Contents

Introduction

Classification of Signals

Classification of Continuous Time Signals

Transformation of Independent Variable t

Basic Continuous Time Signals

2
 Introduction

 Signal
The signals are detectable physical quantities that vary with time,
space or any other independent variable or variables e.g. voltage,
current, and spring displacement.

 System
 A system is a set of elements or functional blocks that are
connected together and produces an output signal in response to
applied input signal.
OR
 A device or set of rules defining the functional relation between the
input and output is known as system

3
 Classification of Signals

There are two main categories of signals:

o Continuous time (CT) Signals

o Discrete time (DT) Signals

4
 Continuous Time (CT) Signal

The signal is defined at all values of times t , where t is

continuous variable, this is known as continuous time signal.

5
 Discrete Time Signal

When signal is specified at certain time instants it is termed as

discrete-time signal.

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 Classification of CT Signals

 Even and Odd Signals

 Periodic and Aperiodic Signals

 Deterministic and Random Signals

 Energy and Power Signals

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 Classification of CT Signals

 Even Signals
If by changing independent variable, without changing
dependent value the magnitude of the signal remains same, the
signal is termed as even signal.
 A signal x(t) is said to be even if

x(t ) = x(t )
is satisfied.

 Cosine Signal in an Even Signal.

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 Classification of CT Signals

 Odd Signals
When independent variable is changed and there is significant
change in the amplitude of function, it is called odd signal.
 A signal x(t) is said to be odd if

x(t ) = x(t )
is satisfied.

 Sine is an Odd Signal.

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 Classification of CT Signals
 Periodic Signals
A signal is said to be periodic with period T for which the signal is
advanced in time and hence it remains unchanged.
 The signal x(t) must satisfy the following condition to be periodic in
nature
x (t ) = x (t+ T )

10
 Classification of CT Signals

Aperiodic Signals

For an aperiodic signals,

x (t ) x (t+ T )

11
 Classification of CT Signals

Deterministic Signals
The signals which can be described uniquely by a mathematical
expression , table , graph or a well defined rule are known as
deterministic signals.

Random Signals
If the signals can not be described by a formula or graph , they are
known as random signals.
These signals take random values at given time.
They should be characterized statistically.
The examples of random signals are the sound signal in a radio ,
the data signals in a computer , picture signals in a TV, and noise
signals

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 Classification of CT Signals

 Energy Signal
Any signal, squared and integrated over time where it exists is
energy signal.

T
Lim 2
E =
T
T
x (t ) dt

 A signal x(t) is said to be energy signal if

0 < E < & P = 0

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 Classification of CT Signals

 Power Signal
Time average of energy signal is Power signal, they contain
infinite energy.

T 2
Lim 1
P = x (t ) dt
T 2T T

 A signal x(t) is said to be power signal if

0 < P < & E =

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 Classification of CT Signals

Example
Check the following are energy or power signals.

(i) x(t) = Ae - 2 t for t 0

(ii) x(t ) = cos 2 f 0 t
Solution (i)
x(t) = Ae - 2 t for t 0

2
E =

0
x (t ) dt

2
E =

0
Ae -2t
dt
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Classification of CT Signals

E =

0
A 2
e - 4 t dt

2
A
E = ( ) e - 4 t
4
0
2
A
E =
4

A2
since 0 < E = < , x(t) is an energy signal
4

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 Classification of CT Signals

Solution
(ii) x(t ) = cos 2 f 0 t

T
2
E =
T
limt

T
x ( t ) dt

T
E =
T
limit

T
cos 2
( 2 f 0 t ) dt

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 Classification of CT Signals

1 T
E = limit ( 1 + cos 4 f 0 t) dt
T 2 T
1 T 1 T
E = limit ( 1 ) dt + lim it cos 4 f 0 t dt
T 2 T T 2 T

The second integral is zero and the first one is .

E=

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 Classification of CT Signals

1 T
2
P = limit x ( t ) ) dt
T 2T T
1 1 T
P = limit ( ) ( 1 ) dt
T 2 T 2 T
1 1
P = 2T =
4T 2

Thus this signal has a non - zero and finite average power but infinite total energy.
Hence, it is a power signal.

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 Transformation of Independent
Variable t

Transformation of Independent variable that is time t is defined in

three ways:

o Time Shifting

o Time Reversal

o Time Scaling

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 Transformation of Independent
Variable t
 Time Shift
 A very important transformation of independent variable is time
shift.
 Time shift in continuous time signal x(t) illustrated in figure, in
which x(t-t0) represents
 A delayed version of x(t) if t0 is positive.
 An advanced version of x(t) if t0 is negative.

A continuous time signal x(t) In this t0<0,so x(t-to) represents

advanced version of x(t) 21
 Transformation of Independent
Variable t
 Application of Time shifted signals in

 Radars, sonar, and seismic signal processing in which several

receivers at different locations observe a signal being transmitted
through a medium (water , rock , air etc).

 In this case the difference in propagation time from the point of

origin of the transmitted signal to any two receivers results in a time
shift between the signals at two receivers.

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 Transformation of Independent
Variable t
 Time Reversal
 The second basic transformation of time axis is time reversal.
 Time reversal is the mirror image of the given signal x(t).
 The mirror image signal x(-t) can be obtained from x(t) by a
reflection about t=0.

A continuous time signal x(t) x(-t) is reflection of x(t) at t=0

23
 Transformation of Independent
Variable t
 Time Scaling
 Time Scaling is the scaled time according to input for e.g. x(2t) will
be a compact signal as compared to x(t).
 In figure there is illustration of three signals, x(t),x(2t),and x(t/2) ,
that are related by linear scale changes in the independent variable.

Continuous time signals related by time scaling.. 24

 Basic Continuous Time Signals

 Unit Impulse Function

 The unit impulse function (t) also known as Dirac delta function ,
plays a central role in system analysis.
 Traditionally , unit impulse function is often defined as limit of
suitably chosen conventional function having unity area over an
infinitesimal time interval as shown in figure.

25
 Basic Continuous Time Signals

 Unit Impulse Function

 The signal which exist at t = 0 (time =0) is called a Unit Impulse or
delta function.
 It is represented by

(t ) = 1 at t = 0

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 Basic Continuous Time Signals
 Unit Step Function
The Signal which exist in single step is called a Unit step function.
 The unit step function u ( t ) is also known as Heaviside unit
function , is defined as

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 Basic Continuous Time Signals
 Continuous time Exponential Functions
The continuous time exponential function is:

f (t ) = Ae at

 For this we have conditions:

 When a is positive.

 When a is negative.

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 When a is positive
When a is positive we get exponentially growing function as
illustrated with the graph.

1 0

9 .5

8 .5

7 .5

6 .5

6
1 1 .2 1 .4 1 . 6 1 .8 2 2 .2 2 .4 2 .6 2 .8 3

 When a is negative
When a is negative we get exponentially decaying function as
illustrated in graph.
4

3 .5

2 .5

1 .5

0 .5

0
1 1 .2 1 .4 1 .6 1 .8 2 2 .2 2 .4 2 .6 2 .8 3
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