Tissue biochemistry four basic types of

An aggregation of morphologically similar cells and associated Muscle tissue tissue:

intercellular matter acting together to perform one or more Nervous tissue muscle
specific functions in the body. Epithelial tissue nerve,
Connective tissue epidermal
Bone tissue connective.
Adipose tissue
CONNECTIVE TISSUE
All or most tissues in this category are similarly:
Involved in structure and support.
Derived from mesoderm, usually.
Characterized largely by the traits of non-living tissue.
Collagen is the main protein of connective tissue. about 25% of the total protein content.
Class
connective tissue proper
Areolar (or loose) connective tissue collagen
holds organs and epithelia in place, and has a variety of proteinaceous elastin.
Dense connective tissue ligaments
(or, less commonly, fibrous connective tissue) forms Its densely packed collagen fibers have great tendons.
tensile strength.
Specialized connective tissues
Blood differ so
Bone substantially from
Cartilage the other tissues in
makes up virtually the entire skeleton in chondrichthyes. In most other vertebrates, it is found this class
primarily in joints, where it provides cushioning. The extracellular matrix of cartilage is
composed primarily of collagen.
Adipose tissue
contains adipocytes, used for cushioning, thermal insulation, lubrication (primarily in the pericardium) and energy
storage [fat]
Reticular connective tissue
network of reticular fibres (fine collagen, type III) - form a soft skeleton to support the lymphoid organs (lymph nodes,
bone marrow&spleen.)
Embryonic
Mesenchymal connective tissue
Mucous connective tissue
Other class
Supporting connective Cartilage. Example: the outer ear
tissue Gives strength, Bone. The matrix of bone contains collagen fibers and mineral deposits. The most
support,&protection to thesoft abundant mineral is calcium phosphate, although magnesium, carbonate, and
parts of the body fluoride ions are also present.
Binding connective tissue Tendons connect muscle to bone. The matrix is principally collagen, and the fibers
(It binds body parts are all oriented parallel to each other. Tendons are strong but not elastic.
together) Ligaments attach one bone to another. They contain both collagen and also the
protein elastin. Elastin permits ligaments to be stretched.
Fibrous connective tissue Fascia is fibrous connective tissue that binds muscle together and binds the skin to
distributed throughout the the underlying structures.
body. It serves as a packing
and binding material for most Elastin is a major protein component.
of our organs.
Adipose tissue called adipocytes, have become almost filled with oil. Fibrous and binding connective
tissue is derived from cells called fibroblasts, which secrete the extracellular
matrix.
Note:The extracellular matrix of cartilage and bone is secreted by specialized cells derived from fibroblasts:
chondroblasts for cartilage;
osteoblasts for bone.
Disorders of connective tissue
Marfan syndrome a genetic disease causing abnormal fibrillin.
Scurvy caused by a dietary deficiency in vitamin C, leading to abnormal collagen.
Ehlers-Danlos syndrome deficient type III collagen- a genetic disease causing progressive deterioration of collagens,
with different EDS types affecting different sites in the body, such as joints, heart valves,
organ walls, arterial walls, etc.
Loeys-Dietz syndrome
Pseudoxanthoma elasticum
Systemic lupus
erythematosus
Osteogenesis imperfecta
Fibrodysplasia ossificans
progressiva
Spontaneous pneumothorax
Sarcoma
a genetic disease related to Marfan syndrome, with an emphasis on vascular deterioration.
an autosomal recessive hereditary disease, caused by calcification and fragmentation of
elastic fibres, affecting the skin, the eyes and the cardiovascular system.
chronic, multisystem, inflammatory disorder of probable autoimmune etiology,predominantly
in young women
brittle bone disease: cinsufficient production of good quality collagen to produce healthy,
strong bones.
disease of the connective tissue, caused by a defective gene which turns connective tissue
into bone.
collapsed lung, believed to be related to subtle abnormalities in connective tissue.
a neoplastic process originating within connective tissue

