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India,ScienceandTechnology:2008

S&TforRuralIndiaandInclusiveGrowth

StatusofuseofModernImplementsandFarmMachineryand
HandTools


IndranilBiswas&BikramjitSinha

This section is an effort to understand recent changes relating to improved agricultural visvis
hand tools which may have potential impact in the creation of new livelihood opportunity in rural
India. It examines the status of exportimport data and also the dissemination of new technical
knowledge among farmers. Further, a brief introduction to state policies relating to tools and
implementsispresented.Abriefdeliberationonstandardsandcertificationofmodernimplements
andhandtoolsmayhelpourpolicyplannerstomakecountryscomprehensiveplanforfutureagri
mechanization, including creation of some new routes to job creation in rural areas. All the data
usedhereareindicative,notexhaustive.

Introduction

Indianagricultureisasdiverseasitspeopleduetoitsvariedagroclimaticfeaturesitvariesfrom
the hilly and humid northeast to the plain and arid Rajasthan. Agricultural production in these
diverse areas requires completely different types of farm implements (machines/tools). The land
holdingpatternisdominatedbythesmallandmarginalfarmers(>60%).Thispatternisexpected
todeterioratefurtherduetothelawsofinheritancecommoninIndia.Thisalsodemandsdifferent
types of implements for different types of landholders, basically one type for small and marginal
farmers and another for the medium and large farmers. The small and marginal farmers of India
relymostlyondraughtanimalsfortheirfieldoperations,transportandagroprocessing.Theextent
ofareaunderthecommandofdraughtanimalsisestimatedtobearound57%.Reductionofthis
area through farm mechanization with indigenous technologies would enhance the productivity of
the small and marginal farmers and make them more sustainable. In subsequent issues of India
S&T,specificinstrumentslikebalisticapparatuswillbecoveredindetail.

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Availabilityofinformationaboutnewtechnology(NSSO,2003):

For the rural areas, marketing of the agricultural tools is a big question. Around 40% of farmer
households have problems in accessing information on modern farming technology (NSSO Report
No. 499(59/33/2), 59th round, 2003). The most popular was other progressive farmers with
percentageoffarmerhouseholdsaccessinginformationthroughthesourceas16.7%,followedby
inputdealer(13.1%)andradio(13.0%).

Fig1:Differentsourcesofinformationaboutagriculturaltoolsinpercentage

Source:NSSOreportno.499,59thRound

Among various states percentage of farmerhouseholds accessing information through other

progressive farmers was highest in Andhra Pradesh (34%), Gujarat (30%) and West Bengal
(25%).InthecaseofaccessinginformationthroughinputdealersitwashighestforWestBengal
(36%),AndhraPradesh(30%)andGujarat(24%).RadiowashighestinJammu&Kashmir(36%),
thenKerala(31%)andAssam(29%).Thereportalsoindicatedthatthetwomostpopularsources,
namely other progressive farmers and input dealer were contacted by the farmer households
mainlyonneedbasisorseasonally.

Observation:Inruralareas,disseminationofinformationregardingnewadvancedagriculturaltools
is mainly dispersed through progressive farmers to others, whereas the intervention of KVKs,

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extensionworkers,Governmentdemonstrationsislesseffective.Itaffectstheproperdiffusionof
technicalknowledge.Thereisanurgentneedtofocusoninformationdisseminationforspreading
technicalknowledge.

CreditandFinanceforFarmers

Aftergettinginformationaboutthenewequipmentthenextimportantthingistogetthecreditto
buy the tools because our farmers have low purchasing capacity. The Government provides
incentivestofarmersformodernizationofagriculturewhicharelinkedtocropspecificprogrammes
operated by state governments. State governments may need to strengthen their extension
machineryforprovidinginformationtothefarmers.Agricultural Policy resolution includes special
emphasis for input support to poor farmers with small land holdings and especially for those in
eastern,hillyregions,rainfedanddroughtproneareas.AccordingtothereportfromNABARD,GoI
setatargetofRs.1,75,000crorecreditflowtoagriculturefor200607againstwhichdisbursements
byallagenciesstoodatRs.2,03,296crore,exceedingthetargetby16percent.Commercialbanks,
cooperativebanksandRRBsdisbursedRs.1,40,382crore,Rs.42,480croreandRs.20,434crore
achieving118,104and136percentofthetargets,respectively.Duringtheyear,83.50lakhnew
farmers were brought under the institutional fold, 74.70 lakh fresh KCCs issued, 631 agriclinics
financed,debtreliefofRs.4,873.37croreandRs.673.90croreprovidedtofarmersindistressandin
arrears, respectively. An amount of Rs. 460.06 crore to small/marginal farmers under one time
settlement scheme was provided by banks. Banks also extended loans to the extent of Rs.73.41
croreto27,810farmers,toredeemtheirdebtsavailedfrominformalsources.Insomeofthecases
the subsidy is also available for the agricultural equipments. Agricultural equipments, namely
tractor, power tiller, power threshers, sprinklers, drip irrigation sets, self propelled reapers,
rotavators etc. are available on subsidy under Central Sector Plan Schemes. The subsidy is
availabletothefarmers@25%ofthecostofequipmentsubjecttocertainceilinglimits.

