Elizabeth Greisman

1/8/17
Pd. 6 Intern/Mentor

Annotated Source List

Yates, C., Bandy, W. D., & Blaiser, R. D. (n.d.). Traumatic Dislocation of the Hip in a High
School Football Player. Physical Therapy Journal, 88(6).
http://dx.doi.org/10.2522/ptj.20070298

This article is a case study following a 17-year- old football players recovery from a
traumatic hip dislocation. The article shadowed him from when the initial injury occurred to
when his physical therapy ended, and he resumed playing in the games. The article not only
included descriptions of the injury but x-rays as well. The physical therapist developed a five
month plan of both at office and at home exercises for the patient to regain full motion and
strength of his hip. The source provided a month-by-month update on the patient, including the
exercises that he was doing both at home and with the physical therapist. The update would also
include the activities the patient could and could not complete, the ROM of the patient's hip, and
a comparison of both sides of his body. There was also information provided about any
additional intervention the physical therapist performed as well as the patients Lower Extremity
Functional Scale (LFES) score. At the end of the case study a full discussion was done about
which techniques were the best and why the patient had such a quick, full recovery.
This article was helpful because it provided an inside look into the treatment of a sports
injury. The article had a very organized well laid out format, going month-to-month describing
the treatments that were received each month. There was also a conclusion part at the end that
debriefed the entire article. The debriefing contained the most beneficial treatments for this
injury, an update on the players performance, and a look into the future of other patients that
suffered this types of injury and how it can impact the rest of their life such as developing
degenerative arthritis.

Sweeney, S. (2014, October 6). No Days Off: NFL Physical Therapist Graeme
Laurison on Injury Prevention [Blog post]. Retrieved from The Drop website:
http://blog.champssports.com/
no-days-off-nfl-physical-therapist-graeme-lauriston-on-injury-prevention/

This article is an account of an interview with a physical therapist for the NFL. The
physical therapist talks about preventative injury measures. In order to prevent injuries, he
completes a functional movement screening to find any deficient areas. These deficient areas will
analyzed, so they can be strengthened before they start to become a problem or injury. Another
indicator for a future injury is past injury because the area that has sustained the injury is weak
and more susceptible to injury. Another important aspect is athletes should do research before
any decision of treatment has been arranged, the best treatment will come from doctors who do
not suggest surgery as a first option, as many injuries do not need surgery.
The article was helpful because it provided insight into preventative physical therapy
techniques. The physical therapist explained how important preventative physical therapy is both
for people that are athletes and people that may just have muscle deficiencies. He also
communicates the danger of young children playing one sport constantly because of the wear on
their joints and ligaments. According to the author, it is necessary for children to play different
sports, so that they are not asymmetrical in developing and do not become prone to injury at a
young age. This article provides a starting point for someone who would like to focus on
preventative physical therapy.

Britt, D. (n.d.). Physical Therapy Crucial to Sports Injury Recovery. Retrieved

from South Source website: http://source.southuniversity.edu/
Physical-therapy-crucial-to-sports-injury-recovery-59068.asp

This article provides a summary on the jobs a physical therapist does, specific sports
injuries and preventative physical therapy. Physical therapists help people rebuild their strength
and movement in parts of their body after they have sustained an injury. Physical therapists also
help people manage pain, prevent permanent damage and recurring problems. They focus on
weak and inflexible muscles that make people more prone to injury. The sports injuries
addressed in this article were the most common injuries like: sprains, strains, knee injuries,
swollen muscles, shins splints, dislocations, and fractures. Something this article addressed that
many others have not is biomechanics. The biomechanics of sports are important to focus so
athletes do not consolidate their force on a certain part of the body. The article also contained
different steps for physical therapy treatment depending on the severeness of the injury.
This article was useful because it provided a brief summary of the jobs that a physical
therapist does on a daily basis. The article did not elaborate on many topics, most of the
information was briefly summarized. There was some new information provided on
biomechanics. The article provided information on the treatment that various injuries require
depending on their degree of severity. Otherwise this article is helpful for understanding the
basics of a job as a physical therapist that has a focus on athletes.

