1

ABSTRACT

This project report documents the analysis and designing of water supply and
underground sewerage systems with sewage treatment plant. It gives an overview of
the steps which can be used for obtaining the optimal design for water supply and
underground drainage systems. Analysis and designing of water supply and
sewerage systems with STP begins with site visit and estimation of projected area
population. The database preparation with the help of base map is used in LOOP,
BRANCH, SEWER and AutoCAD software for the network designs and to work out
the optimal design of an efficient, sustainable and cost effective system. This report
also provides details about network design software used for the design of water
supply system and underground drainage system. The design of water distribution
network, sewer network and STP strictly follows CPHEEO manual and as per client
guidelines. The detailed cost estimation of the project undertaken involves BOQ
preparation of each component of the proposed water supply and drainage systems
with STP. The rates were taken from the SOR of GWSSB. Firstly the conceptual
project report is submitted to the client and after their suggestions and comment,
detailed project report is submitted. This report is based on the work of four months
on live projects involving preparation of conceptual report and DPR of
Underground drainage project and DPR of water supply scheme.

Keywords: Hydraulic design, Water Supply Systems, Underground Sewerage

Systems, Sewage Treatment Plant, Bill of Quantity,
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INTRODUCTION

In the developing country like India, Urban planning, Infrastructure development

and maintaining higher economic growth are main areas of concern. In the era of
economic reform, liberalization and globalization, cities and towns are fast
emerging as centers of growth. In fact estimates reveal that Urban India contributes
more than 50 per cent of the countrys GDP at present, although it accounts for less
than one-third of its population. It is estimated that by 2025, more than 50 per cent
of the countrys population will live in cities and towns. These figures are
indicative of the likely demand for infrastructural facilities, notably water supply
and sanitation that could arise due to urbanization and their role in the sustainable
development of cities and towns. Therefore water supply and sanitation
management through safe drinking water supply distribution network and
underground sewerage system having wastewater treatment before reuse and final
disposal is very important.

After complete treatment of water taken from source i.e. surface water like
reservoir, river, canal or ground water or both, must be distributed to a number of
houses, estates, Industries and public places with the help of water distribution
network. The water supply system consists of water treatment plant, storage
structures like ESR and Sump, water distribution network, pumping stations and
house connections.

The 80% of water supplied in the town will ultimately contribute to the sanitary
wastewater generation which is to be collected through sewer line and treated to the
required degree before it will be discharged to river or land without causing any
health or environmental problems. The underground sewerage system essentially
consists of house connections, sewer lines, intermediate and main pumping stations.
 3

The collected sanitary wastewater from main pumping stations is pumped to

sewage treatment plant (STP) through pumping main. The sewage is treated to
required degree through various treatment systems. The treatment system consists
of preliminary treatment, secondary treatment and advanced or tertiary treatment (if
required). The treated water is finally disposed to land or water bodies through
disposal main.

This work involved detailed analysis and designing of water supply system and
underground sewerage system with STP for the given project areas. The preparation
of Bill of Quantity for each project was done for water supply and underground
drainage system. During the project work preparation of conceptual and draft
detailed project report of water supply and underground sewerage system with STP
of given project areas were carried out in depth.

The analysis of existing infrastructure like existing water supply, existing drainage
system in the project area were carried out through site visit and relevant data
collection from urban local body of that town.

The system were analyzed in depth and new water supply and UG drainage system
were proposed based on the design considerations of CPHEEO and as per client
requirement. Designed sewage treatment plant and provide efficient and cost
effective technological options. The proposed system must meet optimal design
criteria for the given area both in terms of low cost and reliability of the system.
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LITERATURE REVIEW

To design the optimal water distribution and sewerage system, the basic step is the
accurate estimation of future population for the design period of 30 year. The time
lag between design and completion of the project year should not exceed 2 to 5
years depending on the size of project. The project component may be designed to
meet the periods mentioned below in Table 1.

Table 1

S. No. Items Design period

in years

Water Supply Projects

1. Storages by dams 50

2. Infiltration works 30

3. Pumping:

(i) Pump house (civil works) 30

(ii) Electric motors and pumps 15

4. Water distribution system 30

5. Clear water reservoirs at the head works like ESR 15

and Sump, etc.
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Sewerage System and Sewage Treatment Projects

6. Sewer Network 30

7. Pumping Stations (civil works) 30

8. Pumping Machinery 15

9. Sewage Treatment Plant 30

10. Effluent disposal and utilization 30

POPULATION FORCAST

Population is forecasted by various methods like Arithmetic Increase, Geometric

Increase, Incremental Increase, Logistic Method, Ratio Method, Shift and Share
Method, Graphical Trend Method and Comparative Graphical Trend Method. Each
method has its own advantages and disadvantages and applicability, the selection of
forecasted population is based on site condition as well as professional judgment.
The detail of each method is described below:

Arithmetic increase method

o This method is generally applicable to estimate future population of
large and old cities. To estimate the population of next decade, the
average increase of population per decade is added to the population
data of the preceding decade. This method generally gives a low
value and is not used much these days.
 6

Incremental increase method

o In this method the increment in arithmetical increase is determined
from the past decade and the average of that increment is added to the
average increase. This method gives better results as compared to
arithmetic increase method.

Geometrical increase method

o In this method, rate of growth is estimated and average percentage
increment is used to estimate the future population. This method
gives higher value and is generally applied for cities and towns with
scope of expansion.

Geometric ratio method

o This method is similar to Geometric Increase Method. Geometric
ratios of consecutive decadal populations are formed and averaged
out. Future population is forecast by compounding the latest
population using the above average geometric ratio. In another
version of the method, only the latest ratio is considered for the
forecasting future population.

Graphical method
o In this method, the population as well as its log value is plotted on the
graph. An equation based on the available census data helps to
project the population up to the design period.

Comparative Graphical Method

o In this method, past population data of minimum two cities similar in
character to the city whose population needs to be forecasted are
selected. It is necessary for both the cities to have larger populations
than the city under consideration for the population forecast. This
means that both the cities have reached the present level population in
the considered city quite earlier.
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Logistic Method
o The S shaped logistic curve for any city gives complete trend of
growth of the city right from beginning to saturation limit of
population of the city. This method is applicable for very large cities
with sufficient demographic data.

Method of Density
o In this approach the trend in rate of density increases of population
for each sector of the city is found out and population forecast is done
for each sector based on the above approach. Addition of sector wise
population gives the population of the city.

Ward wise Population Projections

o The design of water distribution/ sewerage systems require inputs
in terms of projected ward-wise or zone wise in the city. If past
data of ward-wise population are available, the methods described
above can be used in forecasting ward-wise / zone - wise future
populations.

When a Master Plan containing land use pattern and zoning regulation is available
for the town, the anticipated population can be based on the ultimate densities and
permitted floor space index (FSI) provided in the Master Plan. FSI is the ratio of
total floor area to the plot area.

The forecasted population is selected based on professional judgment and on the

basis of development plan if available. The population is estimated for each stage
i.e. present, intermediate and ultimate.
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ANALYSIS & DESIGN OF WATER SUPPLY SYSTEM

After population estimation water demand and storage reservoir capacity is

estimated for each zone, ward and for entire area. The per capita water requirement
is assessed for present, intermediate and final stage. The water demand assessment is
based on the clients requirement or CPHEEO recommendations.

Recommended per capita Water supply levels for designing schemes

Table - 2
S. No. Classification of towns/cities Recommended
Maximum water supply
levels (lpcd)
1 Towns provided with piped water supply 70
but without sewerage system
2 Cities provided with piped water supply 135
where sewerage system is
existing/contemplated
3 Metropolitan and Mega cities provided 150
with piped water supply where sewerage
system is existing/contemplated

Note:

1. In urban areas, where water is provided through public standposts,40

lpcd should be considered
2. Figures exclude Unaccounted for water(UFW) which should be
limited to 15%

The source identification is an important step, reliable and protected source of water
is required for uninterrupted supply of water to the town. The water from source is
taken to the storage structures like ESR, Underground Sump and internal storage
tanks. The water is lifted to the elevated storage structures through the help of
pumps from underground sumps.
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The next important step is survey of the project area and preparation of base map
having elevation, length of each road, ward boundary, central line of the road and
important utilities will be shown on the base map. The detailed study of project
areas topography suggests which type of water distribution network i.e. gravity
type, pumping type and dual type is suitable and sustainable for 30 years period. The
description of each type is described below:

Gravity type

The gravity distribution system is used in cases where ESR is positioned at high
elevation so that water can flow in mains due to gravitational force. The water head
at the last node is minimum required and remaining head is consumed in frictional
and other losses.

Pumping type

In this kind of distribution system the water is pumped in the mains. The biggest
disadvantage of such system is that if power supply is cut, then entire system will
suffer, thus standby diesel pumps are required.

Dual type

In this type of distribution system when demand is small the water is stored in ESR
but when demand increases, the water needs to be pumped into the mains for which
pumps need to be installed.

There are four different types of distribution system based upon their layout and
direction of supply namely dead end, grid iron, ring and radial system. Dead end
type distribution design will be through BRANCH Software and other types will be
through LOOP Software.

The LOOP and Branch software uses Hazen Williams Formula for the design of
water distribution network through pressure pipelines of various pipe materials. The
Hazen Williams Equation is used to calculate head loss in the pressure pipeline
which is due to friction in pipes at entrance, due to valves, bends, water meters, till it
reaches the consumers tap. The net head available at the consumers tap is head at
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entrance minus all the losses in the way is known as effective head. The effective
head at the service connection to a building is very important since it will decide the
height up to which water can rise in the building. Thus, greater the head, the more
will be the height up to which water will rise.