Observation:VeryrecentlyGovt.ofIndiareleasedadebtwaiverschemein2008forthewelfareof
poorfarmers.Thismayhaveprovidedshorttermrelieftothesmallandmarginalfarmers.Butfor
long term gain we need to focus on capacity building of these farmers to sustain in adverse
conditionswithmorecreditsolutions.

MajorfarmmachinerytrainingandtestinginstitutesinIndia

The Farm Machinery Training & Testing Institutes (FMTTI) at Budni (M.P.), Hissar (Haryana),
Garladinne (A.P.) and Bishwanath Chariali (Assam) established by the Government of India have
beenplayingavitalroleinpromotingagriculturalmechanization.
ThetypesoftestsundertakenbyFMTTIsareasunder:

Commercial Tests for establishing performance characteristics of machines which are ready for
commercialproduction.Thefollowingtypesofcommercialtestsareundertaken:InitialCommercial
Testsonindigenousorimportedprototypemachinesreadyforcommercialproduction.BatchTest
onmachines,whichhavealreadyundergoneInitialCommercialTestand/orarebeingmanufactured
commerciallyinthecountry.TestinaccordancewithOECDStandardTestCodeshallbeundertaken
onmachinesonthespecificrequestofthemanufacturer/applicant,exclusivelyforexportpurposes.

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ConfidentialTestsaredoneforprovidingconfidentialinformationontheperformanceofmachines,
whether ready for commercial production or not, or to provide any special data that may be
requiredbythemanufacturer/applicant.

Standards: For wider acceptability and safety of equipments, various Indian Standards applicable
fortestingofdifferenttypesofequipmenthavebeenpublishedbytheBureauofIndianStandards
(BIS). These are available at BIS headquarter at New Delhi and its regional offices at Kolkata,
Chandigarh,Chennai,andMumbai.TheIndianStandardsapplicablefortestingofdifferenttypesof
equipmentsaregiveninTable1intheAppendix.AnonlinefreecatalogisalsoavailableontheBIS
websitefordetailsofStandards.

Observation: Thenumberofcentralfarmmachinerytestingandtrainingcentreissmallcompared
totheagriculturalareaofIndia.Tocoverupthevastpooloffarmers,theoutreachofthetesting
facilitiesneedsbroaden,maybethroughcreationofmorecentres.Infact,anothergatewayofjob
creation in rural India is by imparting training to some nodal rural persons about standards and
giving them rights to certify the rural unorganized small agrimachinery and tools on reasonable
payment basis. In this way we may think of including the large unorganized hand tool and agri
machineryindustryintoourorganizedsystemwithpropersafetymeasuresandglobalacceptance.

UsageofAgriculturalImplementsinruralIndia(NSSO)

Eventoday,majorityofIndianfarmershavethetendencytousewoodenploughratherthaniron
plough.Onanaverage,46householdsareusingwoodenploughand14householdsareusingiron
ploughinruralIndiaper100households.

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Fig2:NumberofdifferentkindofploughownerinruralIndia

Source:NSSOReportNo.408,199192

Fig3:NumberofdifferentkindofpumpuserinruralIndia

Source:NSSOReportNo.408,199192

Figure3clearlyrevealsthatuseofindigenouswaterliftingdevicesismuchmorethantheuseof
mechanizedpumpsexceptincaseofthelargefarmers.