Extracellular Matrix
KOMPONEN UTAMA:
Protein struktural ( kolagen, elastin, fibrilin.)
Protein khusus (fibrillin, fibronektin, laminin)
Berbagai proteoglikan ( yg tdd rantai panjang disakarida yg berulang/glikosaminoglikan)
KOLAGEN Komponen utama pembentuk jaringan ikat.
Terdapat +/- 19 tipe kolagen yg berbeda dan tersusun dari +/- 30 rantai polipeptida yg berlainan
Struktur kolagen: ( Gly-X-Y)n, dimana 1/3nya ditempati asam amino Glisin
+/- 100 aa X adalah Prolin
+/- 100 aa Y adalah hidroksiprolin
Prolin dan hidroksiprolin memberikan sifat rigiditas pd molekul kolagen
Berbentuk triple heliks : 3 rantai polipeptidanya terpilin spt tali
Jenis kolagen: ada 7-8 jenis gen rantai polipeptida ( 1 (I), 2, 1 (II), 1(III), 1(IV), 1 (V), 2 (V).
ELASTIN Bertanggungjawab atas sifat mulur dan mengkerut scr elastis dlm suatu jaringan
Bentuknya berupa gelungan acak
Tdp pd paru, pembuluh drh arteri besar, bbrp ligamentum.<< kulit dan kartilago telinga
Hanya ada 1 tipe genetik untuk elastin
Tidak terdapat struktur berulang
Tidak mengandung KH, maupun AA Hidroksilisin.
Setelah terjadi ikatan silang dlm bentuk ekstraselnya, elastin mjd sangat tdk larut dan stabil.
Peny Sindroma Williams ( kel. Perkembangan pd jar. Ikat dan SSP)
FIBRILIN Sebuah glikoprotein berukuran besar ( 350 KDa) yg merupakan komponen struktural mikrofibril.
Disekresikan oleh fibroblas
Peny Sindroma Marfan:
Mutasi gen u/ fibrilin, autosom dominan
Dislokasi lensa ( ektopia lentis)
Hiperekstensibilitas sendi, aranodaktili, dilatasi aorta desendens
FIBRONECT menghubungkan sel dengan serabut kolagen di matriks ekstrasel, memungkinkan sel bergerak di matr
IN ekstrasel.
mengikat kolagen dan integrins permukaan sel, menyebabkan reorganisasi sitoskeleton sel dan
memfasilitasi pergerakan sel.
Fibronectins disekresi oleh sel dalam bentuk terurai
Bila mengikat integrins molekul fibronectin terbuka sehingga dapat membentuk dimer dan berfungsi.
Fibronectins juga membantu di tempat jejas dengan mengikat trombosit selama penggumpalan darah d
memfasilitasi pergerakan sel ke area yang terkena selama penyembuhan luka.
LAMININ Adalah protein yang dijumpai di lamina basal semua hewan
Laminin membentuk jejaring seperti struktur jaring yang menahan daya tarik di lamina basal.
Juga membantu dalam adhesi sel dan mengikat komponen matriks ekstrasel lain seperti kolagen, nidog
dan entactin.
PROTEOGLI Merupakan protein yang mengandung glikosaminoglikan dgn ikatan kovalen (sindekan, betaglikan, ag
KAN dll)
Pada matriks ekstraseluler berikatan baik dengan kolagen maupun elastin.
GLIKOSA Glikosaminoglikan : polisakarida tak bercabang yg tersusun dari mol. Disakarida berulang dimana salah
MINOGLIKA komponennya selalu AA.
N As. Hialuronat, kondroitin sulfat, keratan sulfat I dan II, heparin, heparan sulfat, dermatan sulfat)
PenyMukopolisakaridosis
CELL Kebanyakan CAMs termasuk dalam 4 keluarga protein: Ig (immunoglobulin) superfamily (IgSF CAMs),
ADHESION integrins, cadherins dan selectins.
 MOLECULE
S (CAM)

Bone Tissue
Bone is formed through a lengthy process involving ossification of a cartilage formed from mesenchyme.
Two main forms of ossification occur in different bones, intramembranous (eg skull) and endochondral
(eg vertebra) ossification. Ossification continues postnatally, through puberty until mid 20s
Osteoblasts manufacture bone and are derived from mesodermal in origin, arising from multipotential
mesenchymal cells and further differentiate into bone-lining cells and osteocytes.
Osteoclasts resorb bone and are derived from hematopoietic precursor cells formed by the fusion of
monocytic cells at the bone sites to be resorbed.
The marrow of bones
is the site of haematopoiesis, the generation of blood cells. At birth nearly all bones are a source of blood cells
this is restricted with postnatal development to a few specific bones. Pluripotential stem cells reside in the
marrow and are a self renewing source of stem cells or commitment to a progenitor cell.
The organic matrix of bone 95% Type I collagen
consists of
5% proteoglycans and noncollagenous proteins (osteopontin and
osteocalcin).

