WIRELESS NETWORK

Rozita
5116201037

Review Questions

3.2. Why is it useful to have more than one possible path through a network for each
pair of stations?
Answer :
It is useful to have more than one possible path through a network for each pair of
stations because to enhance reliability, accuracy, security, for this there is possible to
enhance the speed and to enhance reliability in case a particular path fails.

3.7. Explain the difference between datagram and virtual circuit operation?
Answer :
Datagram network:
a. Two packets of the same user pair can travel along different routes.
b. The packets can arrive out of sequence.
c. Packets contain full Src, Dst addresses.
d. Each host occupies routine table entries.
e. Requires no connection setup
Virtual circuit :
a. All packets of the same virtual circuit travel along the same path.
b. Packet sequencing is guaranteed.
c. Packets contain short VC Id. (VCI).
d. Each VC occupies routing table entries.
e. Requires VC setup. First packet has large delay.
There are a number of important differences between virtual circuit and datagram
networks. The choice strongly impacts complexity of the different types of node. Use of
datagrams between intermediate nodes allows relatively simple protocols at this level,
but at the expense of making the end (user) nodes more complex when end-to-end virtual
circuit service is desired.

3.8. What are some of the limitations of using a circuit-switching network for data
transmission?
Answer :
It is not efficient to use a circuit switched network for data since much of the time a
typical terminal-to-host data communication line will be idle. Secondly, the connections
provide for transactions at a constant data rate, which limits the utility of the network in
interconnecting a variety of host computers and terminals.
4.3. What is a protocol?
Answer :
A protocol is a set of rules and guidelines for communicating data. Rules are defined for
each step and process during communication between two or more computers. Networks
have to follow these rules to successfully transmit data. Each protocol has its own
method of how data is formatted when sent and what to do with it once received, how
that data is compressed or how to check for errors in data.

4.8. What is a router?

Answer :
A router is a device that forwards data packets along networks. A router is a processor
that connects two networks and whose primary function is to relay data from one
network to the other on its route from the source to the destination end system.
Problems
3.1. Define the following parameters for a switching network:
N= number of hops between two given end systems
L = message length in bits
B = data rate, in bits per second (bps), on all links
P = fixed packet size, in bits
H = overhead (header) bits per packet
S = call setup time (circuit switching or virtual circuit) in seconds
D = propagation delay per hop in seconds
a. For N = 4, L = 3200, B = 9600, P = 1024, H = 16, S = 0.2, D = 0.001, compute the
end-to-end delay for circuit switching, virtual circuit packet switching,and
datagram packet switching. Assume that there are no acknowledgments. Ignore
processing delay at the nodes
b. Derive general expressions for the three techniques of part (a), taken two at a
time (three expressions in all), showing the conditions under which the delays are
equal.

Answer :
a.
Circuit Switching
T = C 1 + C2 where
C 1 = Call Setup Time
C 2 = Message Delivery Time
C 1 = S = 0.2
C 2 = Propagation Delay + Transmission Time
= N x D + L/B
= 4 x 0.001 + 3200/9600 = 0.337

For circuit switching , the end-to-end delay is caused due to call setup delay and
message transfer delay.
Call setup delay: S = 0.2s
Message Transfer delay TD (L / B) N * D
End-to-End delay for circuit switching:
Tcs S TD
= S (L / B) N * D
=0.2 (3200 / 9600) 0.001* 4
=0.5373s

Datagram Packet Switching

T = D1 + D 2 + D 3 + D 4 where
D1 = Time to Transmit and Deliver all packets through first hop
D2 = Time to Deliver last packet across second hop
D3 = Time to Deliver last packet across third hop
D4 = Time to Deliver last packet across forth hop
 For datagram packet switching, the end-to-end delay is caused due to message transfer
delay only. The message transfer delay is caused due to transmission delay ( Tt ) for
sending packets on to the link and the propagation delay ( Tp ) involved in sending all bits
to destination.
Number of packets N p L /(P H ) 3200 /(1024 16) 3.17
Therefore number of packets N p 4
The transmission time taken to send N p packets on to the link is given by the following
formula :

Tt N p * (P / B) (N 1) * (P / B)
End-to-End delay for packet switching:
TDS Tt Tp
=N p * ( P / B) ( N 1) * ( P / B) N * D
=4 * (1024 / 9600) (4 -1) * (1024 / 9600) 4 * 0.001
=0.7506s

There are P H = 1024 16 = 1008 data bits per packet. A message of 3200 bits
requires four packets (3200 bits/1008 bits/packet = 3.17 packets which we round
up to 4 packets).
D1 = 4 x t + p where
t = transmission time for one packet
p = propagation delay for one hop
D1 = 4 x (P/B) + D
= 4 x (1024/9600) + 0.001
= 0.428
D2 = D3 = D 4 = t + p
= (P/B) + D
= (1024/9600) + 0.001 = 0.108
T = 0.428 + 0.108 + 0.108 + 0.108
= 0.752 sec
Virtual Circuit Packet Switching

T = V1 + V2 where
V1 = Call Setup Time
V2 = Datagram Packet Switching Time
T = S + 0.752 = 0.2 + 0.752 = 0.952 sec

b.
Circuit switching ( Tcs ) vs datagram packet switching ( TDS )
For the relation Tcs = TDS to be true:
S (L / B) N * D N p * (P / B) (N 1) * (P / B) N * D
S (L / B) ( N p ( N 1))(P / B)
 Circuit Switching vs. Virtual Circuit Packet Switching
TV = End-to-End Delay, Virtual Circuit Packet Switching
TV = S + Td
TC = TV
L/B = (Np + N 1)(P/B)

Datagram vs. Virtual Circuit Packet Switching

Td = TV S

3.4. Explain the flaw in the following reasoning: Packet switching requires control and
address bits to be added to each packet. This introduces considerable overhead in
packet switching. In circuit switching, a transparent circuit is established. No extra
bits are needed. Therefore, there is no overhead in circuit switching, and, because
there is no overhead in circuit switching, line utilization must be more efficient than
in packet switching.
Answer :
The argument ignores the overhead of the initial circuit setup and the circuit teardown. The
circuit switch still needs overhead to build the connections. Also, the bandwidth occupation
will not change once the connections have been built, thus often leading to utilization of the
assigned bandwidth not equal to 100%, especially for variable rate services. In addition, there
is delay prior to signal transfer for establishment. All the above factors may cause
inefficiency as compared to packet switching networks.