In case of draught power also, use of carts outnumber the use of the mechanized tractor trolley.
Further, it is apparent that intervention for mechanization of farm implements for marginal and
small land holders is negligible in comparison to the large farmers. Total revenue earned from
agriculturalimplementsislessthan1%(http://icai.org/resource_file/11220p119094.pdf).

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Fig4:UsersofmechanizedagriculturalimplementsinruralIndia

Source:NSSOReportNo.408,199192

AgriculturalEquipmentmarket

Agriculture equipment market in India is dominated by private players like Mahindra & Mahindra
(M&M),TAFE,EscortsandPTL(Tractormanufacturesassociation,200405).Theseplayersnotonly
dowellinnationalmarketbutalsoininternationalmarket.

The number of tractors per million hectares of gross cropped area is also increasing. Other
advanced agricultural equipments taken together also show a similar increasing trend in their
numbersduringthesameperiod.IfwefollowtheWorldagriculturalequipmentmarketfortheyear
2006, we observe that India holds only 10% of the world agriequipment market which is
equivalentto$6.6billion(LivestockCensus1992,2003).

Somekeystatistics(UnitedNationESCAP)

Presently Indian agriculture uses 30.00 lakh tractors, which effectively control 41.4 million
ha (28.95% of cultivated area).Presently 1,17,200 power tillers in use, effectively control about
5.61lakhshectares.Thepresentrequirementisabout2.75millionadditionaltractors.Theaverage
annualdemandwillbeabout3.43lakhtractorsoverthenext8years.Forintensivecropping,farm
power availability needs to be increased from 1.35 kW/ha to 2 kW/ha by 2010, mainly due to

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increased use of tractors and power tillers. Approximate annual use (in hours) of a tractor is
currentlybetween600700h/year.

ExportImportdataforAgrimachinery

Thefollowinggraphsshowtheexportimporttrendsforsoilmachinery,dairyandmilkingmachines
and for the tractors over last 12 years. It is based on the values (in 1000 US$) of the particular
item imported or exported as reported in FAOSTAT. These trends show the revenue generation
patternthroughtheexportofagriculturemachinery.

Fig5:Importexportvalueofsoilmachinery(allvaluesinUSD)

Source:http://faostat.fao.org/site/576

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Fig6:Importexportvalueofdairyandmilkingmachinery(allvaluesinUSD)

Source:http://faostat.fao.org/site/576

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Fig7:ImportexportvalueofAgriculturaltractors(allvaluesinUSD)

Source:http://faostat.fao.org/site/576

Observation: More focus on R&D is needed to develop new mechanized agrimachinery that may
helpustoreduceimportdependencyespeciallyindairyandmilkingmachinerysector.

HandTools

Therearearound2,500smallscaleandtinyhandtoolsunitsinIndia.Amongstthesearound350
units are concentrated in Jalandhar and more than 100 units in Ludhiana, and collectively they
employanestimated25,000workers.India'sshareismorethanRs.5billionintheglobalhandtool
market. The manufactured hand tools includes spades, shovels, mattocks, etc hand saws, files,
rasps, pliers, etc pipe cutters, spanners and wrenches, and goldsmith tools, vices and clamps,
anvils, tools for turning, milling, grinding, etc sharp edge tools, etc. Hand Tool industry is an
energyintensiveindustrywithhighscopeforimprovingenergyefficiencyandenergysaving.

ListofToolRoom/ToolDesigncentreswhichcreatenewpathsfordevelopingtools

CentralInstituteofHandTools,Jalandhar
HandToolDesignDevelopmentandTrainingCentre,Nagaur(Rajasthan)
CentralToolRoom,Ludhiana
CentralToolRoomandTrainingCentre,Kolkatta
CentralToolRoomandTrainingCentre,Bhubaneshwar
IndoDanishToolRoom(ITDR),Jamshedpur
CentralInstituteofToolDesign,Hyderabad
ToolRoom&TrainingCentre,Guwahati
IndoGermanToolRoom,Ahmedabad
IndoGermanToolRoom,Aurangabad
IndoGermanToolRoom,Indore
InstituteforDesignofElectricalMeasuringInstrument,Mumbai
ElectronicService&TrainingCenter,Ramnagar
CentralFootwearTrainingInstitute,Chennai
CentralFootwearTrainingInstitute,Agra
CenterforTheDevelopmentofGlassIndustry,Firozabad
Fragrance&FlavourDevelopmentCenter,Kannauj
ProcesscumProductDevelopmentCenter,Meerut

Thesetoolroomsanddesigncentresservetheindustriesin:

a)ToolDesignandProduction:DesignandManufactureofdiesandtools,moulds,jigsandfixtures,
gaugesandtoolcomponentsetc.(upto1micronaccuracy).

