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This study examines the adequacy of the ACI Code approach, mod- encountered loading case of combined bending and shear.
ified for the inclusion of transverse openings, for shear design of a Only recently, Mansur19 proposed a design method that is
beam with circular openings. Seven T-beams with circular web similar to the ACI Code approach20 for solid beams. It is
openings were designed for moderate to high shear force and based on the test results of joists (unreinforced in shear) con-
tested in an inverted position to simulate the conditions that exist
in the negative moment region of a continuous beam. Test results
taining a small opening, as reported by Hanson,12 and Somes
indicate that crack control and preservation of ultimate strength and Corley,13 as well as the observations made by Salam14
may be achieved by providing reinforcement around the opening. without any experimental verification. The Architectural In-
Diagonal bars were found to reduce the high stress in the compres- stitute of Japan21 has adopted a different approach22 based
sion chord, thus avoiding premature crushing of the concrete. The on the truss model, but this also lacks adequate experimen-
modified ACI approach has been found to give conservative design tal substantiation. Further research on the topic is therefore
provided the reinforcement is properly detailed near the opening warranted.
region.
The study reported in this paper was aimed primarily at
checking the adequacy of Mansurs19 modified ACI Code
Keywords: beams; cracking; deflection; design; openings; shear strength;
test. method for designing a beam with small openings.
A v f yv
- ( d v d o ) + A d f yd sin
V s = V sv + V sd = ----------- (3)
s
where Vsv and Vsd are the contributions of vertical and diag-
onal reinforcement, respectively; Av and Ad are the areas of
vertical and diagonal reinforcement, respectively; fyv and fyd
are the yield strengths of vertical and diagonal reinforce-
ment, respectively; s is the spacing of the stirrups; and is
the inclination of diagonal reinforcement to the beam axis.
Frame-type failure
For this type of failure, each chord member behaves as an
independent entity similar to that in a framed structure.
Therefore, according to Mansur,19 each member should be
Fig. 1Shear resisted by stirrups and diagonal bars.
designed separately for the respective forces transmitted
through it. As shown in Fig. 2, the applied moment Mu is re-
sisted by the usual bending mechanism, that is, by the couple
formed by the compressive and tensile stress resultants Nu in
the members above and below the opening. These stress re-
sultants may be obtained as
Mu
( N u ) t = ----------------
- = ( Nu )b (4)
d a ---
2
Maximum shear issues while assessing the modification proposed to the ACI
To ensure yielding of stirrups when the shear strength is Code approach.
reached and, hence, to avoid web-crushing failure, the upper
limit on Vu for prismatic beam has been set in the Code20 as Test specimens
Table 1 and Fig. 3 show the details of this test program. All
[ V u ] max = 5 V c (7) beams were 2.9 m long and contained a central stub to repre-
sent a continuous support. The cross section consisted of a
400 mm deep and 200 mm wide web with a 100 mm thick
where is the strength reduction factor taken as 0.85. and 700 mm wide flange. The openings were located in the
For beams with small openings, it was suggested that the web with a clearance of 50 mm from the flange and with
maximum be limited for the sections above and below the their centers located at a distance of 625 mm away from the
opening, as well as the overall section through the opening, center of the stub. The general arrangement of reinforcement
in accordance with Eq. (7) to avoid primary crushing failure. can be seen in Fig. 3.
In the latter case, however, the value of Vc to be used in Eq. (7) The seven test beams were divided into two series. Series 1
should be calculated by Eq. (2). consists of four beams, S, R-1, R-2, and R-3, where the solid
Beam S was included to serve as a reference. It was designed
Crack control for a shear capacity of 326 kN using the traditional ACI Code
To achieve adequate crack control around a large rectan- method.20 Each of the remaining beams in this series was
gular opening, Mansur3 suggested the use of a combination also designed for the same shear capacity, but contained a
of both vertical stirrups and diagonal bars at each side of the 150 mm diameter circular opening on each side. The opening
opening. It was proposed that a shear concentration factor effect, however, was accounted for by following Mansurs19
of 2 be used such that the diagonal bars provide at least 75% modified ACI Code approach.
