2017 Tutorial Cooling Pipe

Cooling pipes in a tunnel
Name: CoolingPipes/coolpipe
Path: /Tutorials/DianaIE/CoolingPipes/coolpipe
Keywords: analys: flow heat nonlin transi.
constr: initia temper.
elemen: bq4ht coolpi flow hx8ht l2ht potent tp6ht.
load: elemen temper time.
materi: adiaba conduc elasti hydrat isotro.
option: binary ndiana.
post: binary ndiana.
pre: dianai.
result: equage inttmp reacti temper total.
Outline
1 Description
1.1 Case study
1.2 Geometry and cooling pipes layout
1.3 Material properties
1.3.1 Concrete
1.3.2 Cooling pipes
1.4 Modeling strategy
2 Finite Element Model
2.1 Units
2.2 Geometry definition
2.2.1 Concrete wall
2.2.2 Concrete slab
2.2.3 Extrusion
2.2.4 Splitting surfaces
2.2.5 Cooling pipes
2.3 Properties
2.3.1 Concrete of the wall
2.3.2 Concrete of the slab
2.3.3 Cooling pipes
2.4 Boundary conditions
2.4.1 Convection heat flow
2.4.2 Initial temperature
2.5 Meshing
3 Nonlinear Analysis
3.1 Analysis commands
4 Results
4.1 Degree of reaction
4.2 Temperature in concrete
4.3 Equivalent age in concrete
4.4 Temperature of the cooling pipes
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1 Description
1.1 Case study
In this tutorial we investigate using DianaIE the hydration proces in the young concrete of a 3D structure representing the U-shaped tunnel in [Fig. 1]. This will be performed by means of a
heat transient analysis. The finite element model created in DianaIE will take into account of the cooling pipes used to limit the high temperture in the young hardening concrete.
z
y x
= symmetry axis
Figure 1: Tunnel segment with cooling pipes (due to symmetry, only half of the tunnel is represented), the three cooling pipes are denoted by different colors.

1.2 Geometry and cooling pipes layout
The geometry of the tunnel and the layout of the 3 circuits of cooling pipes are illustrated in [Fig. 2]. The perimeter of the cooling pipes is 8.48 cm. The heat flow along the symmetry axis
will be set equal to zero. Moreover, since we assume that the temperature of the ground does not influence the hydration process in the concrete wall, we will also set the heat flow equal to
zero at the bottom face of the tunnel.
fluid discharge 0.45 0.4 0.45

fluid entry
convective exchange
Tenv = 15 C
symmetry axis
2.15
q boundary flux
circuit 2 0.75
6.9 0.75
0.75
6.9 circuit 1
0.5
circuit 3 0.5
0.5
0.5
z z
y 1.2 0.5
x
20 x
1.2 q=0
q=0
1.9
1.3
2.8 2.8 1.3 1.9
Figure 2: Geometry of the tunnel with cooling pipes: 3D view (left) and cross section (right) (due to symmetry, only half of the tunnel is represented).

1.3 Material properties
1.3.1 Concrete
The mechanical and physical properties of the concrete of the slab and the wall are shown in [Table 1]. To include the effects of hydration reactions in the wall, the adiabatic heat development
of the concrete (expressed in terms of heat vs time) is provided in [Table 2].
1.3.2 Cooling pipes
For the cooling pipes, in order to account for the convection exchange with the surrounding concrete, we have to specify their conduction coefficient and heat capacitance, as shown in [Table 1].
Moreover, the temperature of the water entering the cooling pipe is required.
Time [day] Heat []

0 20
0.1 24.81
Concrete 0.2 29.11
0.3 32.97
Youngs modulus 1.5E+10 N/m2 0.4 36.42
Poissons ratio 0.2 0.5 39.50
Density 2500 kg/m3 0.6 42.27
Thermal conductivity 1.725e+15 kg/(day3 ) 0.7 44.76
Thermal capacity 2.016e+16 kg/(m day2 ) 0.8 46.98
0.9 48.97
Cooling pipes 1 50.75
Conduction coefficient 1.612e+19 kg/(day3 ) 1.5 57.22
Heat capacitance 7.462e+17 kg m2 /(day3 ) 2 60.94
Water temperature 10 2.5 63.09
3 64.32
4 65.82
Table 1: Elastic and thermal properties of concrete and cooling pipes. 5 65.82
10 66
60 66
Table 2: Adiabatic heat development of concrete during hydration.