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ComputerAidedDesignandComputerAidedManufacturing(CAD/CAM).

HeatTreatmentofalltypesofsteels.QualityControlandTesting.

b)TrainingandConsultancy:Industrybasedlongtermtrainingfortool&diemakers.Short term
trainingformanagers&supervisorstoupgradetheirknowledgeandskill.

Need based technical training for skilled workers/tool makers/machinists etc. Training in CNC
technology,inspection,qualitycontroltestingetc.

StateGovernmentincentivestoSSIrelatedtoagriculturalimplementsandhandtools

GovernmentofAndhraPradeshIndustrialPolicy20002005
Theunitholderwillbeallowedtestingfacilitiesfortheirproducts/rawmaterialsandwillalso
obtain the BIS Certificate, if requirements are met. 20% of the balance 50% investment
subsidy and a maximum of Rs. 2.00 lakhs will be provided on production of respective bills
fromRegistered/ReputedTestingLaboratories/BIS.

GovernmentofM.P(www.mpgovt.nic.in)
IndustrialPolicyandActionPlan1994.ObtaininganISO9000isanimportantstepinhavinga
competitiveedge.TheStateGovernmentwillassistbyreimbursingupto50%ofthefeespaid
toarecognizedcertificationinstitution.

GovernmentofKeralaIndustrialPolicy2001
Grants will be provided to industrial units for quality certification by approved
institutions/research laboratories at the rate of 50% of the expenditure, subject to a
maximumofRs.2lakhsperunit.

GovernmentofKarnataka
Subsidy of 50% of the fees and other charges payable to the Bureau of Indian Standards
(BIS)orRs.5,000/(RupeesFiveThousand),whicheverisless,willbeprovidedtotheunits
whichobtainISICertification.Inaddition,theGovernmentwouldalsoprovidesubsidytoan
extent of 25% or Rs. 25,000/ (Rupees Twenty Five Thousand), whichever is less, towards
settingupoftestingfacilitiesforgettingtheprescribedISICertification.

GovernmentofGujaratIndustrialPolicy2000
Assistance will be provided to industrial units obtaining Quality Certification from approved
institutions/researchlaboratories,attherateof50%oftheexpenditureuptoamaximumof
Rs.2lakhs.

GovernmentofOrissaIndustrialPolicy2001
EncouragesaccreditationwithInternationalQualityTestingAgencies,soastomaketheSSI
unitsinternationallycompetitive.GovernmentofIndia/SIDBI/FIsschemesonTechnologyUp
gradationwillbeactivelypursuedandpromoted.TheTechnologyCell(TBIIP)setupinOSFC
withthehelpofUNIDOwillbestrengthened.VenturecapitalfundofSIDBI/OSFC/IPICOLwill
beavailableforpromotionofI.T.units.

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GovernmentofRajasthanIndustrialPolicy1998
The State Government will institute Quality Awards to accord recognition to entrepreneurs
achieving excellence in quality. Preference will be given to ISI/ISO marked products in
procurement.

GovernmentofJharkhandIndustrialPolicy2001
Small Scale / Ancillary Industries would be encouraged to seek ISI / ISO certification. The
State Government shall facilitate reimbursement of charges for acquiring ISO 9000 (or its
equivalent) certification to the extent of 75% of the cost subject to a maximum of Rs.
75000/ineachcasefromtheCentralGovernment.

GovernmentofPunjabIndustrialPolicyandIncentivesCode1996
Modernization and Technology upgradation incentives shall be granted to the existing SSI
units for obtaining ISO standards and purchase of testing equipment on obtaining ISO
standardwithfinancialassistancefromSIDBI,NSIC,PFCorcommercialbanks.

GovernmentofWestBengalIndustrialPolicy2000
AneligibleIndustrialunitintheSSIsectorshallbereimbursed50%oftheexpenditureuptoa
maximumofRs.5lakhsforinstallingpollutioncontroldevicesandobtainingISICertification/
ISO9000fromapprovedInstitutions/ResearchLaboratories.