Owen, J. L., Campbell, S., Falkner, S. J., Bialkowski, C., & Ward, A. T. (2006). Is there
evidence that proprioception or balance training can prevent anterior cruciate ligament
(ACL) injuries in athletes without previous ACL injury? American Physical Therapy
Association, 86(10). http://dx.doi.org/10.2522/ptj.20050329

This article is about scientists answering the research question, Is there evidence that
proprioception or balance training can prevent anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injuries in
athletes without previous ACL injury? Throughout the article they explained the steps they
took,it started with the particular athlete they researched and ended with their findings. The
authors were looking for an answer to this question to help their patient, who is a female soccer
player thus is prone to tearing an ACL.They research this question and find articles which they
fully summarize and explain if they were useful. The articles that they found summarized
experiments that had been previously done on the prevention of ACL tears. At the end the
authors compiled their findings to answer their hypothesis. Their findings did not find any
detrimental effects from using a balance board, found no evidence to support the use of one.
They instead decided that she should spend her time using a training protocol that encompasses
plyometric training, technique training and biomechanical analysis because it has proved
constantly to be effective in the prevention of ACL injuries.
This article was useful because it provided a look into the research aspect of physical
therapy, they do not always have to carry out their own experiments but can learn from what
other people have done.This article would be best for someone that is researching treati an ACL
tear, and more specifically the prevention of an ACL tear in athletes.

Hewett, T. E., & Johnson, D. L. (n.d.). ACL Prevention Programs: Fact or Fiction? Orthopedics.
http://dx.doi.org/10.3928/01477447-20091124-19

This article is about whether or not neuromuscular training has a significant effect on the
prevention of ACL tears. This article's focus is mainly on female athletes because they are two to
10 times more likely to sustain an ACL tear than men while playing the exact same sport. It is
estimated that about one out of every 100 female high school athletes will suffer from an ACL
tear. Some various reasons women are more likely to suffer from this injury are because of
training deficiencies, developmental differences, hormonal differences, and neuromuscular
imbalances. There are four key neuromuscular imbalances the article focused on: ligament
dominance, leg dominance, quadriceps dominance, and trunk dominance. These imbalances
caused physical therapists to design workouts specified for each one. Along with describing the
workout, this article also provided images of the workouts. The workout plan also included how
often the athletes should utilize these workouts, so they will benefit from them.
This article was useful because it proved that preventative physical therapy really does
work. This article would be helpful for someone that is focusing on the preventative physical
therapy for females that are at a high risk to sustain an ACL tear. This article also provided many
references that would be useful in finding further research on the topics of ACL tear prevention.

Armstrong, A. D. (2011, February). Shoulder Impingement/ Rotator Cuff Tendinitis. Retrieved

September 29, 2016, from OrthoInfo website:http://orthoinfo.aaos.org/PDFs/A00032.pdf

This article addresses shoulder impingement and rotator cuff tendinitis. The article is
constructed into different sections to help one better understand how to diagnose and treat these
injuries. The first section describes the anatomy of the shoulder and the different parts of the
shoulder these injuries affect. The article describes the injuries, including visuals to aid ones
understanding. The article provides details of symptoms and possible causes of these injuries,
stating that they can range from overuse of the shoulder in sports to just everyday activities. It
then addresses the type of examination a doctor would give someone that has sustained either of
these injuries. Along with the doctor's examination, the article provides the different types of
treatments recommended,from different nonsurgical techniques like physical therapy, to different
type of surgical techniques like the arthroscopic surgery. The article also addresses the
rehabilitation after the surgical treatments have been completed.
This article would be helpful for someone looking for basic information on rotator cuff
tendinitis and shoulder impingement. There is a lot of general information on the injury,
treatment, and symptoms which is helpful for anyone interested in these injuries. However, the
article only provides a very brief summary of the information and it would be better if the article
was more specific. This article is best for, the basic information on these injuries.