3.6. Consider a packet-switching network of N nodes, connected by the following

topologies:
a. Star: One central node with no attached station; all other nodes attach to the
central node.
b. Loop: Each node connects to two other nodes to form a closed loop.
c. Fully connected: Each node is directly connected to all other nodes.
For each case, give the average number of hops between stations.
Answer :
a. The fixed number of hops is 2.
b. The furthest distance from a station is halfway around the loop. On average, a station
will send data half this distance. For an N-node network, the average number of hops
is (N/4) 1
c. 1

4.2. a. The French and Chinese prime ministers need to come to an agreement by
telephone, but neither speaks the other's language. Further, neither has on hand a
translator that can translate to the language of the other. However, both prime
ministers have English translators on their staffs. Draw a diagram similar to Figure
4.9 to depict the situation, and describe the interaction and each level.
 b. Now suppose that the Chinese prime minister's translator can translate only into
Japanese and that the French prime minister has a German translator available. A
translator between German and Japanese is available in Germany.
Draw a new diagram that reflects this arrangement and describe the hypotnetical
phone conversation.
Answer :
a.
French Prime Ministers Chinese Prime Ministers
Translators Translators
Telephone Telephone
Telephone Line
The PMs speak as if they are speaking directly to each other. For example, when the French
PM speaks, he addresses his remarks directly to the Chinese PM. However, the message is
actually passed through two translators via the phone system. The French PM's translator
translates his remarks into English and telephones these to the Chinese PM's translator, who
translates these remarks into Chinese.

b.
Frence PM Chinese PM
Translators German Trans G Trans J Translators Japan
Telephone Telephone Telephone
Telephone Line
As before, the prime ministers still communicate directly with each other. However, now an
intermediate node serves to translate the message before passing it on. The telephone link
between the France and Germany will carry messages in Japanese while the link between
Germany and China will carry messages in German. The intermediate translates the messages
on each link.

4.5. A broadcast network is one in which a transmission from anyone attached station is
received by all other attached stations over a shared medium. Examples are a bus
topology local area network, such as Ethernet, and a wireless radio network.
Discuss the need or lack of need for a network layer (OSI layer 3) in a broadcast
network.
Answer :
A case could be made either way. First, look at the functions performed at the network layer
to deal with the communications network (hiding the details from the upper layers). The
network layer is responsible for routing data through the network, but with a broadcast
network, routing is not needed. Other functions, such as sequencing, flow control, error
control between end systems, can be accomplished at layer 2, because the link layer will be a
protocol directly between the two end systems, with no intervening switches. So it would
seem that a network layer is not needed. Second, consider the network layer from the point of
view of the upper layer using it. The upper layer sees itself attached to an access point into a
network supporting communication with multiple devices. The layer for assuring that data
sent across a network is delivered to one of a number of other end systems is the network
layer. This argues for inclusion of a network layer.
In fact, the OSI layer 2 is split into two sublayers. The lower sublayer is concerned with
medium access control (MAC), assuring that only one end system at a time transmits; the
MAC sublayer is also responsible for addressing other end systems across the LAN. The
upper sublayer is called Logical Link Control (LLC). LLC performs traditional link control
functions. With the MAC/LLC combination, no network layer is needed (but an internet layer
may be needed).

4.7. In Figure 4.2, exactly one protocol data unit (PDU) in layer N is encapsulated in a
PDU at Layer (N - 1). It is also possible to break one N-Ievel PDU into multiple (N -
1)-level PDUs (segmentation) or to group multiple N-Ievel PDUs into one (N - 1)-
level PDU (blocking).
a. In the case of segmentation, is it necessary that each (N - I)-level segment contain a
copy of the N-Ievel header?
b. In the case of blocking, is it necessary that each N-Ievel PDU retain its own
header, or can the data be consolidated into a single N-Ievel PDU with a single N-
Ievel header?
Answer :
a. No, (N-1) layer won`t be able to understand the N layer header nor can N layer
distinguish it from other data. So it the whole (N-1) PDU will only be cut into pieces
and then be encapsulated into a PDU with (N-1) header.
b. They will retain their own headers as (N-1) layer won`t be able to understand the
header of N layer PDU

4.8 A TCP segment consisting of 1500 bits of data and 160 bits of header is sent to the
IP layer, which appends another 160 bits of header. This is then transmitted
through two networks, each of which uses a 24-bit packet header. The destination
network has a maximum packet size of 800 bits. How many bits, including headers,
are delivered to the network layer protocol at the destination?
Answer :
1500 bits + 160 bits = transport layer
1660 bits + 160 bits = internet layer

Maximum packet size 800 bits = 24 bits header + 776 bits payload Data plus transport header
plus internet header equals 1820 bits. This data is delivered in a sequence of packets, each of
which contains 24 bits of network header and up to 776 bits of higher-layer headers and/or
data. Three network packets are needed.

Total bits delivered = 1820 + 3 * 24 = 1892 bits.