The pressure to be maintained in water distribution system depends on:

1. Height of the highest building up to which water should reach without

boosting.
2. The distance of the area from ESR.
3. Pressure to be considered for fire hydrants.

While designing an efficient distribution system, certain points need to be

considered:

1. The main pipeline should be able to supply peak flow (3*average

demand). The minimum velocity should not be less than 0.6 m/s in order
to avoid low velocity conditions, which may encourage depositions and
consequent loss of carrying capacity, corrosion resulting in deterioration
in quality of water.
2. Service pipes should be able to carry twice the average demand.
3. Pressure drop or head loss due to fitting, specials and other
appurtenances need to be estimated.
4. In all hydraulic calculations, the actual internal diameter of the pipe shall
be adopted after accounting for the thickness of the lining.

Hazen-Williams Formula
Empirical formulae are sometimes used to calculate the approximate head loss in a
pipe when water is flowing and the flow is turbulent. Unfortunately the results
depend upon the value of the friction factor C which must be used with the formula
and this can vary from around 80 up to 130 and higher, depending on the pipe type,
pipe size and the water velocity.
The Hazen-Williams formula is expressed as:
V = 4.567 X 10^3 C d^0.63 S^0.54
Q = 1.292 X 10^3 C d^2.63 S^0.54
 11

Where:
Q = discharge in cubic meter per hour
V = velocity in meter per second
S = slope of hydraulic grade line
C = friction coefficient, depends upon roughness of internal pipe surface
d = inside diameter of the pipe in mm

Common Friction Factor Values of C used for design purposes are:

Table - 3
Pipe Material C
1. Asbestos Cement 140
2. Cast-Iron tube 100
3. Concrete tube 110
4. Copper tube- 130
5. Corrugated steel tube 60
6. Galvanized tubing 120
7. Plastic pipe 140
8. PVC pipe 150
9. General smooth pipes 140
10. Steel pipe 120

These factors include some allowance to provide for the effects of changes to the
internal pipe surface due to the buildup of deposits or pitting of the pipe wall during
long periods of use.

The node number and elevation, pipe length, pipe number, range of commercial
diameter of pipe is entered in the LOOP & BRANCH software for the optimal
design.

The results from the above software include pipe details, node details, longitudinal
section, pipe wise cost, excavation cost and entire cost summary.
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ANALYSIS & DESIGN OF SEWERAGE SYSTEM

After population estimation sanitary wastewater quantity for each zone, ward and
for entire area is estimated. Stage wise i.e. present, intermediate and ultimate
sanitary wastewater quantity is also estimated. The 80 % of water supplied to any
area contribute to municipal wastewater generation. Ground water infiltration is
also considered; usually 10 % is taken if no data is available. Domestic sewage
includes typical wastes from the kitchen, bathroom, and laundry, as well as any
other wastes that people may accidentally or intentionally pour down the drain.
Sanitary wastewater consists of domestic wastewater as well as those discharged
from commercial, institutional, and similar facilities. Technically wastewater can be
defined as any water or liquid that contains impurities or pollutants in the form of
solid, liquid or gases or their combinations in such a concentration that is harmful if
disposed into the environment.

Municipal wastewater consists of water (99%) and relatively low concentrations of

suspended and dissolved solids (both organic as well as inorganic in nature). This
waste water may also contain variety of inorganic substances from domestic and
industrial sources including a number of potentially toxic elements such as arsenic,
cadmium, chromium, copper, lead, mercury, zinc, etc. Pathogenic bacteria are
present in wastewater at levels much lower than the coliform group which is easy to
identify and enumerate. Escherichia coli are the most widely adopted indicator of
fecal pollution can be isolated and identified simply, with their numbers usually
being given in the form of fecal coliform (FC)/100 ml of wastewater.

So, the collection of sanitary wastewater through sewer network of pipes,

appurtenances and pumps and its safe disposal to the water body or onto the land
after required degree of treatment.

To design the sewer network with the use of SEWER Software, the input data
required can be obtained through the detailed study of base map having information
about elevation, length of each road, ward boundary, central line of the road and
important utilities. The detailed Node to Node analysis has to be carried out on the
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base map as sewer network is designed as a gravity type system in which liquid
wastewater flows from high elevation to low elevation. The intermediate pumping
may be required because of increase in the excavation depth beyond its feasible and
economical excavation for pipeline trenches.

The SEWER Software uses Mannings Formula for the design of circular sewers.
The available head in the channel is utilized in overcoming surface resistance and, in
small part, in attaining kinetic energy for flow.

Mannings Formula For circular conduits:

V = (1 / n) (3.968 X 10^-3) D^2/3 S^1//2

Q = (1 / n) (3.118 X 10^-6) D^8/3 S^1//2

Where, V = velocity in mps

S = Slope of hydraulic gradient (generally slope of pipeline)

D = Internal diameter of pipe in mm

Q = Quantity of floe in lps

n = Mannings coefficient of roughness

The value of Mannings coefficient recommended for various pipe materials are
given below in the tabular form:

Table - 4

Material Manning's
(n)
Metals
Brass 0.011
Cast Iron 0.013
Smooth Steel 0.012
Corrugated Metal 0.022
 14

Non-Metals
Glass 0.010
Clay Tile 0.014
Brickwork 0.015
Asphalt 0.016
Masonry 0.025
Finished Concrete 0.012
Unfinished Concrete 0.014
Gravel 0.029
Earth 0.025
Planed Wood 0.012
Unplaned Wood 0.013
Corrugated Polyethylene (PE) with smooth inner walls 0.009-0.015
Corrugated Polyethylene (PE) with corrugated inner walls 0.018-0.025
Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC) with smooth inner walls 0.009-0.011

It is necessary to size the sewer so as to have adequate capacity for the peak flow to
be achieved at the end of design period and also to avoid steep gradient and deep
excavations. It is desirable to design sewers for higher velocities at peak flow
wherever possible so that the silt deposited during the low flow would be flushed
during the peak flow. It is therefore, recommended to have minimum velocity as
0.6 m/s which is also self cleansing velocity at the average or at least at the
maximum flow.

The node number and elevation, pipe length, pipe number, range of commercial
diameter of pipe is entered in the SEWER software for the optimal design of sewer
network.

The results from the above software include pipe details, node details, longitudinal
section, pipe wise cost, excavation cost and entire cost summary.
 15

ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF SEWAGE TREATMENT PLANT

The collected sanitary wastewater from the sewer network is pumped to the inlet
chamber of the Sewage treatment Plant (STP). A treatment system is combination
of unit processes and unit operations required for treatment of wastewater. A
wastewater treatment plant is designed for either of the following treatment
systems:

1. Preliminary treatment system: The pretreatment of wastewater involves

removal of inorganic particulate contents and floating material in
wastewater that may cause operational and maintenance problems in
primary and secondary treatments of wastewater. The preliminary treatment
system includes:

a. Collection well: The wastewater is collected in a collection well and is

pumped to the treatment units at higher elevation.

b. Equalization tank: to transport and reduce the flow of wastewater pumped to

treatment plant units.

c. Screen chamber: to eliminate large size floating materials.

d. Grit chamber: up to 0.2mm size suspended settle able solids of specific

gravity 2.60 can be removed.

The primary treatment plant consists of screen chamber to remove floating solids,
grit chamber to remove heavy suspended solids and primary clarifier also known as
the primary sedimentation tank. . Any colloidal or dissolved solids cannot be
removed with only primary treatment scheme. The primary treatment scheme is
essential for removal of floating solids which can cause maintenance and
operational problems during further treatment.
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2. Secondary treatment system: A secondary treatment system is one in

which colloidal and soluble organic matter can be removed. Normally
biological treatment methods are used for removal of such particulate matter
because chemical treatment methods are expensive and there is also the
problem of handling of such chemicals with care. The treatment unit
comprises of activated sludge process or trickling filter and a secondary
sedimentation tank also called as secondary clarifier in conventional
treatment plant. If the volume of wastewater to be treated is less, then the
following treatment schemes can be used as well;

a. Waste stabilization ponds: in case of such ponds, screen chamber is the only
required primary treatment unit. The grit chamber and primary settling tank
are not required as the settling has already taken place. It is comprises of a
single or several series of anaerobic, facultative or maturation ponds. It is
the most cost effective wastewater treatment technology but land
requirement is huge.

b. Oxidation ditch: It is variation of the extended aeration activated sludge

process that uses a continuously re -circulating closed loop channel or
channels as an aeration basin. Operation and Maintenance is difficult and
capital as well as operation cost is also high.

c. Rotating biological contactor: It is an attached growth type process where

the media is usually in the form of flat discs mounted on a shaft operating
on the principle similar to trickling filters. It is a simple and reliable
biological method of treatment though its operation and maintenance in
Indian condition for the treatment of domestic sewage is doubtful.

d. Aerated lagoon: Aerated lagoon operates on the principle of the activated

sludge process. After screening of the wastewater, it is directly fed to the
aerated lagoon which is typically an earthen basin. The wastewater is treated
with or without sludge recycle. Surface aerators are installed to provide the
 17

required amount of oxygen. Usually facultative type of aerated lagoon is

provided for the biological treatment of the domestic wastewater.

3. Tertiary treatment: The tertiary treatment of wastewater is employed

when it is found that even after secondary treatment the residual organic
matter and /or suspended solids is very high which could limit the possible
use of treated wastewater for agricultural purposes. Thus tertiary treatment
is provided in cases where the residual N/P content is high or the treated
wastewater cannot be used for any other purposes.

A treatment scheme is selected on the basis of stringency and extent of discharge

standards to be met at the time of final disposal set by the CPCB or State Pollution
Control Board. Other major factors that will influence the selection of a treatment
system are funds available for the project, location of the treatment site, availability
of the skilled person for the operation of STP.

