression line is significantly greater than 4
g/cm3 , using significance level 0.05.

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Question 9 (14 marks)
The elastic modulus in gigapascals (GPa) was measured for 16 specimens of a
magnesium alloy, 8 produced by permanent molding and 8 produced by die casting.
The sample statistics, in units of gigapascals (GPa), are as follows:
Mean Standard deviation
Permanent molding 44.7125 0.6244
Die casting 44.0625 0.5012

(a) Are the samples paired or independent? (Explain your answer.)

(b) Test whether mean elastic modulus differs between the permanent molding
and die casting processes, using significance level 0.01.
(c) A further six specimens of alloy were produced by plaster molding, with mean
45.5833 GPa and standard deviation 0.5492 GPa. The three samples were
analysed by the Excel Anova: Single Factor Add-in.
i. Find the missing values in the following ANOVA table. The completed
table should be written in your answer book rather than the exam paper.
ANOVA
Source of Variation SS df MS F P-value
Between Groups 7.9301 ? ? ? 0.0003336
Within Groups ? ? ?
Total 13.9259 21

ii. Specify the null and alternative hypotheses for this application, being
careful to explain your notation.
iii. Use the P-value method to test the hypotheses in (ii), using significance
level 0.01.
iv. What assumptions are required for the test in (iii)?

STATISTICAL INFORMATION

P (A|B) = P (A B)/P (B) for P (B) 6= 0

X Z
E{g(X)} = g(x) fX (x) or g(x) fX (x) dx
all x
all x
Var(X) = E(X 2 ) [E(X)]2
!
n x nx
Binomial: fX (x) = p q , x = 0, 1, . . . , n; 0 < p < 1
x
x

Poisson: fX (x) = e , x = 0, 1, 2, . . . ; > 0
x!