1.4 Modeling strategy
The following considerations were taken into account to build the model:
only half of the structure is modeled due to symmetry;
the geometry of the model will be denoted by five different shapes: the
wall, the slab and the three cooling pipes;
to define the three-dimensional geometry of the wall and the slab, we
first create their faces on the xz-plane (i.e., at y=0) and later, extrude
them in the y-direction;
for the generation of the mesh in DianaIE, the wall is modeled with
different solid blocks (see [Fig. 3]) whose edges along y-direction are
coincicent with the longitudinal axes of the cooling pipes; 0.45
0.4
0.45
heat flow boundary elements will be used to model the heat convection
along the faces of the tunnel exposed to the air (the temperature of the
air is assumed equal to 15 throughout the simulation);
the temperature development and hydration process in the concrete 2.15
wall will be studied with a transient nonlinear heat flow analysis.
0.75
0.75
0.75
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
z
y
x
Figure 3: Schematic representation for lines (in gray) for the definition of the finite element mesh
(dimensions in meters). Due to symmetry, only half of the tunnel is represented.

2 Finite Element Model
For the modeling session we start a new project where structural and heat-flow analysis can be performed. Linear hexagonal finite elements will be used.
DianaIE
Main menu File New [Fig. 4]
Figure 4: New project dialog

2.1 Units
We choose meter for the unit Length, kilogram for Mass, day for Time and Celsius for Temperature.
DianaIE
Geometry browser Reference system Units [Fig. 5]

Property Panel [Fig. 6]
Figure 5: Geometry browser Figure 6: Property Panel - Units

2.2 Geometry definition
2.2.1 Concrete wall
We start the generation of the concrete wall by creating the faces on the xz-plane of the two blocks highlighted in [Fig. 7].
DianaIE
Main Menu Geometry Create Add polygon sheet [Fig. 8]-[Fig. 9]
Viewer Viewpoints Isometric view 1 [Fig. 10]
0.45 0.4 0.45
2.15
0.75
0.75 Figure 8: Polygon sheet - Wall 1
0.75
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5 z
0.5
x
2.8 1.3 1.9
Figure 7: Scheme of the wall faces to be created (in blue) Figure 9: Polygon sheet - Wall 2 Figure 10: View - Isometric view 1

The faces of the wall previously created are used to create the new faces (depicted in blue in [Fig. 11]) using the array copy tool. We make four copies with a relative displacement of 0.5 m in
the z-direction.
DianaIE
Main Menu Geometry Modify Array copy [Fig. 12]-[Fig. 13]
0.45 0.4 0.45
2.15
0.75
0.75
0.75
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5 z
0.5
x
2.8 1.3 1.9
Figure 11: Scheme of the wall faces to be created (in

blue) Figure 12: Geometry - array copy Figure 13: View - Isometric view 1

We create the faces depicted in blue in [Fig. 14] that later will be copied in the z-direction [Fig. 18].
DianaIE
0.45 0.4 0.45
2.15
0.75
Figure 15: Polygon sheet - Wall 11
0.75
0.75
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5 z
0.5
x
2.8 1.3 1.9

blue) Figure 16: Polygon sheet - Wall 12 Figure 17: View - Isometric view 1

DianaIE
0.45 0.4 0.45
2.15
0.75
0.75
0.75
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5 z
0.5
x
2.8 1.3 1.9


The topmost parts of the wall faces (see [Fig. 21]) are now created.
DianaIE
0.45 0.4 0.45
2.15
0.75
Figure 22: Polygon sheet - Wall 17
0.75
0.75
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5 z
0.5
x
2.8 1.3 1.9

blue) Figure 23: Polygon sheet - Wall 18 Figure 24: View - Isometric view 1

Finally, the faces on the right side of the wall (depicted in blue in [Fig. 25]) are created by copying those on the left side.
DianaIE
0.45 0.4 0.45
2.15
0.75
0.75
0.75
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5 z
0.5
x
2.8 1.3 1.9