During the project work, involved in the design of STP comprises of screen
chamber, grit chamber with proportional flow weir, aerated lagoon as biological
unit, chlorine contact tank, and chlorine storage house and inlet-outlet arrangement.
The STP designed for the average flow of 27 MLD which is briefly explained in the
methodology part of the report.

The hydraulic design of pumping station, manhole cum lifting station, pumping &
rising main consider peak flow of the average sewage generation from the ultimate
stage population.

BILL OF QUANTITY

The detailed cost estimation of each component of water works like water supply
scheme, underground drainage scheme having STP design is the preparation of Bill
of Quantity (BOQ). It is prepared with the help of Schedule of Rates (SOR) of
Gujarat Water Supply & Sewerage Board (GWSSB). The important components
 18

for the preparation of BOQ are:

a. Materials like pipes, valves, specials etc.

b. Labour work like excavation, lowering and laying of pipelines, refilling of
pipeline trenches etc.
c. Manholes and Valve Chambers of different sizes and type.
d. RCC ESR, UG Sump and storage tanks.
e. Intake Well, Water & Drainage Pumping Station etc.
f. Water & Waste Water Treatment Plant
g. Miscellaneous Completed Items includes highway and railway crossing,
Power Supply etc.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

The materials and data required to carry out detail designing of water supply
scheme are following:

1. Project area details including topography, rainfall records, sources of water

both surface and groundwater, water storage structures, census data for last
five decade, ward wise number of houses, development plan, roads details,
elevations etc.
2. General soil classification up to depth of 6 meter.
3. Details about existing water supply and sewerage system of the town.
4. Parameters of quality of source water. So that it is decided whether before
distribution of water WTP is necessary or not.
5. Availability of waste land near source for the design of WTP.
6. A system having BRANCH, LOOP and AutoCAD software installed.

For Water Supply Network Designing, two softwares LOOP and BRANCH are
used, which are developed and distributed under the joint efforts of two UNDP and
World Bank.
 19

LOOP Software: It is used for the optimal design of new or partially existing,
gravity branched water distribution system. It allows for reservoirs (both with fixed
head and variable head viz. pumps), valves (pressure reducing as well as check
valves) and on-line booster pumps. It has been programmed in Microsoft
QuickBasic 4.5. The code developed by Prasad Modak/Juzer Dhoondia is
structured and optimized. Memory utilization is dynamic. The program is
hierarchical and structured.

Design considerations include:

a. No. of Pipes 1000

b. No. of Nodes - 750

c. Variable Head Reservoirs Yes

d. On-line Boosters Yes

e. Pressure Reducing Valves (PRV) Yes

f. Check Valves (CV) Yes

g. Method of Solution Newton Raphson (method for finding successively

better approximations to the zeros of the real valued function)

h. Find Diameter Yes

i. Formula Hazen-William, Darcy Weisbach

j. Parallel Pipes Yes

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k. Different Pipe Materials/Classes Yes

l. Different Units Yes

The input section is divided into thirteen screens. Input data required by LOOP for
network designing includes number of pipes, number of nodes, type of pipe
materials used, number of commercial diameters of each material, peak design
factor, type of formula, pipe diameter and its unit, pipe length and its unit, flow and
its unit, head (HGL) and its unit, elevation and its unit, pressure (minimum and
maximum( and its unit, velocity and its unit, pipe details node number wise,
roughness coefficient, number of res. Nodes with fixed and variable HGL, number
of booster pumps, number of PRV, number of CV, pipe internal diameters, Darcys
constant, cost, Newton Raphson stopping criteria.

Loop network design for a small portion of a hypothetical project area. The data
input for a small portion of the project area in the LOOP software is given below:

Title of the Project : Loop Network Design

Name of the User : ANAND
Number of Pipes : 24
Number of Nodes : 20
Type of Pipe Materials Used : CI/
Number of Commercial Dia per Material : 6/
Peak Design Factor :2
Newton-Raphson Stopping Criterion lps : .001
Minimum Pressure m :7
Maximum Pressure m : 30
Design Hydraulic Gradient m in km :5
Simulate or Design? (S/D) :S
No. of Res. Nodes with Fixed HGL :1
Type of Formula : Hazen's
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Pipe Data
============================================================
Pipe From To Length Diameter Hazen's Pipe Status
No. Node Node m mm Const Material (E/P)
----------------------------------------------------------------
1 300 1 800.00 200.0 110.00000 CI
2 1 3 350.00 100.0 110.00000 CI
3 1 2 500.00 150.0 110.00000 CI
4 2 7 600.00 75.0 110.00000 CI
5 3 4 720.00 75.0 110.00000 CI
6 1 5 700.00 100.0 110.00000 CI
7 2 6 750.00 50.0 110.00000 CI
8 7 8 700.00 50.0 110.00000 CI
9 5 4 350.00 100.0 110.00000 CI
10 6 5 500.00 100.0 110.00000 CI
11 6 8 600.00 150.0 110.00000 CI
12 4 11 800.00 75.0 110.00000 CI
13 11 13 900.00 150.0 110.00000 CI
14 12 13 550.00 50.0 110.00000 CI
15 8 12 800.00 100.0 110.00000 CI
16 8 9 500.00 150.0 110.00000 CI
17 9 10 650.00 100.0 110.00000 CI
18 9 17 800.00 75.0 110.00000 CI
19 12 17 500.00 75.0 110.00000 CI
20 13 14 350.00 150.0 110.00000 CI
21 14 15 900.00 100.0 110.00000 CI
22 14 16 1200.00 100.0 110.00000 CI
50 100 11 500.00 150.0 110.00000 CI
60 200 6 350.00 200.0 110.00000 CI
============================================================
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Node Data
============================================================
Node Peak Flow Elevation Min Press Max Press
No. lps m m m
-------------------------------------------------------------
1 2.00 -2.600 15.00 7.00 30.00
2 2.00 -3.400 15.00 7.00 30.00
3 2.00 -1.500 15.00 7.00 30.00
4 2.00 -1.300 15.00 7.00 30.00
5 2.00 -1.200 15.00 7.00 30.00
6 2.00 -1.500 15.00 7.00 30.00
7 2.00 -1.200 15.00 7.00 30.00
8 2.00 -1.300 15.00 7.00 30.00
9 2.00 -1.200 10.00 7.00 30.00
10 2.00 -2.600 10.00 7.00 30.00
11 2.00 -1.300 10.00 7.00 30.00
12 2.00 -1.400 10.00 7.00 30.00
13 2.00 -1.500 10.00 7.00 30.00
14 2.00 -1.800 10.00 7.00 30.00
15 2.00 -1.600 10.00 7.00 30.00
16 2.00 -2.100 10.00 7.00 30.00
17 2.00 -1.300 10.00 7.00 30.00
300 2.00 0.000 10.00 7.00 30.00
100 2.00 15.000 10.00 7.00 30.00
200 2.00 20.000 10.00 7.00 30.00
============================================================
Fixed Head Reservoir Data
=============================
Source Head Ref Res?
Node m (R)
-----------------------------
300 40.00 R
=============================
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Commercial Diameter Data

=========================================================
Pipe Dia. Hazen's Unit Cost Allow Press Pipe
Int. (mm) Const Rs /m length m Material
---------------------------------------------------------
50.0 110.00000 10.00 100.00 CI
75.0 110.00000 20.00 100.00 CI
100.0 110.00000 30.00 100.00 CI
150.0 110.00000 40.00 100.00 CI
200.0 110.00000 50.00 100.00 CI
250.0 110.00000 60.00 100.00 CI
=========================================================

The results from the LOOP software for a hypothetical project area are given in
result section of the report.

BRANCH Software: BRANCH is used for the optimal design of new or partially
existing, gravity branched water distribution system. It has been programmed in
Microsoft QuickBasic 4.5. The code developed by Prasad Modak/Juzer Dhoondia is
structured and optimized. Memory utilization is dynamic. The program is
hierarchical and structured.

Design Considerations include:

No. of Pipes 125

Finds diameter using LP Yes

Formula Hazen-William, Darcy-Weisbach

Existing links Yes

 24

Different units - Yes

The input data for a small hypothetical area in the BRANCH software is provided is
provided below:
Title of the Project : Branch Network
Name of the User : Anand
Number of Pipes : 13
Number of Nodes : 14
Number of Commercial Diameters : 5
Peak Design Factor : 3
Minimum Headloss in m/km : .005
Maximum Headloss in m/km : 20
Minimum Residual Pressure m : 5
Type of Formula : Hazen's
Pipe Data
===========================================================
Pipe From To Length Diameter Hazen's Status
No. Node Node m mm Const (E/P)
-----------------------------------------------------------
1 1 2 500.00
2 2 3 500.00 100.0 110.00000 E
3 2 4 500.00
4 2 6 500.00 100.0 110.00000 P
5 6 5 500.00
6 6 7 500.00
7 6 9 500.00
8 9 8 500.00
9 10 9 500.00
10 9 12 500.00
11 12 11 500.00
12 12 13 500.00
13 14 10 500.00
===========================================================
 25

Node Data
============================================================
Node Peak Flow Elevation Res. Press Meet Res.
No. Factor lps m m Pres (Y/N)?
------------------------------------------------------------
1 3.00 0.000 20.00 5.00
2 3.00 -3.000 0.00 5.00
3 3.00 -3.000 0.00 5.00
4 3.00 -3.000 0.00 5.00
5 3.00 -3.000 0.00 5.00
6 3.00 -3.000 0.00 5.00
7 3.00 -3.000 0.00 5.00
8 3.00 -3.000 0.00 5.00
9 3.00 -3.000 0.00 5.00
10 3.00 -3.000 0.00 5.00
11 3.00 -3.000 0.00 5.00
12 3.00 -3.000 0.00 5.00
13 3.00 -3.000 0.00 5.00
14 1.00 10.000 0.00 5.00
============================================================
Reference Node Data
===================
Node Grade Line
No. m
-------------------
1 25.00
===================
 26

Commercial Diameter Data

====================================
Pipe Dia. Hazen's Unit Cost
Int. (mm) Const Rs /m length
------------------------------------
75.0 100.00000 75.00
100.0 110.00000 120.00
150.0 110.00000 200.00
200.0 110.00000 300.00
250.0 120.00000 430.00
====================================

The output of the BRANCH software for the same area is included in the result
section of the report.