Sluijs, E. M., Kok, G. J., & van der Zee, J. (1993). Correlates of Exercise Compliance in
Physical Therapy. Physical Therapy, 73(11), 771-782. Accessed October 05, 2016.
Retrieved from http://ptjournal.apta.org/content/73/11/771

This article is a summary of an experiment done to see what affects a patient's

compliance with their at home physical therapy exercises. The experiment was done to to find
commonalities between patients that comply with the exercises that are to be performed at home
and those that don't. The article identifies four key variables that may affect patients compliance.
The factors are discomfort, pain, barriers, and helplessness, a patient's lack of confidence in their
exercise, and dependence on the therapist. There were another four variables that affected a
patient's compliance on the physical therapists end, extensiveness of instructions, the patients
demand, the therapist-patient relationship, and positive feedback patients received from their
physical therapist.The three main factors were found to be: the barriers, lack of positive feedback
and perceived helplessness. The article ends with a conclusion explaining that this experiment
was not causational but correlational, so everything done has to have further research to be
proven true but it is a good starting point for further research.
This article would be beneficial to someone that would like a starting point for
researching a patient's compliance or a physical therapist that would like to improve their
patients compliance.Physical therapists can see what key variables affect their patients ability to
complete assigned exercises. They can try and uses the information found to improve patients
compliance.

Jette, D. U., Ardleigh, K., Chandler, K., & McShea, L. (2006). Decision-Making Ability of
Physical Therapists: Physical Therapy Intervention or Medical Referral. Physical Therapy,
86(12), 1619-1629. Accessed October 05, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.2522/ptj.20050393.

This article is a summary of a study done to describe the ability of physical therapists to
make decisions for the management of their patients. A survey was completed by 394 physical
therapists, they were asked to answer survey questions based off of 12 case scenarios. Each case
fell into three different categories: MS Conditions, Noncritical Medical Conditions, or Critical
Medical Conditions. The therapists were asked to diagnose each of the following cases with one
of the following responses:providing physical therapy intervention to the patients without a
referral, providing interventions and then referring the patient, or referring the patient before
physical therapy intervention. The results showed that all cases related to MS conditions
therapists made a correct decision for 87.3%, for noncritical medical conditions the therapists
made a correct management decision for 87.8%, and for critical medical conditions therapists
made the correct decision for 79%. With these results researchers concluded that there needs to
be further education in medical screening, identifying of red flag symptoms and differential
diagnosis before physical therapist can see their patients without a referral.
This article would be useful to someone that is looking for basis research on whether or
not a physical therapist should be able to see their patients without a referral. The article was
useful because it described all twelve case studies and the answer that should have been given.
There was also a visual representation of the data that made it much easier to interpret.

Glaeser, C. (2016). Seattle Seahawks Physical Therapist Michael Tankovich.Retrieved October

13, 2016, from Freelap website:https://www.freelapusa.com/
seattle-seahawks-physical-therapist-michael-tankovich/

This article is a summary of an interview with an NFL physical therapist. The interview
consists of questions pertaining to injury prevention and manual therapy. Manual therapy is a
focal point of the article, the interviewee states that it isn't meant to fix people people but cause
changes in movement, reduce pain and return to the game sooner. He finds dry needling the most
effective manual therapy technique because it provides quick long lasting relief compared to
other types of manual therapy. For prevention, he screens the athletes with different movement
tools, both before and after the workouts. Physical therapists are now starting to recognize injury
trends and patterns which should lead to improved performance and injury reduction. In order to
give the athletes the best chance of recovery,there must be a good training program that is easy to
follow and understand There should be variety to the recovery programs, the repetition of
methods can cause players to adapt, making the methods no longer effective for that player.
This article would be useful for someone that wants to learn more about the duties of a
physical therapist for intense athletes. The article also has a good bit of information on manual
therapy for people that are interested in the basic information. The article also addressed
preventative measures physical therapists can take with their athletes. The article although
written about an NFL physical therapist has information that any sports physical therapist could
utilize.