2.2.2 Concrete slab
Using the same strategy used for the wall, we create the face of the concrete slab on the xz-plane at y = 0 (depicted in blue in [Fig. 28]).
DianaIE
Main Menu Geometry Create Add polygon sheet [Fig. 29]
0.45 0.4 0.45
2.15
0.75
0.75
0.75
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5 z
0.5
x
2.8 1.3 1.9

blue) Figure 29: Polygon sheet - Slab Figure 30: View - Isometric view 1

2.2.3 Extrusion
The wall and slab faces previously created are extruded in the y-direction for 20 meters to generate the 3-dimensional model for the concrete tunnel shown in [Fig. 32].
DianaIE
Main Menu Geometry Modify Extrude shape [Fig. 31]
Figure 31: Extrude shapes Figure 32: 3-dimensional model of the concrete tunnel

2.2.4 Splitting surfaces
In order to later apply the boundary conditions at outer surfaces fo the tunnel, we need to split the top face of the concrete slab (i.e., on the xy-plane) in three parts: i) the portion of surface
outside the tunnel, ii) the intersection between the slab and the wall and iii) the portion of surface inside the tunnel.
This is achieved by imprinting the wall shapes in conctact with slab on the slab itself ([Fig. 33]-[Fig. 35]).
DianaIE
Main Menu Geometry Modify Imprint two bodies [Fig. 33]
Geometry browser Geometry Select Slab Right click ( ) Show only [Fig. 34] [Fig. 35]
Figure 33: Imprint intersectionl Figure 34: Show only Slab shape Figure 35: Slab with imprinted intersections

2.2.5 Cooling pipes
The geometry of circuits 1 and 3 (see [Fig. 2]) is created with polylines and Circuit 2, being a copy of circuit 1, is created using the command array copy.
DianaIE
Main Menu Geometry Create Add polyline [Fig. 36]
Main Menu Geometry Modify Array copy [Fig. 37]
Main Menu Geometry Create Add polyline [Fig. 38]
Figure 36: Add polyline - Circuit 1 Figure 37: Array copy - Circuit 2 Figure 38: Add polyline - Circuit 3
The full set of coordinates to be used in [Fig. 36] and [Fig. 38] are in [Table 3] and [Table 4], respectively.

x y z x y z
0.45 0 1.5 0.45 0 0.5
0.45 19.55 1.5 0.45 19.55 0.5
0.45 19.55 2.0 0.85 19.55 0.5
0.45 0.45 2.0 0.85 0.45 0.5
0.45 0.45 2.5 0.85 0.45 1.0
0.45 19.55 2.5 0.85 19.55 1.0
0.45 19.55 3.25 0.45 19.55 1.0
0.45 0.45 3.25 0.45 0 1.0
0.45 0.45 4.0

0.45 19.55 4.0
0.45 19.55 4.75
0.45 0 4.75
Table 3: Input coordinates for Circuit 1 (units in meters) Table 4: Input coordinates for Circuit 3 (units in meters)

To visualize the cooling pipes, we hide the wall shapes from the geometry browser.
DianaIE
Geometry browser Geometry Select Circuit 1-3 and Slab Right click ( ) Show only [Fig. 39]-[Fig. 40]
Figure 39: Show cooling pipes Figure 40: View - Isometric view 1

2.3 Properties
2.3.1 Concrete of the wall
We define the properties of the concrete of the wall as a linear elastic material with the properties defined in [Table 2]. DianaIE
Main Menu Geometry Analysis Property assignments [Fig. 41]
Shape assignment Add new material [Fig. 42] [Fig. 43]
Edit material dialog box Adiabatic heat development (the data can be copied from excel) [Fig. 43] [Fig. 44]
Figure 41: Assign properties to concrete slab Figure 42: Add new material-Wall concrete Figure 43: Edit material properties

Figure 44: Table editor for adiabatic heat development of concrete in the wall

2.3.2 Concrete of the slab
The concrete of the slab is also considered linear elastic. However, since we assume that hardening of the concrete slab took place in a previous stage, we do not take into account of the
hydration process in it.
DianaIE
Main Menu Geometry Analysis Property assignments [Fig. 45]
Figure 45: Assign properties to the concrete of the slab Figure 46: Add new material-Slab concrete Figure 47: Edit material properties