AutoCAD Software: It is a computer graphics software that is commonly used to

make architectural and engineering drawings is used to prepare base maps and all
other relevant drawings and skeletal proposals required in the network designing of
both water supply and sewerage systems.

The materials and data required to carry out detail designing of sewerage system
are following:

1. Project area details including topography, rainfall records, sources of water

both surface and groundwater, water storage structures, census data for last
five decade, ward wise number of houses, development plan, roads details,
elevations etc.
2. General soil classification up to depth of 6 meter.
3. Details about existing water supply and sewerage system of the town.
4. Parameters of quality of source water and wastewater.
5. Availability of waste land for the design of STP.
6. A system having SEWER and AutoCAD software installed.
 27

SEWER Software: For the optimal design of Sewer Networks, SEWER software is
used which is developed and distributed under the joint efforts of UNDP/World
Bank. It is used for the design and simulation of new or partially and/or fully
existing gravity as well as pumped sanitary sewer. It has been programmed in
Microsoft QuickBasic 4.5. The code developed by Prasad Modak/Juzer Dhoondia is
structured and optimized. Memory utilization is dynamic. The program is
hierarchical and structured. It has Help provision which is chosen while choosing
menu options. It is online context specific. It has command line option and
installation routine provision.

Design Considerations include:

No. of Pipes 800

Finds Diameter Yes

Existing Pipes Yes

Pumping Stations Yes

L-Sections (Graphics) Yes

Different Units Yes

Input section is divided into seven screens. Input data required by SEWER for
network designing includes number of pipes, minimum and maximum velocity,
minimum and maximum allowable cover, number of existing pipes, number of
commercial diameters, number of excavation layers, infiltration rate (%), pipe
length and its unit, pipe diameter and its unit, pipe flow and its unit, elevation and
its unit, pipe velocity and its unit, mannings coefficient, node number wise pipe
details, peak factor, pumping requirement, pipe internal diameters, maximum d/D
 28

(d = actual depth of flow in pipe, D = full depth of flow in pipe i.e. pipe internal
diameter), pipe thickness, trench width, pipe cost details, pipe strength details,
excavation layer wise rate, maximum and minimum allowable slope, type of
backfill.

The input data for a small hypothetical area in the SEWER software is provided is
provided below:
Title of the Project : SEWER NETWORK
Name of the User : ANAND
Number of Pipes : 10
Number of Nodes : 11
Minimum Velocity m/sec : .6
Maximum Velocity m/sec : 2.5
Minimum Allowable Cover m : 1.2
Maximum Allowable Cover m :6
Number of Existing Pipes :0
Number of Commercial Diameters : 10
Number of Excavation Layers :4
Maximum Allowable Slope as X (1:X) : 30
Minimum Allowable Slope as X (1:X) : 1000
Diameter Progression Considered? (Y/N) :Y
Manning 'n' to be kept constant? (Y/N) :Y
Lay Pipe Parallel to Ground? (Y/N) :Y
Provide Drop if Min Cov Violates? (Y/N) :Y
Lowest/Mean/Highest/Auto Dia? (L/M/H/A) : L
Type of Backfill : Damp Clay
Unit Weight of BackFill Soil kg/sq m : 1920
 29

Pipe Data
============================================================
Pipe From To Length Manning Diameter Min. Vel.
No. Node Node m 'n' mm m/sec
----------------------------------------------------------------
1 1 2 30.00 0.0110 169.0 0.60
2 2 3 30.00 0.0110 169.0 0.60
3 3 4 30.00 0.0110 300.0 0.60
4 4 5 30.00 0.0110 300.0 0.60
5 5 6 30.00 0.0110 300.0 0.60
6 6 7 30.00 0.0110 300.0 0.60
7 7 8 30.00 0.0110 300.0 0.60
8 8 9 30.00 0.0110 300.0 0.60
9 9 10 30.00 0.0110 300.0 0.60
10 10 11 30.00 0.0110 300.0 0.60
============================================================
Node Data
=========================================================
Node Flow Elevation Peak Pumping Minimum
No. lps m Factor (Y/N/F) Cover (m )
----------------------------------------------------------
1 1.320 54.00 3.00 1.20
2 0.132 53.84 3.00 1.20
3 0.132 53.68 3.00 1.20
4 0.057 53.48 3.00 1.20
5 0.057 53.36 3.00 1.20
6 0.416 53.20 3.00 1.20
7 0.057 53.40 3.00 1.20
8 0.057 53.20 3.00 1.20
9 0.057 52.76 3.00 1.20
10 0.057 52.11 3.00 1.20
11 0.057 52.00 3.00 1.20
==========================================================
 30

Commercial Diameter Data

============================================================
Pipe Diameter in mm Maximum Trench Width Unit Cost
Internal External d/D m Rs /m length
----------------------------------------------------------------
169.0 191.0 0.80 0.80 565.00
300.0 310.0 0.80 0.90 1243.00
263.0 297.0 0.80 0.90 1364.00
212.0 238.0 0.80 0.85 886.00
400.0 412.0 0.80 1.00 2015.00
500.0 514.0 0.80 1.10 2773.00
600.0 618.0 0.80 1.20 3780.00
700.0 720.0 0.80 1.30 4840.00
800.0 822.0 0.80 1.40 5933.00
900.0 924.0 0.80 1.50 7382.00
============================================================
Excavation Cost Data
========================================
Depth of Exc. in m Unit Rate
From To Rs /cub m Vol
----------------------------------------
0.00 1.50 60.00
1.50 3.00 62.00
3.00 4.50 67.00
4.50 6.00 80.00
========================================

The output data provided by the program SEWER for a hypothetical project area is
included in result section. The output file contains detailed sewer network design
information.
 31

The data and material required for the design of STP is tabulated below:

Table - 5
Waste Water ( Sewage ) 26.65 MLD
A flow
Say 27.00 MLD
Overall Substrate Removal 0.8
B Rate Constant (K/d)
Dispersion Number 0.1 to 4.0
C
Minimum Ambient 15 C
D Temperature
Waste Water Temperature 25 C
E
Oxygen Required in Ultimate BOD removal in kg/d
F Aeration (kg/d)
Aerator Capacity in field 1.6 kg O2 / KWh
G
Slugde Depth (m) Consideration of 5 yrs sludge
H accumulation
Detention Time 5 days
I
Liquid Depth (m) 6 m maximum including sludge
J deposition

The design of STP is as per guidelines of CPHEEO Manual on sewerage and

sewage.

Methodology of designing water supply scheme with important steps is described

below:

1. Site visit of the project area and data collection from the urban local body
which include development plan of the town, last five decade census data,
SBC report & information about previous water works in the town. Source
identification is also done at the time of site visit.
2. Site survey and the preparation of base map of the project area showing
road networks, their lengths, elevations at fixed intervals and important
locations.
3. Estimation of population by various population forecast method for the
 32

design period of 30 years. The population is also forecasted for stage wise,
zone wise and ward wise.
4. Water requirement and capacity of reservoir is estimated for the
intermediate and ultimate stage.
5. Database preparation from the node to node analysis of the base map for the
entry in the LOOP & BRANCH Software.
6. Water Distribution Network design and simulation using the software.
7. Hydraulic design of pumping station, pumping machinery, rising main,
sump and ESR is separately done.
8. Bill of Quantity preparation of each component of the water supply scheme.
9. Relevant drawings are also prepared with the help of AutoCAD software.

Methodology of designing underground drainage scheme with important steps is

described below:

1. Site visit of the project area and data collection from the urban local body
which include development plan of the town, last five decade census data,
SBC report & information about previous water works in the town. Site
identification for STP is also done at the time of site visit.
2. Site survey and the preparation of base map of the project area showing
road networks, their lengths, elevations at fixed intervals of 30 m and
important locations.
3. Estimation of population by various population forecast method for the
design period of 30 years. The population is also forecasted for stage wise,
zone wise and ward wise.
4. Sanitary wastewater is estimated for the intermediate and ultimate stage and
for each zone which is distributed on each node.
5. Database preparation from the node to node analysis of the base map for the
entry in the SEWER Software.
6. Sewer Network design and simulation using the software.
7. Hydraulic design of pumping station, pumping machinery, manhole cum
lifting station, rising & pumping main, collection well and effluent disposal
pipe.
 33

8. STP and its inlet outlet arrangement is designed as per guideline of the
CPHEEO Manual on Sewerage and Sewage Treatment.
9. Bill of Quantity preparation of each component of the underground drainage
scheme.
10. Relevant drawings are also prepared with the help of AutoCAD software.

RESULTS & LEARNING

The key achievements during project work were learning of hydraulic design of
water distribution network pipelines through the use of LOOP and BRANCH
software which uses Hazen William formulae and sewer network pipelines design
through the use of SEWER software which uses Mannings formulae. I involved in
designing of STP having aerated lagoon as biological treatment unit. I also prepared
Bill of Quantity for the water supply and UG drainage projects which estimate the
component wise cost of project in detail.