Shepard, M. K., Hoover, D. L., & Neelly, K. R. (2015). ACL Tears Contributing Factors and
Preventive Strategies for the Home Health Care ProfessionalPart 1. Home Health Care
Management & Practice, 27(1), 24-30.

This article is summary of the causes of ACL tears. An introduction states how the
number of ACL tears has risen and there needs to be more information available to people to
prevent the tears from happening. A description of the anatomy of the knee is provided, starting
with an overview of the knee, then going into more specifics like the ACL and planes of motion.
This section explains the role the ACL plays in the body. In the planes of motion section,
possible movements that could put a lot of stress on the ACL are described. There are four main
types of motion that can cause ACL injuries: tibial outward rotation, knee extension, internal
rotation, and planted foot, these motions cause a high tensile force Preventative measures for
these injuries are adopting training strategies that will help reduce the amount of force and keep
the body aligned. During contact sports the injuries are typically caused by other people or one
of the four motions The preventative strategies include rules put in place to try and protect the
player, trying to avoid contact when possible, and shielding the knees from direct force.

This article was helpful because it provided a very strong foundation for anyone looking
for information on ACL tears. The article provided a section on the anatomy of not just the ACL
but the rest of the knee as well. Although the preventative techniques were not as prominent as
the title seemed to advertise, this article provided a lot of good information that was easy to
understand.

You've torn your ACL. Now what?. (2010). Harvard Health Letter, 36(1), 4

This article is a summary of what to expect after sustaining an ACL tear and possible
treatments for it. Surgery is not necessarily needed if the ACL is torn, it is only necessary for
high intensity athletes, people's jobs that require quick cutting or pivoting, those that do intensive
manual labor, or if additional damage to the knee like, a meniscus tear. The article suggests the
wait-and-see approach, allowing time to heal then making the treatment decision based on how
the patient is feeling. Apart from surgery being very expensive, there is danger of infection, the
recovery time is longer, and if the person requiring surgery is a child it may interfere with the
childs growth. Most ACL surgeries are performed laparoscopically, either using a piece of
tendon taken from the patients leg or a cadaver. Cadaver usage has become much more popular
because it does not cause additional pain to the patient like removing tendon tissue does.
Although surgery has a success rate of about 82%to 95% recovery, the joint will never work
exactly the way it did before sustaining the injury.
This article is useful for anyone wanting information on treating an ACL tear especially
those interested in whether surgery would be effective. The article is very easy to understand and
has diagrams as aides. The article provided a lot of basic information on ACL injuries along with
more specific information on treatments.

Winters, C. (2013). ProblemSolved! Rotator Cuff Pain. Prevention, 65(12), 48.

This article addresses the basics of rotator cuff tendinitis. It is very common and about
50% of adults over the age of 65 will develop it. Causes of this pain can be from lifting arms
above the head or carrying heavy bags.There are various types of treatments used to reduce
rotator cuff pain. Electrical nerve stimulation can be used to relieve pain by stimulating the
nerve endings so the brain doesn't perceive pain. Heat is also used, it can improve flexibility and
relax muscle spasms along with easing inflammation and improving flexibility. Ice can reduce
inflammation, decrease swelling, and reduce pain. Rotator cuff tendinitis can cause stiffness so
stretching can help to loosen up the joint and improve the range of motion. Acupuncture has had
a 50% reduction of pain among athletes. Using weights to improve shoulder strength can help the
strengthen the rotator cuff muscles and reduce pain . Cortisone shots can be used to provide long
lasting relief but are not recommended due to the negative side effects, like weakening of the
rotator cuff tendons. If after six months of therapy the pain does not improve, surgery can be
used to remove bone spurs and possibly repair a torn tendon if needed.
This article is useful for anyone interested in the basic information of rotator cuff
tendinitis. It is less specific on the injury and focuses more on the different types of treatments.
The treatments are all briefly summarized and in the summary the most effective parts of each
treatment are listed.
Macedo, L. G., Bostick, G. P., & Maher, C. G. (2013). Exercise for Prevention of Recurrences of
Nonspecific Low Back Pain. Physical Therapy, 93(12), 1587-1591. Accessed October 25,
2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.2522/ptj.20120464.