2.3.3 Cooling pipes
Cooling pipe elements will be used for modeling the three circuits. During the property assignment we hide the wall and slab shapes for a better visualization of the circuits. Thermal effects
are included and the heat flow properties defined in [Table 1].
DianaIE
Geometry browser Geometry Select Circuit 1-3 Right click ( ) Show only [Fig. 48]
Main Menu Geometry Analysis Property assignments... [Fig. 49]
Figure 50: Add new material
Figure 48: Hide slab and wall shapes Figure 49: Assign properties to cooling circuits Figure 51: Edit material properties

The implementation of the cooling pipe elements requires the definition of a Start node [Fig. 49]. This represents the entry point of the fluid in the circuit (see [Fig. 2] and [Fig. 53])
DianaIE
Shape assignment Add new geometry [Fig. 52]

Shape assignment Start node [Fig. 49] [Fig. 53]
Figure 52: Add new geometry Figure 53: Selected nodes (in red) as starting nodes of the circuits

2.4 Boundary conditions
2.4.1 Convection heat flow
To model the convection effects, we apply a set of boundary interfaces along the lateral surface of the tunnel highlighted in [Fig. 54].
DianaIE
Geometry Analysis Interface property assignments [Fig. 59]
Interface property assignments add new material [Fig. 56][Fig. 57]
Figure 56: Add new material
Figure 54: Selected faces for thermal boundary

conditions Figure 55: Interface property assignment Figure 57: Edit material

On the faces of the wall and the slab on which interface boundary elements have created, we need to apply a constant temperature T = 15 [Fig. 58]. We do not apply any external
temperature along the symmetry and bottom faces of the tunnel since we assumed in Section 1.2 that the heat flow through these faces is equal to zero.
DianaIE
Geometry Analysis Attach boundary conditions [Fig. 59]
Figure 58: Selected faces for thermal boundary

conditions Figure 59: Attach thermal boundary conditions

Because we are about to perform a transient analysis, we must also specify the development of the ambient temperature with time. In the present case we assume a constant environmental
temperature with time. We specify a time curve with a constant factor 1 from t = 0 to t = 60 days to Environment boundary condition set.
DianaIE
Geometry browser Boundary condition Environment Edit time dependency factor [Fig. 60] [Fig. 61]
Figure 60: Assign time dependency to boundary codition Figure 61: Edit time dependency factor

2.4.2 Initial temperature
We set the initial temperature of the wall and the slab to 10 .
DianaIE
Geometry Analysis Attach initial field [Fig. 62]
Figure 62: Attach initial field Figure 63: Selected shapes for initial temperature field

2.5 Meshing
The mesh will be defined by setting the characteristic size of the elements as 0.15 m for the wall [Fig. 64] and 0.5 m for the slab [Fig. 65].
DianaIE
Main Menu Geometry Analysis Set mesh properties [Fig. 64]-[Fig. 65]
Figure 64: Mesh properties of the concrete wall Figure 65: Mesh properties of the concrete slab

Then, we can generate the mesh.
DianaIE
Main Menu Geometry Analysis Generate mesh [Fig. 66]
Figure 66: View of the mesh

3 Nonlinear Analysis
3.1 Analysis commands
We will perform a transient heat analysis.
DianaIE
Main Menu Analysis New Analysis [Fig. 67]

Analysis browser Right click ( ) Analysis1 Rename HeatTransfer
Analysis browser HeatTransfer Add command Transient heat transfer [Fig. 68] [Fig. 69]
Figure 67: Analysis window Figure 68: Add command Figure 69: Analysis tree

We set up the initial conditions (initial degree of reaction and calculation of the equivalent age in the concrete wall), and time steps. In this tutorial, we use the following time steps as Step
sizes ([Fig. 71]): 0.2(10) 0.5(10) 1.0(3) 10.0(2), where the notation n(m) means that a time step of n days is repeated m times consecutively.
Moreover, we choose to perform a nonlinear analysis since the heat of hydration in the concrete wall depends on the temperature in the concrete itself.
DianaIE
Analysis browser HeatTransfer Right click ( ) Initial conditions Edit properties [Fig. 70]
Analysis browser HeatTransfer Right click ( ) Execute analysis Edit properties [Fig. 71]
Figure 70: Initial conditions Figure 71: Time steps