The results of the water distribution network design for a hypothetical project area
are comprises of two sections:

1. Using LOOP Software The results include pipe details, node details
excavation depth & cost summary. Detailed Looped Water Distribution
Network Design Output is given below:

Bandwidth = 3
Number of Loops = 5
Newton Raphson Iterations = 6
 34

Pipe Details
====================================================
Pipe From To Flow Dia HL HL/1000m Length Velocity
No. Node Node (lps) (mm) (m ) (m ) (m ) (m/s )
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
1 300 1 22.600 200.0 3.22 4.02 800.00 0.72
2 1 3 4.245 100.0 1.86 5.32 350.00 0.54
3 1 2 9.621 150.0 1.68 3.36 500.00 0.54
4 2 7 2.586 75.0 5.17 8.62 600.00 0.59
5 3 4 1.245 75.0 1.60 2.23 720.00 0.28
6 1 5 3.534 100.0 2.65 3.79 700.00 0.45
7 2 6 0.234 50.0 0.55 0.73 750.00 0.12
8 7 8 0.186 50.0 0.33 0.48 700.00 0.09
9 5 4 2.715 100.0 0.81 2.32 350.00 0.35
10 6 5 1.580 100.0 0.43 0.85 500.00 0.20
11 6 8 15.654 150.0 4.96 8.27 600.00 0.89
12 4 11 1.360 75.0 2.10 2.62 800.00 0.31
13 11 13 13.760 150.0 5.86 6.51 900.00 0.78
14 12 13 0.240 50.0 0.42 0.76 550.00 0.12
15 8 12 4.004 100.0 3.82 4.77 800.00 0.51
16 8 9 9.236 150.0 1.56 3.11 500.00 0.52
17 9 10 5.200 100.0 5.03 7.74 650.00 0.66
18 9 17 1.636 75.0 2.95 3.69 800.00 0.37
19 12 17 0.964 75.0 0.69 1.39 500.00 0.22
20 13 14 11.000 150.0 1.51 4.30 350.00 0.62
21 14 15 3.200 100.0 2.84 3.15 900.00 0.41
22 14 16 4.200 100.0 6.26 5.21 1200.00 0.53
50 100 11 15.000 150.0 3.82 7.64 500.00 0.85
60 200 6 20.000 200.0 1.12 3.21 350.00 0.64
 35

Pipe Pressure Details

============================================================
Pipe From To Dia Hazen's Pipe Max Press Allow Press Status
No. Node Node (mm) Const Material (m ) (m ) (E/P)
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
1 300 1 200.0 110.00000 CI 30.00 100.00
2 1 3 100.0 110.00000 CI 21.78 100.00
3 1 2 150.0 110.00000 CI 21.78 100.00
4 2 7 75.0 110.00000 CI 20.10 100.00
5 3 4 75.0 110.00000 CI 19.92 100.00
6 1 5 100.0 110.00000 CI 21.78 100.00
7 2 6 50.0 110.00000 CI 20.10 100.00
8 7 8 50.0 110.00000 CI 14.93 100.00
9 5 4 100.0 110.00000 CI 19.13 100.00
10 6 5 100.0 110.00000 CI 19.56 100.00
11 6 8 150.0 110.00000 CI 19.56 100.00
12 4 11 75.0 110.00000 CI 21.22 100.00
13 11 13 150.0 110.00000 CI 21.22 100.00
14 12 13 50.0 110.00000 CI 15.78 100.00
15 8 12 100.0 110.00000 CI 15.78 100.00
16 8 9 150.0 110.00000 CI 18.04 100.00
17 9 10 100.0 110.00000 CI 18.04 100.00
18 9 17 75.0 110.00000 CI 18.04 100.00
19 12 17 75.0 110.00000 CI 15.78 100.00
20 13 14 150.0 110.00000 CI 15.36 100.00
21 14 15 100.0 110.00000 CI 13.85 100.00
22 14 16 100.0 110.00000 CI 13.85 100.00
50 100 11 150.0 110.00000 CI 25.04 100.00
60 200 6 200.0 110.00000 CI 25.68 100.00
 36

Node Details
=======================================================
Node Flow Elev. HGL Pressure
No. (lps) (m ) (m ) (m )
-------------------------------------------------------
1 -5.200 15.00 36.78 21.78
2 -6.800 15.00 35.10 20.10
3 -3.000 15.00 34.92 19.92
4 -2.600 15.00 33.32 18.32
5 -2.400 15.00 34.13 19.13
6 -3.000 15.00 34.56 19.56
7 -2.400 15.00 29.93 14.93
8 -2.600 15.00 29.60 14.60
9 -2.400 10.00 28.04 18.04
10 -5.200 10.00 23.01 13.01
11 -2.600 10.00 31.22 21.22
12 -2.800 10.00 25.78 15.78
13 -3.000 10.00 25.36 15.36
14 -3.600 10.00 23.85 13.85
15 -3.200 10.00 21.02 11.02
16 -4.200 10.00 17.60 7.60
17 -2.600 10.00 25.09 15.09
300 S 22.600 10.00 40.00 30.00
100 15.000 10.00 35.04 25.04
200 20.000 10.00 35.68 25.68
=======================================================
 37

Pipe Cost Summary

=========================================================
Diameter Pipe Length Cost Cum. Cost
(mm) Material (m ) (1000 Rs ) (1000 Rs )
---------------------------------------------------------
50.0 CI 2000.00 20.00 20.00
75.0 CI 3420.00 68.40 88.40
100.0 CI 5450.00 163.50 251.90
150.0 CI 3350.00 134.00 385.90
200.0 CI 1150.00 57.50 443.40

2. Using BRANCH Software The results include pipe details, Pipe pressure
details, node details excavation depth & cost summary. Branched Water
Distribution Network Design Output are given below:

Pipe Details
============================================================
Pipe From To Peak Flow Diam Hazen's HL HL/1000 Length Status
No. Node Node (lps) (mm) Const (m ) (m ) (m ) (E/P)
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
1 1 2 98.000 250.0 120.00000 8.82 17.64 500.00
2 2 3 9.000 100.0 110.00000 10.84 21.68 500.00 E
3 2 4 9.000 150.0 110.00000 1.50 3.00 500.00
4 2 6 71.000 100.0 110.00000 4.26 8.52 500.00
250.0 120.00000 4.26 8.52 500.00 P
5 6 5 9.000 150.0 110.00000 1.50 3.00 500.00
6 6 7 9.000 150.0 110.00000 1.50 3.00 500.00
7 6 9 44.000 200.0 110.00000 0.81 13.92 58.21
250.0 120.00000 1.77 4.01 441.79
8 9 8 9.000 150.0 110.00000 1.50 3.00 500.00
9 10 9 1.000 75.0 100.00000 0.90 1.80 500.00
10 9 12 27.000 200.0 110.00000 2.83 5.66 500.00
11 12 11 9.000 150.0 110.00000 1.50 3.00 500.00
 38

12 12 13 9.000 150.0 110.00000 1.50 3.00 500.00

13 14 10 10.000 150.0 110.00000 1.83 3.66 500.00
============================================================
Node Details
============================================================
Node Peak Flow Elevation H G L Cal Pres Spc Pres Meet Res
No. (lps) (m ) (m ) (m ) (m ) Pres. (Y)
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
1S 98.000 20.00 25.00 5.00 5.00
2 -9.000 0.00 16.18 16.18 5.00
3T -9.000 0.00 5.35 5.35 5.00
4T -9.000 0.00 14.68 14.68 5.00
5T -9.000 0.00 10.41 10.41 5.00
6 -9.000 0.00 11.92 11.92 5.00
7T -9.000 0.00 10.41 10.41 5.00
8T -9.000 0.00 7.83 7.83 5.00
9 -9.000 0.00 9.33 9.33 5.00
10 -9.000 0.00 10.23 10.23 5.00
11 T -9.000 0.00 5.00 5.00 5.00
12 -9.000 0.00 6.50 6.50 5.00
13 T -9.000 0.00 5.00 5.00 5.00
14 S 10.000 0.00 12.06 12.06 5.00
============================================================
Cost Summary
=================================================
Diameter Length Cost Cum. Cost
(mm) (m ) (1000 Rs ) (1000 Rs )
-------------------------------------------------
75.0 500.00 37.50 37.50
150.0 3500.00 700.00 737.50
200.0 558.21 167.46 904.96
250.0 1441.79 619.97 1524.93
 39

The results of the sewer network design using SEWER Software for a hypothetical
project area. The results include node details, pipe details, pipe level details, node
details, excavation details, pipe cost summary and other miscellaneous details. The
detail results are given below:

Pipe Details
Pipe From To Peak Flow Length Dia. Pipe Ground Existing
No. (lps) (m ) (mm) Slope Slope Pipe
------------------------------------------------------------------------
1 1 2 3.960 30.00 169.0 170 187.5
2 2 3 4.356 30.00 169.0 178 187.5
3 3 4 4.752 30.00 300.0 137 150.0
4 4 5 4.923 30.00 300.0 213 250.0
5 5 6 5.094 30.00 300.0 155 187.5
6 6 7 6.342 30.00 300.0 249 -150.0
7 7 8 6.513 30.00 300.0 122 150.0
8 8 9 6.684 30.00 300.0 52 68.2
9 9 10 6.855 30.00 300.0 36 46.2
10 10 11 7.026 30.00 300.0 247 272.7