This article is a study to see if exercise can help with the prevention of nonspecific lower
back pain (LBP). Defining recurrent LBP is very difficult because many physicians have
different definitions of recovery and recurrence, in order for LBP to truly be recurrent the patient
must have recovered completely from the previous episode. Exercise therapy is one of the most
common treatments for patients that suffer persistent nonspecific LBP, but it is unknown if it is
useful for the prevention of these recurrences. An experiment was done to determine if exercise
could be used as a preventative measure. There were two groups of exercise interventions: one
was treatment to aim for prevention of new episodes and the other was intervention for patients
after their regular episode had been finished to prevent back pain (post treatment therapy). Post
treatment exercises were found more effective than no intervention for those suffering from
recurrent LBP, because it reduced the number of recurrences. However exercise during the initial
treatment phase was not helpful. In order for this information to prove useful there needs to be
larger studies conducted.
This article would be useful for someone that suffers from LBP and wants to know if exercise
can be useful to prevent the recurrence of their pain. An especially helpful part of this article was
that it provided a case study that the reader could apply the information from the article to
diagnose the woman and assign exercises to. Once the reader determined which treatments were
necessary the correct answer was in the article.

Ries, E. (2015, May). Dry Needling: Getting to the Point. Retrieved November 29,
2016, from PT in Motion website: http://www.apta.org/PTinMotion/2015/5/
DryNeedling/

This article is about the benefits of dry needling for physical therapy. Dry needling is a
manual therapy technique that is growing in popularity. It is similar to acupuncture in that it
involves the use of needles. It targets trigger points that are causing pain in the hopes to release
the tension and reduce the pain. There has yet to be a specific reason of why it works, but it is
assumed that the trigger points are a main function. Due to the fact that there is no research that
fully supports dry needling, it is currently a very controversial topic. Many insurers do not yet
cover it. However with its growing usage and popularity many physical therapist students are
now being taught it in school. Dry needling is normally only a small part of the physical
therapist daily routine and it is not a stand alone procedure. There needs to be more research that
is focused solely on dry needling to prove its effectiveness and get people to understand that it is
beneficial.
This article is beneficial because it explains how and why dry needling is being used and
becoming so popular. It involves personal accounts from people that underwent dry needling and
saw improvement in their treatment. The people suffered from various types of injuries, but all
improved as a result of the dry needling. However, the article did seemed biased for dry needling
and did not contain much information on how some people can react negatively to it or it has no
affect at all. This article was helpful because it provided an alternative form of treatment. There
was also some information of how dry needling can be helpful in the prevention of further
injuries.

Delitto, A., Rose, S. J., McKowen, J. M., Lehman, R. C., Thomas, J. A., & Shively, R. A.
(1988). Electrical Stimulation Versus Voluntary Exercise in Strengthening Thigh
Musculature After Anterior Cruciate Ligament Surgery. Physical Therapy, 68(5), 660-663.
Accessed December 04, 2016. Retrieved from http://ptjournal.apta.org/content/68/5/660.