Somekeyobservations

Thoughdifferentschemesandfundsareavailableforthehandtoolindustry,stillalargepartofthis
industry falls under unorganized sector and is also neglected. A considerable number of roadside
shopsdealingwithhandtoolmanufacturingsectorhavenorecognition.Inruralareasthepictureis
more discernible. The hand tool industry is mainly unorganized and suffers from lack of
standardization, energy security, job security and has sustainability problems in the competitive
global market. Decentralization of standardization system can create new jobs in rural areas. To
regularizethedevelopmentofthissectorweneedtogeneratealargedatabasefortheuntouched
sectionofthehandtoolindustry.

Referencewebsitesandadditionalreadings:

Departmentofagricultureandcooperation(http://agricoop.nic.in/)
NSSOdataReportno.408,499
Singh, Gyanendra, Agricultural Machinery Industry in India (Manufacturing, marketing and mechanization
promotion)(http://agricoop.nic.in/Farm%20Mech.%20PDF/0502409.pdf)
www.laghuudyog.com

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StateGovt.websitesfordifferentindustrialpolicy
http://www.zinnov.com/presentation/Agriculture_Equipment.pdf
Livestockcensus1992,2003
http://www.douglascountywa.net/departments/tls/projects/Ag_Tools/pdf/Project_Summary.pdf
http://www.nabard.org/FileUpload/DataBank/AnnualReports/ContentEnglish/Content%20Highlights.pdf
http://www.unapcaem.org/ppt/in0001.htm
ReportsofTractorManufacturesAssociation

Appendix

Table:SomeimportantIndianStandardsofagriculturaltools

SNo. Nameoftheagriculturaltools Yearof StandardCode Reaffirmed

issue Year
AgriculturalTractors
1. TestCodeforAgriculturalTractors 1998 IS:5994PartI

&II

2. Guidelines for field performance evaluations of 2001 IS:9253

AgriculturalTractors

3. Dimensionsforthreepointlinkageofagricultural 1977 IS:4468

wheeledtractors

4. Powertakeoffshaftofagriculturaltractors 1997 IS:4931

5. Symbols for operators controls on agricultural 1998 IS:6283

Tractors

6. Code of practice for installation of agricultural 1972 IS:6847

wheeledtractors

7. Guidelines for presentation of operator manuals 1999 IS:8132

andtechnicalpublications

8. Guidelines for location and operation of operator 1983 IS:8133

controlsonagriculturaltractorsandmachinery

9. Agricultural TractorsRecommendations on 1999 IS:12207

Selected Performance Characteristics club with

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previousblock

10. Agricultural Tractorsoperators seatTechnical 1918 IS:12343

Requirements

11. Agricultural Tractors and machineryLighting 1999 IS:14683

devicesfortravelonpublicroads

12. Agricultural TractorsMaximum actuating forces IS:10703

requiredtooperatecontrols

13. Technicalrequirementsofagriculturaltractorsfor 1984 IS:11082

wetlandcultivation

14. Guidelines for declaration of power and specific 1987 IS:10273

fuelconsumption,labelingoftractors

PowerTillers

15. TestCodeforPowerTillers 1988 IS:9935

16. Power TillersSelected Performance 1993 IS:13539

characteristicsRecommendations

SelfPropelledCombineHarvesters

17. CombineHarvesterThresherTestCode Pt1: IS:8122

1994

18. CombineHarvesterThresherTestCode Pt2: IS:8122

2000

Threshers

19. PowerThresherssafetyrequirements 2002 IS:9020

M.BPlough 1990 IS:6288

20. Cropreaper(selfpropelled/tractormounted):

21. TestcodeforCerealharvestingmachines 1995 IS:11467 2001

22. Guardsforharvestingmachines 1983 IS:6024 1999

Knifesectionsforharvestingmachines 1982 IS:6025 1999

TractorTrailers

23. Guidelines for field performance evaluation of 2001 IS:9253

AgriculturalTractors

24. Agricultural TractorsBraking Performance 1994 IS:12061 1998

MethodofTest

BullockDrawnPlough 1998 IS:2192

BullockDrawnRidger IS:2565 1995

25. SeedcumFertilizerdrill:Testcode 1993 IS:6316

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26. Tractor operated Blade Terraces 2002 IS:9813

specifications

27. EquipmentFoggingMachinesspecifications 2001:Pt IS:14855

II

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