Pipe Level Details

Pipe Ground Elev Crown Level Invert Level Exc. Depth
No. U/S D/S U/S D/S U/S D/S U/S D/S
(m ) (m ) (m ) (m ) (m ) (m ) (m ) (m )
---------------------------------------------------------------------
1 54.0 53.8 52.8 52.6 52.6 52.4 1.4 1.4
2 53.8 53.7 52.6 52.5 52.4 52.3 1.4 1.4
3 53.7 53.5 52.5 52.2 52.1 51.9 1.5 1.6
4 53.5 53.4 52.2 52.1 51.9 51.8 1.6 1.6
5 53.4 53.2 52.1 51.9 51.8 51.6 1.6 1.6
6 53.2 53.4 51.9 51.8 51.6 51.5 1.6 1.9
7 53.4 53.2 51.8 51.5 51.5 51.2 1.9 2.0
8 53.2 52.8 51.5 51.0 51.2 50.6 2.0 2.1
 40

9 52.8 52.1 51.0 50.1 50.6 49.8 2.1 2.3

10 52.1 52.0 50.1 50.0 49.8 49.7 2.3 2.3

Pipe Misc. Details

Pipe Dia. d/D Partial Pipe Remarks
No. Vel. Slope
(mm) (m/sec )
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
1 169.0 0.31 0.67 170
2 169.0 0.33 0.67 178
3 300.0 0.15 0.71 137
4 300.0 0.17 0.62 213
5 300.0 0.16 0.70 155
6 300.0 0.20 0.63 249
7 300.0 0.17 0.82 122
8 300.0 0.14 1.11 52
9 300.0 0.13 1.27 36
10 300.0 0.21 0.65 247

Node Details
Node Node Peak Peak Ground Excav. Pumping
No. Type Factor Flow in Elev. Depth Provided
(lps) (m ) (m ) (Y/N)
---------------------------------------------------------
1 REF 3.00 3.960 54.00 1.4
2 3.00 0.396 53.84 1.4
3 3.00 0.396 53.68 1.5
4 3.00 0.171 53.48 1.6
5 3.00 0.171 53.36 1.6
6 3.00 1.248 53.20 1.6
7 3.00 0.171 53.40 1.9
8 3.00 0.171 53.20 2.0
9 3.00 0.171 52.76 2.1
 41

10 3.00 0.171 52.11 2.3

11 TAIL 3.00 0.171 52.00 2.3

Excavation Details
Pipe Avg. Exc. Exc. Vol. Exc. Cost Cumulative
No. Depth Exc. Cost
(m ) (m 3) (1000 Rs ) (1000 Rs )
--------------------------------------------------------
1 1.4 33.58 2.02 2.02
2 1.4 33.88 2.03 4.05
3 1.5 41.70 2.50 6.55
4 1.6 42.25 2.54 9.09
5 1.6 42.98 2.58 11.67
6 1.8 47.75 2.88 14.55
7 2.0 52.71 3.19 17.74
8 2.0 55.19 3.34 21.08
9 2.2 59.44 3.60 24.69
10 2.3 61.97 3.76 28.45

Pipe Cost Summary

Pipe Pipe Required Pipe Cost Cumulative
Dia(int) Dia(ext) Pipe Length Pipe Cost
(mm) (mm) (100 m ) (1000 Rs ) (1000 Rs )
---------------------------------------------------------
169.0 191.0 0.60 33.90 33.90
300.0 310.0 2.40 298.35 332.25

The design of STP and hydraulic design of other components of water supply and
underground drainage system are appended in annexure section of the report.
 42

DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION

The results of the network design of water supply and underground sewerage
system gives detailed engineering design as well other miscellaneous data required
to carry out any water works for a town. The works involved to carry out the
project work involves rigorous site visits, detailed analysis of the existing systems,
and topography study of the project area. The project gives opportunity to learn
some key concepts of hydraulic design of water supply and sewerage system, hands
on experience of the software like LOOP, BRANCH, SEWER and AutoCAD.

To conclude this report the importance of the basic infrastructure of water supply
and underground sewerage system for a town cant be ignored as it provide the base
for the development of the town. The efficient, reliable and cost effective design of
water supply and underground sewerage system could be one step to achieve the
sustainable development and to achieve their goals.
 43

REFERENCES

Arceivala J. S., 2000, Wastewater Treatment for Pollution Control, 2nd Edition,
Tata McGraw-Hill Publishing Company Limited, New Delhi.
Christian R. A., Karia G. L., Wastewater Treatment-Concepts and Design,
3rd Edition, Prentice Hall of India Pvt. Ltd.
Desai A. G., 2001, Hydraulic Design Tables for Pipelines and Circular Sewers
and Drains, Deep Publishers.
Eddy & MetCalf, 2003, Wastewater engineering-treatment and reuse, 4th
Edition, TATA McGraw-Hill Publishing Company Ltd., New Delhi.
Arceivala J. S., Asolekar R. S., 2001, Waste water Treatment for Pollution
Control and Reuse, 3rd Edition, Tata McGraw Hill Education Pvt. Ltd., New
Delhi.
Chawathe D. S., 2004, Manual on Water Demand Assessment-for urban water
supply projects, Indian Water Works Association, Goa.
1993, Manual on Sewerage and Sewage Treatment, 2nd Edition, Central Public
Health Environmental Engineering Organization, New Delhi.
1999, Manual on Water Supply and Treatment, 3rd Edition, Central Public
Health Environmental Engineering Organization, New Delhi.
 44
A N N E X U R E N O . 1 : E S T IM A T IO N O F F U T U R E P O P U L A T IO N F O R D E E S A T O W N

ANNEXURE(S)
T h e p o p u l a t i o n o f t h e D E E S A a s p e r t h e c e n s u s re c o rd s a re g i v e n b e l o w f o r t h e
y e a rs 1 9 6 1 - 2 0 0 1 . T h e g e s t a t i o n p e ri o d o f o n e y e a r m a x i m u m i s c o n s i d e re d f o r t h i s
p ro j e c t a n d t h e re b y t h e b a s e y e a r o f t h e p ro j e c t s t a n d s t o 2 0 1 1 , h e n c e i t i s re q u ri e d
t o e s t i m a t e t h e p o p u l a t i o n 3 0 y e a rs h e n c e i . e . 2 0 4 1 a n d a l s o t h e i n t e rm e d i a t e
p o p u l a t i o n 1 5 y e a rs a f t e r 2 0 1 1 i . e . 2 0 2 6 .
1. Population projection by various methods for a project area is given below:
C e n su s R e co rd
DEESA
Y ear P o p u la t io n I n c re m e n t
(P e rs o n s )
n p x
1961 18891
1971 28324 9433
1981 41730 13406
1991 62435 20705
2001 83340 20905
64449
Ave ra ge 1 6 1 1 2 .2 5
Say 16120

1 . A r ith m e tic a l P r o g r e s s io n M e th o d :

Y ear Last Census D e ca d e I n c re m e n t P o p u la t io n

(P e rs o n s )

2001 83340
2010 83340 0 .9 0 16120 97848
2011 83340 1 .0 0 16120 99460
2016 83340 1 .5 0 16120 107520
2021 83340 2 .0 0 16120 115580
2026 83340 2 .5 0 16120 123640
2031 83340 3 .0 0 16120 131700
2036 83340 3 .5 0 16120 139760
2041 83340 4 .0 0 16120 147820

A BGeom
2. S T Retrical
A C T Progression Method

2010 P re s e n t 97848 97850

Year Population Increment Geometrical
2011 ( B a s e Y e a r) 99460 99460
(Souls) Growth
2026 (I n t e rm e d i a t e ) 123640 123640
2 0n4 1 (Upl t i m a t e ) x 147820 147820
1961 18891
1971 28324 9433 0.4993
1981 41730 13406 0.4733
1991 62435 20705 0.4962
2001 83340 20905 0.3348
Total 0.4509
Mean
Geomet 0.4451
ric Mean
(rg)

Solution

Year Last Census Decade = n rg (1 + rg) (1 + rg)n Population

(Persons)
2001 83340
2010 83340 0.90 0.4451 1.44514 1.393 116084
2011 83340 1.00 0.4451 1.4451 1.445 120438
2016 83340 1.50 0.4451 1.4451 1.737 144783
2021 83340 2.00 0.4451 1.4451 2.088 174050
2026 83340 2.50 0.4451 1.4451 2.511 209232
2031 83340 3.00 0.4451 1.4451 3.018 251526
2036 83340 3.50 0.4451 1.4451 3.628 302370
2041 83340 4.00 0.4451 1.4451 4.362 363491

ABSTRACT

2010 Present 116084 116090

2011 (Base Year) 120438 120440
2026 (Intermediate) 209232 209240
2041 (Ultimate) 363491 363500
 45

Year Population Increment Incremental

(Persons) Increase
n p x y
1961 18891
1971 28324 9433
1981 41730 13406 3973
1991 62435 20705 7299
2001 83340 20905 200
64449 11472
Average 16112.25 3824.00
Say 16120 3824

Solution :

Projected
Population
Projected
Decade Population Incremental with 10%
Year Last Census Increment Population
(n) (Persons) Increase Floating
(Persons)
Population
(Persons)
2001 83340
2010 83340 0.9 16120 97848 3270 101118 112000
2011 83340 1.00 16120 99460 3824 103284 114000
2016 83340 1.50 16120 107520 7170 114690 127000
2021 83340 2.00 16120 115580 11472 127052 140000
2026 83340 2.50 16120 123640 16730 140370 155000
2031 83340 3.00 16120 131700 22944 154644 171000
2036 83340 3.50 16120 139760 30114 169874 187000
2041 83340 4.00 16120 147820 38240 186060 205000

ABSTRACT

2010 Present 101118 101120

Year Population Population
2011 (Base Year)
(Persons) 103284
Ratio 103290
2026 (Intermediate) 140370 140370
1961 18891
2041
1971 (Ultimate)
28324 186060
1.50 186060
1981 41730 1.47
1991 62435 1.50
2001 83340 1.33
Latest Ratio 1.33
Average Ratio 1.45
Maximum Ratio 1.50