This article is discussing two treatments for ACL tear rehabilitation: electrical
stimulation and voluntary exercises. Through these two treatments the physical therapists are
trying to strengthen both the quadriceps femoris and hamstring muscles. With these muscles
strengthened, some of the stress is taken off the ACL .The article focuses on the comparison
between electrical stimulation (ES) and voluntary exercises (VE) and which one is more
beneficial. The article includes an experiment conducted to determine which one is better for the
recovery. There were twenty patients broken up into two groups with ten in each, one group
received electrical stimulation and the other participated in voluntary exercise. The ES group was
found to have significantly greater strength in both the knee extensor and flexor muscles
compared to the VE group. However, there may have been some confounding variables to these
results such as the patient's compliance of participation in their voluntary exercises. Another
aspect is the overall physiological differences between the two techniques. Further research is
needed in order to obtain a definitive answer for which technique is best.
This article was useful because it provided another important part of the ACL healing
process. It addressed that there are other muscles that need to be strengthened during the ACL
healing process besides just the ACL. The article organized the data into a tables that helped to
emphasize the importance of it. The article also posed more research questions at the end that
would help to validate the findings further.

Ries, E. (2016, February). Better Sooner and Later: Prehabilitation. Retrieved

December 6, 2016, from PT in Motion website: http://www.apta.org/PTinMotion/
2016/2/Prehabilitation/
This article was about prehabilitation, rehabilitation before surgery or chemotherapy, and
its benefits. This process helps to get patients in better physical and mental shape before the
treatment, improving the recovery process. When done before surgeries it can provide helpful
data to PTs of what a person's range of motion, strength, and function were pre surgery, this can
help set realistic goals for post surgery. One doctor studied a group of individuals that had
osteoarthritis in their knees. They were put into two groups one receiving prehabilitation and one
not. The group receiving the prehab scored significantly higher than the group without, in the
eight quality of life measures. Through utilizing prehab exercises like optimizing strength, range
of motion, and function, patients are able to have a head start on their post operative treatments.
Another key aspect in prehab is patient education, PTs are able inform patients what to expect
based off the patient's own bodies and what they can do to maximize their healing efforts. An
important part of prehab for those undergoing chemotherapy is that it gives them a sense of
control in their treatment that they normally would not have.
This article is helpful for anyone looking to see if rehabilitation pre surgery or pre
chemotherapy would be beneficial to them. There are a few case studies addressed that do offer
some proof that it is indeed beneficial not just physically but mentally as well. The article also
contains a counterclaim that there are some physicians that are currently skeptical about the
benefits of prehab, not because they think it doesn't work, but because there has not yet been
enough research to substantially prove it.

Brodowicz, G. R., Welsh, R., & Wallis, J. (1996). Comparison of Stretching with Ice, Stretching
with Heat, or Stretching Alone on Hamstring Flexibility.Journal of Athletic Training,
31(4), 324-327.

This article is about an experiment done to determine if heat or ice has any effect during
stretching. The experiment was done using 24 healthy male athletes. They were put into three
different groups: one used heat, one used ice, and one used nothing. They were given a supine
hamstring flexibility test, pre and post stretching. This was used to determine whether or not the
stretching with various temperatures made any difference in the amount of flexion achieved. An
ANOVA test was done to determine if the results obtained were statistically significant , and the
results were accepted. The results obtained through stretching, and stretching with heat were
found to be lower than with the use of ice. The use of ice while stretching improved the results.
The article referenced other studies that obtained different results, such as one that had heat
improving stretching and one that has ice being inferior to heat. The article ends with a statement
that although the ice worked in this case there needs to be other tests done to validate the
findings.
This article is useful for those that are interested in whether heat or ice can improve their
flexibility. This article provided a different view, supporting ice, because most of the articles on
this topic are in support of heat. The article included pictures of the hamstring flexion test. As
well as having the data organize in an easy to understand table. The article was useful for
information on stretching being useful for the possible prevention of injuries.