Muscle tissue
contain 3 types of protein fibers:
Microfilame are polymers composed of globular unit monomers called actin.
nts

Microtubule are polymers composed of two monomers, and tubulin.

s These monomers contain the nucleotide guanine instead of adenine. They are involved in many ce
processes including mitosis, cytokinesis, and vesicular transport
Intermediat contain other polymers such as keratin and don't contain nucleotides in their monomers. They com
e structures inside cells but are more familiar in external forms such as hair, nails, horns and scales
filaments
Myosin
is one of the most abundant proteins in the human body.
It is found in all the body's muscle types, in the ears and eyes, in the blood platelets, and is used in cytokinesis
Because of all the diverse functions of myosin, it can be grouped into anywhere from seven to fourteen unique
categories. These categories are grouped by the properties of the head domains of the myosins.
The most common type of myosin is myosin class II. This is the type present in muscle tissues.
Class II myosin is used to contract muscle tissue, thereby giving an organism mobility. Myosin II has this functio
due to its complex configuration. Myosin II also plays a role enzymatically as it is an ATPase.
Myosin II is acomponent of the myofibers in skeletal, smooth, and cardiac tissue

Nervous Tissue
Supportive Neuroglia support and protect neurons in the CNS. Specific glial cells are phagocytes; others
connective tissue myelinate neuron processes in the CNS or line cavities.
cells Schwann cells myelinate neuron processes in the PNS

Neurons All neurons have a cell body containing the nucleus and processes (fibers) of two types; (1)
axons (one per cell) typically generate and conduct impulses away from the cell body and
release a neurotransmitter, and (2) dendrites (one to many per cell) typically carry
electrical currents toward the cell body.
Most large fibers are myelinated; myelin increases the rate of nerve impulse transmission.
Epithelial Tissue
composed of cells that line the cavities and surfaces of structures throughout the body.
Epithelium lines both the outside (skin) and the inside cavities and lumen of bodies. The outermost layer of our
skin is composed of dead stratified squamous, keratinized epithelial cells.
often arranged in broad sheets or tube-like structures. Epithelium is commonly found on the surfaces of the
body and organs, and the lining of body cavities, tubes, and ducts - the boundary between the body's internal
and external environments.
separated from underlying connective tissues by a basement membrane (also called the basal
lamina).
contain no blood vessels. Cells receive nourishment by diffusion from a highly vascular area of loose connective
tissue just below the basement membrane called the lamina propria.
Functions Barrier
Absorption
Secretion
Sensory
Contractility
Ectoderm: The epithelial cells of the skin and oral cavity (epidermis) are derived
Epithelial tissues are from ectoderm. Epithelial cells covering the cornea and lens, as well as sensory
derived from all three receptors of the eyes, ears, and nose, are also ectodermal in origin.
primary germ cell layers: Mesoderm: The epithelial lining of blood vessels (endothelium) is derived from
mesoderm. The epithelial lining of the pleural and peritoneal cavities
(mesothelium) also originate from mesodermal cel
Endoderm: The epithelial lining of the respiratory system and digestive tracts -
as well as the functional cells (parenchyma) of the liver, pancreas, gallbladder,
thyroid, and parathyroid, are derived from endoderm.

Adipose Tissue
or fat is loose connective tissue composed of adipocytes. Its main role is to store energy in the form of fat,
although it also cushions and insulates the body
Adipose tissue also serves as an important endocrine organ by producing recently-discovered hormones
such as leptin, resistin and the cytokine TNF. The formation of adipose tissue appears to be controlled by
the adipose gene
types white adipose tissue (WAT)
brown adipose tissue (BAT).