We select the desired output results (temperature in concrete and pipes and evolution of degree of reaction and equivalent age of the concrete wall) and we run the analysis.
DianaIE
Analysis browser HeatTransfer Structural nonlinear Right click ( ) Output Edit properties [Fig. 72]
Properties - OUTPUT Modify Results Selection [Fig. 73] [Table 5] [Fig. 74]
Main menu HeatTransfer Run analysis
Figure 73: Results selection
Concrete temperature TEMPER
Concrete degree of reaction REACTI TOTAL
Equivalent age of reaction EQUAGE TOTAL
Cooling pipes temperature INTTMP TOTAL
Figure 72: Output properties Table 5: Required output data Figure 74: Output properties

4 Results
4.1 Degree of reaction
We create contour plots of the degree of reaction in the concrete of the wall at time step numbers 2, 8, 16 and 25 corresponding respectively to 0.2, 1.6, 5 and 30 days from the beginning of
the hydration process ([Fig. 82]-[Fig. 85]).
To monitor the evolution of the degree of reaction during time, we set the limits of the contour plots equal to the minimum and maximum values reached by DGR in the analysis (0 and 1,
respectively).
DianaIE
Results browser Analysis output Element results Degrees of reaction DGR [Fig. 75]
Property panel Result view settings Contour plot settings [Fig. 76]
Figure 75: Output browser Figure 76: Set color scale limits

To show the variation of the degree of reaction inside the concrete wall we make contour plots at 4 cross sections (referred to as slices in DianaIE) parallel to the xz-plane and at 1 section
parallel to the yz-plane.
DianaIE
Property panel Contour plot settings Clip settings Slice [Fig. 77]
Property panel Contour plot settings Clip settings Add Plane [Fig. 78]
Property panel Contour plot settings Clip settings Plane Location [0 0.45 0] [Fig. 79]
Property panel Contour plot settings Clip settings Plane Normal [0 1 0] [Fig. 80]
This procedure is repeated 4 more times to diplay the contour plots on 4 extra slices (see details in [Fig. 81]).
Figure 77: Make contour plot Figure 78: Add plane Figure 79: Specify plane Figure 80: Specity normal to Figure 81: Add more planes to
on slices jshgadjhgsjhgasjhdj location plane display resilts

Figure 82: Degree of reaction - Time step 2 (0.2 days) Figure 83: Degree of reaction - Time step 8 (1.6 days)
Figure 84: Degree of reaction - Time step 16 (5 days) Figure 85: Degree of reaction - Time step 25 (30 days)
As highlighted in [Fig. 83]-[Fig. 84], the cooling pipes slow down the hydration process of the surrounding concrete. Indeed, the degree of reaction of the concrete in the top part of the wall
(far from the cooling pipes) is always higher than that in the bottom and middle part (close to the cooling pipes).

4.2 Temperature in concrete
We also create contour plots of the temperature in the concrete at the same time steps ([Fig. 82]-[Fig. 85]). We will also make the contour plots at 5 sections (the same used previously) in the
wall. The limits of the contour plots are set equal to the minimum and maximum values that the temperature reached during the analysis (10 and 40 , respectively).
DianaIE
Results browser Case Load-step 2, Time 0.40000 [Fig. 86]

Results browser Analysis output Nodal results Temperatures PTE [Fig. 86]
Figure 86: Output browser Figure 87: Output view setting

Figure 88: Temperature - Time step 2 (0.2 days) Figure 89: Temperature - Time step 8 (1.6 days)
Figure 90: Temperature - Time step 16 (5 days) Figure 91: Temperature - Time step 25 (30 days)
Since degree of reaction of the concrete in the wall is not homogeneous ([Fig. 82]-[Fig. 85]), in [Fig. 88]-[Fig. 91] we observe a clear variation of the temperature depending on the distance from
the cooling pipes (the profile of the pipes is highly visible in the contour plot of the temperature). In particular, the closer to the circuits the lower the temperature of the concrete.