Herbert, R. D., & Gabriel, M. (n.d.). Effects of Stretching Before and After Exercising on
Muscle Soreness and Risk of Injury: Systematic Review. BMJ.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.325.7362.468

This article is a compilation of experiments that have been done to determine if stretching
is beneficial in preventing muscle soreness, preventing injuries, or improving sport performance.
The article was broken up into three parts each focused on different experiments and the impact
stretching had. The experiments for determining whether or not stretching can reduce muscle
soreness determined that stretching before or after exercising does not have an effect on
preventing muscle soreness. The experiments done to determine if stretching reduced the risk of
injury, displayed that stretching had about a five percent effectiveness of preventing injuries, too
small to be considered statistically significant. There were not enough experiments to determine
whether or not stretching could improve performance in sports. There has been enough data to
prove that stretching does not have a significant impact on the reduction of muscle soreness.
There has to be more experiments done to prove that stretching can reduce the risk of injury
during exercise.
This article was useful for information on if stretching can be beneficial. Stretching will
not do anything to prevent muscle soreness.It is still undetermined if it can lower the risk of
injury but there is no harm stretching for prevention. There has to be more experiments to
determine whether or not stretching can improve performance in sports and exercising. The
article was organized into different sections based off the focus of the paragraph. There were
data tables and graphs that helped to support the findings of the experiments.

Olsen, O.-E., Myklebust, G., Engebretsen, L., Holme, I., & Bahr, R. (n.d.). Exercises to prevent
lower limb injuries in youth sports: cluster randomised controlled trial. BMJ.

This article is about the impact of a training program before exercising to prevent
injuries. The experiment divides 123 handball teams into two different groups: one group
participated in a prevention program and the other did not. The prevention program consisted of
multiple warm-up exercising like jogging and sidestepping, planting and cutting movements,
balance exercises using both wobble boards and balance mats, and finally strength exercises like
squatting. Each workout program took about 15 to 20 minutes. Throughout the season the control
group, the group that did not participate in the preventative program, sustained about 81 acute
knee or ankle injuries per 1000 players and in the group that participated in preventative
warmups sustained only 48 injuries for every 1000 players. The experiment directors did there
best to eliminate the confounding variables by putting equal races and genders into each groups.
A p value of less than 0.05 was found meaning that the data that was collected was statistically
significant proving that intervention programs can help with the prevention of injuries.
This article was helpful because information was provided that preventative programs
can be beneficial in the prevention of an acute knee or ankle injury. The article was very helpful
in providing descriptions of each exercise along with pictures. The data was also organized into
easy to understand tables.

Smith, C. A. (n.d.). The Warm Up Procedure: To Stretch or Not to Stretch A Brief Review.
Journal of Orthopedic & Sports Physical Therapy, 19(1).

This article investigates the benefits of stretching before exercise. The article references
many experiments done to determine the benefits of stretching. Typically, stretching plays the
biggest role in increasing the flexibility of an athlete,with increased flexibility comes increased
performance and the reduction of injuries. There have been studies conducted that demonstrate
individuals that had a larger range of motion for a certain body part have an increased risk of
injury, however it can not be determined whether the increased flexibility was due to stretching.
Utilizing the experiments from the article, nine guidelines to maximize the effects of stretching
can be obtained. The nine guidelines state that stretching should be done in accordance to the
sport one is playing, should be done both pre and post exercise, should be a slow static stretch
that is held for 15 seconds and does not cause pain. Each stretch should be repeated three to five
times to gain maximum benefits. Never should stretching be a painful laborious task, but feel
relaxing and enjoyable. Even though these guidelines are helpful to ensure the maximum value
of the stretching, further clinical studies are needed to further prove the effectiveness of
stretching.
This article would be beneficial for anyone who is interested on whether or not stretching
can help them prevent an injury. Although the article does not contain definitive proof that
stretching can prevent injuries, it does contain the nine guidelines so that maximum benefits can
be achieved when stretching. This article is helpful for research because it does contain studies
that support stretching as a preventative tool.