of the shear resistance. Thus, for each side of the opening, Beam R-1 was designed for the same shear capacity as
the required area of vertical stirrups Av is given by the solid beam using the modified ACI Code method, that
is, using Eq. (1) to (6). Beam R-2 was identical to R-1, ex-
0.25 ( V ) cept that two additional high yield diagonal bars 10 mm in
A v = ----------------------- (8) diameter (designated T10) were provided at 45 degrees on
f yv
each side of the opening for crack control. This resulted in
the diagonal bars shear carrying capacity of 52% of the total
The vertical stirrups should be placed as close to the edge shear with a shear concentration factor of 1.32. In Beam R-
of the opening as permitted by the concrete cover require- 3, the short stirrups together with the longitudinal bars above
ment. The area of diagonal reinforcement Ad is given as and below the opening and one of the full-depth stirrups
from each side were withdrawn, and the size of diagonal bars
0.75 ( V ) was increased to T13. With these changes, the proportion of
A d = ----------------------- (9) total shear being carried by the diagonal reinforcement in-
f yd sin
creased to 79% with a shear concentration factor of 1.54.
Thus, these four beams would not only serve as a means to
Mansur19 tentatively recommended the same amount and check the adequacy of the modified ACI Code method, but
distribution of reinforcement in his design proposal for would also provide useful information on how much of the
beams with small openings. total shear should be assigned to the diagonal reinforcement
and what value of should be used to achieve adequate
TEST PROGRAM crack control.
It should be noted that there are a few critical issues that Series 2 was basically planned to check whether the ACI
need to be adequately addressed. These include proportion- limit (see Eq. (7)) on maximum shear stress for solid beams
ing of the total shear between the two chords, adequacy of can still be applied to beams with openings, provided the cal-
Eq. (7) to prevent web crushing failure, and the reinforcement culation is based on the net section through the opening. To
requirement to achieve an acceptable level of crack control. achieve this objective, the size of opening had to be increased
The present experiments have been designed to address these to 200 mm and the beams were designed, using the modified
ACI method, for a high shear force of approximately 830 kN. force carried by the diagonal reinforcement in Beams R-2
Based on a design concrete strength of 40 MPa, this corre- and R-3 corresponded respectively to 51 and 76% of the total
sponded to a maximum shear value of 6.7Vc and 11Vc for shear, with the shear concentration factor being 0.95 and
the solid and net sections, respectively. The beams were pro- 0.96, respectively.
vided with sufficient flexural reinforcement to induce a shear
failure prior to flexural distress. Test setup, instrumentation, and test procedure
The three beams, R-4, R-5, and R-6, in this series were The beams were cast in a plywood mold using concrete
provided with the arrangement of shear reinforcement supplied by a ready-mix company. The target cylinder com-
around the opening that was the same as that in Beams R-1, pressive strength was 40 MPa. For each beam, three 150 mm
R-2, and R-3, respectively. But, because of high shear, the x 300 mm concrete cylinders were prepared. The beams and
amount was different, as can be seen in Fig. 3. The shear the control specimens were demolded the next day, cured for
cracks emerged in a sudden manner between the top of open- unaffected by the presence of an opening. The shear cracks ap-
ing and the loading point on the left half-span of the beam. peared earlier in the beams with openings than in the solid
The beam finally collapsed by concrete crushing at the end beam. The diagonal cracking load was almost constant despite
of these inclined cracks near the central stub. the difference in the arrangement of shear reinforcement.
Beam R-6 had a similar overall behavior as Beam R-5 Figure 6 shows the load versus maximum crack width
(Fig. 4(b)). When the applied load reached 920 kN, the con- curves. In Beams S and R-1, the shear crack width exceeded
crete in the compression zone near the central stub crushed the flexural crack width shortly after shear cracking and re-
on one side of the beam. When failure occurred, numerous mained the widest up to ultimate. In Beams R-2 and R-3,
cracks emerged in different directions in the compression which had diagonal bars beside the openings, the widest
chord above the right opening (Fig. 5). This may be due to crack was always of the flexural type.
the lack of any stirrups in the compression chord. To evaluate the effect of an opening on the serviceability
limit state of cracking, the solid beam is taken as the refer-
Cracking characteristics ence for which the service load is calculated as 268.6 kN by
The load at which first vertical (flexural) and diagonal dividing the experimental ultimate load by a factor of 1.7. At
(shear) cracks occurred are summarized in Table 1. In Series 1, this load, the solid beam exhibited a maximum crack with of
shear cracking was always preceded by flexural cracking, and 0.27 mm, less than the maximum width of 0.3 mm that is
the load at which the first flexural crack occurred was relatively generally allowed in building codes20 for indoor conditions.