Average Geometric Ratio Method Maximum Geometric Ratio Method

Year Population Decade Projected Year Population Decade Projected
(Persons) (Persons)
2010 83340 1.40 116501 2010 83340 1.44 119995
2011 83340 1.45 120919 2011 83340 1.50 124955
2016 83340 1.75 145651 2016 83340 1.84 153004
2021 83340 2.11 175442 2021 83340 2.25 187350
2026 83340 2.54 211327 2026 83340 2.75 229405
2031 83340 3.05 254551 2031 83340 3.37 280900
2036 83340 3.68 306616 2036 83340 4.13 343955
2041 83340 4.43 369331 2041 83340 5.05 421165

Latest Geometric Ratio Method

Year Population Decade Projected Rounded

(Persons) Population
(Persons)
2010 83340 1.30 108078 108080
2011 83340 1.33 111245 111250
2016 83340 1.54 128526 128530
2021 83340 1.78 148492 148500
2026 83340 2.06 171560 171570
2031 83340 2.38 198212 198220
2036 83340 2.75 229004 229010
2042 83340 3.17 264579 264580

Average Geometrical Ratio Method Maximum Geometrical Ratio Method

P2010 Present 116501 116510 P2010 Present 119995 120000

P2011 (Base Year) 120919 120920 P2011 (Base Year) 124955 124960
P2026 (Intermediate) 211327 211330 P2026 (Intermediate) 229405 229410
P2041 (Ultimate) 369331 369340 P2041 (Ultimate) 421165 421170

Latest Geometrical Ratio Method

P2010 Present 108078 108080

P2011 (Base Year) 111245 111250
P2026 (Intermediate) 171560 171570
P2041 (Ultimate) 264579 264580
 46

Year Population(X) LOG X

(Persons)
1961 18891 4.28
1971 28324 4.45
1981 41730 4.62
1991 62435 4.80
2001 83340 4.92
2010 112372 5.05
2011 125893 5.10
2016 151356 5.18
2021 186209 5.27
2026 223872 5.35
2031 269153 5.43
2036 323594 5.51
2041 389045 5.59

1000000 6.00

100000 5.00

10000 4.00

1000 3.00
POPULATION
Series2

100 2.00

10 1.00

1 0.00
1961

1971

1981

1991

2001

2010

2011

2016

2021

2026

2031

2036

2041

OVER ALL ABSTRACT OF TOTAL PROJECTED POPULATION

Year A.P. G.P. Incre. Geometric Ratio Method Graphical

Avg. Max. Latest (Rounded)
2010 (Present) 97850 116090 101120 116510 120000 108080 112372
2011 (Base Year) 99460 120440 103290 120920 124960 111250 125893
2026 (Intermediate) 123640 209240 140370 211330 229410 171570 223872
2041 (Ultimate) 147820 363500 186060 369340 421170 264580 389045

OVER ALL ABSTRACT OF TOTAL PROJECTED POPUATION

Year Incremental increase Total population with FINAL
method for total 10% risk factor POPULATION
population calculation (Persons)

2010 (Present) 101120 111232 112000

2011 (Base Year) 103290 113619 114000
2026 (Intermediate) 140370 154407 155000
2041 (Ultimate) 186060 204666 205000
 47

2. Hydraulic design of pumping station and pumping machinery.

Design Considerations
NODE 1
Ground Level 124.15
Invert Level 118.2
Diameter of Incoming Pipe (mm) 350
Diameter of Outfall Pipe (mm) 900
Leading Manhole (LM)/Point Collection Well
Ground Level of LM 124
Invert Level of LM 122.5
Distance 1500
Min. Invert of Connecting Pipe 1
Population 127700
Design Flow (lps) 576.42

Design
Identification 1
Design Flow (lps) 576.42
Design Flow (cum/min) 34.5854
Detention Period (min) 30
Volume (cum) 1037.56
Sewage Depth (m) 3
Area (Sq m) 345.85
Diameter (m) 20.99
Say 21.00

GLRL 124.15
ILRL 118.20
Free Board (m) 0.30
FSLRL (m) 117.90
Sewage Depth (m) 3.00
Bottom RL 114.90
Depth of Lifting Station (m) 9.25
Distance (m) 1500.00
Leading Manhole ( LM) Collection Well
GLRL of LM 124.00
ILRL of LM 122.50
ILRL of Connecting Pipe 123.10
Depth of Leading Manhole (m) 1.50
Static Head (m) 8.20
 48

Puming Macinery at Node No.1

Design Flow (lps) 576.42
Design Flow (MLD) 49.80
Static Head (m) 8.20
Friction Loss (m) 6
Other Losses (m) 0.6
Manifold Losses (m) 1
Total Head (m) 15.80
Efficiency (%) 0.6
HP 202.389
Say 210.000
KW 156.660
Say 156.700
Over Loading Factor 0.850
KW Required 184.353
Say 184.400
Cost/KW 25000
Cost of Pump 4610000
Number of Pump Sets 2
Total Cost of Pump (Rs.) 9220000

3. Design of STP is given below:

PROCESS

1 Primary treatment
2 Secondary treatment

1 PRIMARYTREATMENT
a. Barscreenchamber To remove suspendedmatter
b. Grit removal chamber To remove grit / hardmatter
Proportional flowweiris provdedto control flowvelocity at different flows.
Boththe process protect abnormal wear&tearof mechanical equipments, helps insatisfactory operationof treatment units, reduce the cleaning frequency of aerated
lagoons andavoiddepositioninpipelines, etc.

2 SECONDARYTREATMENT.
a. AeratedLagoon: Stage I Boththe stages canbe termedas Biological Process as inorganic matteris
b. AeratedLagoon: Satge II removedinprimary treatment. Thus, mainly biodegradable organic matteris
removedinsecondary treatment.

AeratedLagoons are providedto remove the soluble andinsoluble organic matterinwaste wateri.e. sewage by virtue of aerobic microbes. The oxygenrequiredby
microbes is providedby surface aerators.

3 SEWAGECHLORINATION

a. Chlorine Mixing Unit Mixedby Hydraulic Turbulance

b. Chlorine Contact Chamber DetaininContact Chamber
c. Chlorine Feeding &Storage Room Feeders installed-tonnerstacked
 49

DESIGNPARAMETERS
1 Screencham ber
a. Velocity 1.2m
/s
b. ScreenBarSpacing 25mm
c.Barsize-10x50m mflats
d. ScreenSlope 45m anualoperation
e. HfthroughScreens 0.15to0.30mm anualoperation

2 GritCham ber
a. SpecificGravityofParticles 2.65
b. ParticalSize 0.15
c. Minim umTem perature 15C
d. Kinem aticViscosity 1.14X10^-6 sqm/sat15degree
e. FrictionFactor 0.03
f. SettlingVelocity AsperStoke'sLawandTransitionLaw
g.DetentionTim e 60s
h.FlowthroughVelocity 0.3m/s

ProportionalW eirisprovidedtocontrolthe
3 Q=CbxSqrt(2agx(h-(a/3))
horizontalvelocity

4 AeratedLagoon(Facultativetype)
a.RawBOD(m g/l)
b.SuspendedSolids(m g/l)
c.Overallsubstraterem ovalrateconstant(K/d) 0.8
d.DispersionNum ber 0.1to4.0
e.W asteW aterTem perature 25C
f. OxygenRequiredinAeration(kg/d) Ultim
ateBODrem ovalinkg/d
g.AeratorCapacityinfield 1.6kgO2/Kwh
h.SlugdeDepth(m ) Considerationof5yrssludgeaccum ulation
i. DetentionTime 5days
j.LiquidDepth(m ) 6mm aximumincludingsludgedepostion
k.BafflesProvidedineachAeratedLagoon 2No.ofBaffles

5 Chlorination
a. ChlorineDose 15m g/l
b. DetentionTimeofMixingCham ber 30to60sec
c. DetentionTimeinChlorineContactCham
ber 30to60m in
 50

PROCESSDESIGNCALCULATIONS

1 SCREENCHAMBER

Designflow-26.65MLD Say 27.00 MLD

0.31 cum/sec
PeakFactor 3
Qmax 0.94 cum/sec
81 MLD
Providetwochannelsinoneunit
Qmaxineachchannel 0.47 cum/sec
VelocitythroughScreenatPeakFlow 1.2 m/s
AreaofScreen 0.78 Sq.m
LetLiquidDepth 0.6 m
FreeBoard 0.3 m
TotalDepth 0.9 m
EffectiveWidthofScreenRequired 1.25 m

ScreenBarSpacing 25 mm
BarSize-10x50mmflats
NumberofSpacings 50 Nos
NumberofBars 49 Nos

ActualWidthofScreen 1.74 m
Say 1.75 m
Inclinationofthebar 45 Degree
Inclinedlengthofbars 1.31 m
horizontalprojectedlength 1 m
LengthofPerforatedplate 1.75 m
DepthofScreeningpocket(Assumed) 0.15 m
Widthofscreen(Assumed) 1.40 m
Lengthofoutletzone 2.0 m
AssumeLengthofinletzone 1.0 m
Toatallengthofscreenchannel 4 m
Netarearequiredforthescreenchamber 14 sqm
Grossarearequiredforthescreenchamber 21 sqm
Thus, providetwoscreenchambersofdimension1.75mx4mx0.9meach.