4.3 Equivalent age in concrete
The temperature has a strong effect on the equivalent age in the concrete. Hence, we create contour plots of the equivalent age at the same time steps considered previously. The limits of the
contour plots are set equal to the minimum and maximum values that the equivalent age reached during the analysis (0 and 35 days, respectively).
DianaIE
Results browser Case Load-step 2, Time 0.40000 [Fig. 92]

Results browser Analysis output Element results Equivalent Age EQA [Fig. 92]

Figure 94: Equivalent age - Time step 2 (0.2 days) Figure 95: Equivalent age - Time step 8 (1.6 days)
Figure 96: Equivalent age - Time step 16 (5 days) Figure 97: Equivalent age - Time step 25 (30 days)
As show in [Fig. 94]-[Fig. 97], the equivalent age in the concrete is higher far from the cooling pipes (especially at the top of the wall). This is a direct consequence of the non-homogeneous
temperature field illustrated in [Fig. 88]-[Fig. 91].

4.4 Temperature of the cooling pipes
We investigate the effect of the hydration process and the consequent temperature variation in the concrete on the temperature of the cooling pipes. For that we create contour plots of the
temperature in the cooling pipes ([Fig. 100]-[Fig. 103]) for the same time steps considered previously. We set the minimum and maximum values reached in the analysis to better see the
development of the temperature in the cooling pipes (10 and 20, respectively).
DianaIE
Results browser Analysis output Element results Internal Temperature of the Cooling Pipe TEMP [Fig. 98]

Figure 100: Temperature - Time step 2 (0.2 days) Figure 101: Temperature - Time step 8 (1.6 days)
Figure 102: Temperature - Time step 16 (5 days) Figure 103: Temperature - Time step 25 (30 days)
The increased temperature in the concrete of the wall ([Fig. 88]-[Fig. 91]) leads to a variation of the temperature of the cooling pipes as shown in [Fig. 100]-[Fig. 103]. In particular, at time
step 8 ([Fig. 101]) the high temperature of the concrete in the top part of the wall ([Fig. 89]) considerably increases that of the top pipes.

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2017 Tutorial Cooling Pipe

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fluid discharge 0.45 0.4 0.45

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1.3.2 Cooling pipes

Time [day] Heat []

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Main menu File New [Fig. 4]

Figure 4: New project dialog

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Geometry browser Reference system Units [Fig. 5]

Figure 5: Geometry browser Figure 6: Property Panel - Units

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0.45 0.4 0.45

0.75 Figure 8: Polygon sheet - Wall 1

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Main Menu Geometry Modify Array copy [Fig. 12]-[Fig. 13]

0.45 0.4 0.45

Figure 11: Scheme of the wall faces to be created (in

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0.45 0.4 0.45

Figure 14: Scheme of the wall faces to be created (in

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Main Menu Geometry Modify Array copy [Fig. 19]-[Fig. 20]

0.45 0.4 0.45

Figure 18: Scheme of the wall faces to be created (in

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0.45 0.4 0.45

Figure 21: Scheme of the wall faces to be created (in

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Main Menu Geometry Modify Array copy [Fig. 26]-[Fig. 24]

0.45 0.4 0.45

Figure 25: Scheme of the wall faces to be created (in

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Main Menu Geometry Create Add polygon sheet [Fig. 29]

0.45 0.4 0.45

Figure 28: Scheme of the wall faces to be created (in

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0.45 0 1.5 0.45 0 0.5

0.45 19.55 1.5 0.45 19.55 0.5

0.45 19.55 2.0 0.85 19.55 0.5

0.45 0.45 2.0 0.85 0.45 0.5

0.45 0.45 2.5 0.85 0.45 1.0

0.45 19.55 2.5 0.85 19.55 1.0

0.45 19.55 3.25 0.45 19.55 1.0

0.45 0.45 3.25 0.45 0 1.0

0.45 0.45 4.0

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Figure 50: Add new material

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Shape assignment Add new geometry [Fig. 52]

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Figure 56: Add new material

Figure 54: Selected faces for thermal boundary

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