As can be noted from Table 1, however, the maximum crack for each beam is taken as its own experimental collapse load
width at the same load level exceeded this permissible value divided by a factor of 1.7. For the beam with vertical stirrups
in Beam R-1. This serves as a warning that the provision of only (Beam R-4), the maximum crack width at service load
an opening without any diagonal reinforcement for crack is larger than the permissible value for serviceability require-
control might seriously affect the serviceability limit state of ment, that is, 0.3 mm for indoor conditions. For Beams R-5
cracking. and R-6, the proportions of shear resistance provided by di-
On the other hand, the maximum crack widths at the as- agonal bars were 51 and 76%, respectively, with the shear
sumed service load for Beams R-2 and R-3 are less than that concentration factors being 0.95 and 0.96, respectively. It
of the solid beam. Diagonal bars are therefore essential for can be seen that the diagonal reinforcement provided in
shear crack control. Comparing Beams R-2 and R-3, whose Beam R-5 was still not sufficient for achieving adequate
diagonal bars were designed to carry 52 and 79% of the ap- crack control, while those in Beam R-6 could barely satisfy
plied shear force, the maximum shear crack width curves the serviceability requirement. Hence, a larger value of of
show little difference. Because the shear concentration fac- at least 1.3, as in the case of Series 1 beams, should be used
tors for R-2 and R-3 were 1.32 and 1.54, respectively, it may for crack control.
be concluded that using diagonal bars to carry 50% of the
shear force with a shear concentration factor of 1.3 seems to Shear force carried by chord members
be adequate for crack control around a circular opening. The shear forces calculated5 from the strains measured by
The flexural cracking load for the beams in Series 2 was the 60-degree rosette at different stages of loading are plot-
also independent of the amount and arrangement of shear re- ted in Fig. 7. For Beams R-1 and R-4, which did not have any
inforcement around the openings (Table 1). The shear crack- diagonal bars, the applied shear force was basically distrib-
ing load for Beam R-4, however, which had only vertical uted in proportion to the cross-sectional areas of the chords
stirrups as shear reinforcement, was 100 kN, much less than prior to the shear cracking load. But after the first shear crack
those of Beams R-5 and R-6 (that is, 160 and 150 kN, respec- occurred, the compression chord above the opening tended
tively). Compared with the beams in Series 1, it is seen that to carry more shear force. This is due to the development of
when the opening is enlarged, as in Series 2, the diagonal bars the cracks in the tension chord, which reduced its shear car-
serve to delay shear cracking at the edge of the openings. rying capacity. At ultimate, the compression chords in
The load versus maximum crack width curves for Series 2 Beams R-1 and R-4 carried 79 and 70% of the applied shear
beams are plotted in Fig. 6(b), and the maximum crack force, respectively, while their cross-sectional areas were 57
widths at service load are given in Table 1. The service load and 50% , respectively, of the net cross section.
For the other beams with diagonal bars placed beside the shape, and the compression chord had a larger depth towards
openings, the diagonal shear crack passing through the cen- its ends.
ter of opening was well arrested, and the two chord members Test results indicate that diagonal bars not only provide
carried the applied shear in proportion to the cross-sectional crack control, but also serve as shear reinforcement. Al-
areas up to ultimate. Therefore, it seems that the assumption though small stirrups above and below the openings are not
of distributing the total shear between the two chords in pro- necessary if the diagonal bars can resist the shear force in the
portion to their cross-sectional areas is valid only when suf- chord members, these stirrups should be provided nominally
ficient diagonal bars are provided close to the opening. for structural integrity.