Checkforheadloss
VelocitythroughScreen 1.2 m/sec
VelocityafterScreen 0.89 m/sec

NowheadlossthroughscreenatQmax 0.05 m

Quantityofscreening
ScreenProductionfor25mmopeninganda
maximumflowof81MLD 0.0015 cum/MLofflow

QuantityofScreening
0.1215 cum/day
Cleaningcanbedonemanuallyevery3daysforanapproximatequantityof0.3645cumsay(0.1215*3)whichis
equivalentto365litresevery3days.
 51

2 GRIT CHAMBER

Design peak flow 81 MLD

81000 cum/d
0.94 cum/sec

Specific Gravity of Particals 2.65

Partical Size 0.15 mm
Settling Velocity as per Transition Law 0.0168 m/s
1451.7 cum/sqm/d
Surface Over Flow Rate 1451.7 cum/sqm/d
Actual Surface Over Flow Rate for very good performance having 814.29 cum/sqm/d
80% efficiency
Surface Area of Grit Channel 99.5 sqm
Let Detention Time in Grit Channel 60 sec
Flow through Velocity 0.3 m/s
As mininmum two channels are required for the continuous operation of the grit chamber, so two channels are
provided.
Q peak in one Channel 0.47 cum/s
Cros Sectional Area of each Channel 1.56 sqm
Length of the Channel 18.00 m
Now width of each channel (assumed) 1.50 m
Total Length with inlet and oulet provision 19.8 m
Say 20 m
Depth of the Channel 1.04 m
Say 1.10 m
Free Board 0.3 m
Depth for Grit Collection 0.2 m
Total Depth 1.60 m
Net Volume 30 cum
Thickness of dividing wall between two channel 0.5 m
Net area for grit chamber 70 sqm
Gross area for a grit chamber 105 sqm
Thus, provide two channels, each of 20 m x 1.5 m x 1.6 m and a grit chamber of 20 m x 3.5 x 1.6 m

3 PROPORTIONAL FLOW WEIR

Channel Constant (a) 0.035 m

Total Depth 1.60 m
C for symmetrical sharp-edged weir 0.6
h at peak flow 1.1 m

For each channel

Q =Cb x Sqrt(2ag x (h- (a/3)) 0.47 cum/s
b 0.85 m
Corresopnding to the value of water depth of 0.35
0.425 m
m, weir width
Width of weir at Hmax 0.048 m
Total Width of Design Crest 1.5 m
Total Depth of the Weir Plate 1.9 m
Total Width of the Weir Plate 1.5 m
 52

4 AERATED LAGOON

Design Flow 27.00 MLD

27000 cum/d
Population 205000 souls
Per capita sewage contribution 130 lpcd
Raw BOD 346.15 mg/l
Say 350 mg/l
Suspended Solid 538.5 mg/l
Say 540 mg/l
Nitrogen 61.54 mg/l
Say 70 mg/l

Overall substrat removal ratio K/d 0.8

Minimum Temperature 10 C
Waste Water Temperature 25 C
O2 Required Ultimate BOD in kg removed
Sludge Accumulation 5 years
Minimum Detention Time 5 days
Liquid Depth 5 m

The facultative type aerated lagoon system is divided into two parallel equal streams. Each stream is divided into
two stages, I and II.
Flow Per Stream 13500 cum/d
Let Detention Time for Stage I 2.5 days
Volume of each Ist Stage Lagoon 33750 cum

Let Liquid Depth 5 m

Area of Lagoon 6750 sqm
Provide average lagoon size with side slope 1:1.5 135 x50 m
Dimension of each lagoon at top WL 142.5X57.5 m

For D/UL=Dt/L*L
where, L 675 m
W 10 m
D=33 x W 330
Thus, D/UL 0.04
Now, Lagoon Temperature in Winter t/h = Ti - Tw / f(Yw - Ta)

2.25/5 = (25 - Tw) / 0.49(Tw -10 ) = 25 - Tw / 0.49Tw - 4.90

Tw 22.29 C

K L 22.29 0.87
K L 22.29 x t 2.2
For D/UL = 0.04 and K Lt =2.2, BOD removal (from 85 %
figure 3.6 of Arceivala)

BOD removal 298 mg/l

Soluble BOD removal at outlet of Ist stage Aerated 53 mg/l

Lagoon
Suspended Solids at inlet of Ist stage 540 mg/l
Suspende Solids at inlet of Aerated Lagoon 432 mg/l
( 20% removal of SS in Screen & Grit Chamber)

Volatile Suspended Solids at inlet of Ist stage AL 324 mg/l

Considering 50% Equisent Area of Lagoon, 85 %

efficiency of Suspended Solids removal

Volatile Suspended Solids at Ist stage lagoon outlet 49 mg/l

Total BOD at Ist stage Aerated Lagoon 90 mg/l

Overall Efficiency 74 %

For 2nd stage Aerated Lagoon

With same size of lagoon the efficiency of BOD 85 %
removal
Soluble BOD at outlet of 2nd Aerated Lagoon outlet 13 mg/l

Volatile Suspended Solids at inlet of 2nd stage, 49 mg/l

85% retained in Aerated Lagoon

Volatile Suspended Solids at outlet of 2nd stage 7 mg/l

Aerated Lagoon

Total BOD at outlet of 2nd stage Aerated Lagoon 19 mg/l (which is less than 30 mg/l)

Net Lagoon area 32775 sqm

Gross area including embankment and slopes 49163 sqm
4.9 hectare
 53

5 SLUDGE ACCUMULATION

Population 205000 souls

Sludge Accumulation Rate 0.05 cum/soul/yr
Total Quantity of Sludge per year 10250 cum/year
As the accumulated sludge undergoes a linear decomposition, 60 % decomposition of Volatile Suspended Solids
take place within one year and rest 40 % reduction takes place at the end of fourth year.

Sludge Quantity for 5th Year 34850 cum

Total Quantity of Sludge generated in Aerated

8713 cum
lagoon at the end of fifth year

Bottom Area of Lagoon 6750 sqm

Extra Depth required for Sludge Storage 1.06 m

m (this depth is provided extra
Say 1.00 at each lagoon)

6 POWER REQUIREMENT

1st stage Aerated Lagoon

Total Soluble BOD 4725 kg/day
Now, BODu = BOD5 4725 kg/day
O2 Required 6945.75 kg/day
BOD Removal Efficiency 85 %
Overall Oxygen Requirement 5903.8875 kg/day
246.00 kg/hr

Oxygenation Capacity of Surface Aerators 2-2.2 kgO2/KW/hr

Field Correction Factor 0.8
Oxygenation Capacity at field condition 1.6 kgO2/KW/hr
KW required for each 1st stage Aerated Lagoon 154 KW
206 HP
Thus, provide 10 aerators each of 20 HP for each 1st stage AL.

2nd stage Aerated Lagoon

BODu at inlet 1042 kg/day
Now with 75% reduction, O2 required 886 kg/day
36.90 kg/hr
Power Required 23 KW
2nd stage Volume of each Aerated Lagoon 33750.00 cum
Minmum Power Required per Lagoon 0.00075 KW/cum
Total Power required per Lagoon 25 KW
19 HP
Thus, provide 10 aerators each of 2HP for each 2nd stage AL.

7 CHLORINATION SYSTEM

Chlorine Contact Tank

Design Flow 27000 cum/d
1125.00 cum/hr
Detention Time in Chlorine Contact Tank 30 min
Volume of Tank 562.50 cum
Let Liquid Depth 1.5 m
Side of Tank 19 m
Size of Tank 20x20x1.5 m

Chlorine Requirement

Volume of Chlorine Required 405 kg/day

17 kg/hr
Thus, provide four chlorinators gravity feed type 5 kg/hr each and two such as stand by.

Total Chlorine Consumption per month 12150 kg

12 MT
14 Tonners
Provide 14 Tonners with 1 Tonner on line
Total Tonners required 15 Tonners
Thus, provide chlorine storage room with gantry for handling 15 Tonners.
Area chlorination plant 425 sqm
Gross area for chlorination plant 638 sqm

8 Gross Area Required for STP (including 50% more

area for future expansion)
5.0 Hectare
 54

4. BOQ of Underground sewerage project.

UNDER GROUND SEWERAGE PROJECT

COST ABSTRACT
Net Cost Including
S. No. Name of Sub Estimates Estimated Cost 3%Contigencies
1 Working Survey 967,300.00 996,319.00

2 Sewer Collecting System

For ZONE I 47,080,350.00 48,492,760.50
For ZONE IIA 19,701,690.00 20,292,740.70
For ZONE IIB 21,335,560.00 21,975,626.80
For ZONE IIC 1,120,680.00 1,154,300.40
For ZONE III 41,168,730.00 42,403,791.90
For ZONE IV 40,853,250.00 42,078,847.50
For ZONE V 30,142,900.00 31,047,187.00
For ZONE VI 74,751,634.00 76,994,183.02
For ZONE VII 3,431,240.00 3,534,177.20
For ZONE VIIIA 15,457,580.00 15,921,307.40
For ZONE VIIIB 28,455,970.00 29,309,649.10

3 Pumping Stations 131,520,000.00 135,465,600.00

4 Pumping Main 47,649,000.00 49,078,470.00

5 Lifting Station 14,999,590.00 15,449,577.70

6 Pumping Machinery 24,415,000.00 25,147,450.00

7 Sewage Treatment Plant 26,143,400.00 26,927,702.00

8 Bye Pass arrangement 3,032,805.00 3,123,789.15

9 Power Procurement 2,500,000.00 2,575,000.00

10 House to House Connection 99,015,840.00 101,986,315.20

11 Highway and Road Crossing 4,000,000.00 4,120,000.00

Tools and Plants

12 1,985,000.00
Equipments 2,044,550.00

TOTAL PROJECT COST 679,727,519.00 700,119,344.57

Say Rs 679,727,520.00 700,119,340.00