Journal of the Saudi Society of Agricultural Sciences (2016) xxx, xxxxxx

King Saud University

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FULL LENGTH ARTICLE

Comparative susceptibility of two developmental

stages of hide beetle (Dermestes maculatus Degeer,
1774) to ginger (Zingiber ocinale Roscoe)
essential oil
Samuel Adelani Babarinde a,*, Monica Onyeche Sunnie-Ododo b,
Wasiu Babatunde Akanbi b, Oyebamiji Oyewole Oyegoke c, Rasaq Tijani a,
Soji Felix Olaobaju a

a
Department of Crop and Environmental Protection, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Ogbomoso, Nigeria
b
Department of Crop Production and Soil Science, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Ogbomoso, Nigeria
c
Department of Pure and Applied Biology, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Ogbomoso, Nigeria

Received 14 January 2016; revised 30 August 2016; accepted 18 September 2016

KEYWORDS Abstract The pesticidal effect of ginger (Zingiber ofcinale Roscoe) essential oil (GEO) against
Ginger; two developmental stages (adult and larva) of Dermestes maculatus De Geer, a key pest of African
Essential oil; catfish (Clarias gariepinus) was evaluated under laboratory condition (32 2 C temperature and
Dermestes species; 70 3% relative humidity). At 6 h after exposure (HAE), 25.80 and 36.23% mortality in
African catfish; 0.99 and 1.33 ll/ml air respectively was significantly (p < 0.05) higher than 9.2% mortality
Lethal dose observed in 0.33 ll/ml air. Percentage mortality observed in 0.991.33 ll/ml air at 12 and 18 HAE
was significantly (p < 0.05) higher than mortality observed in other lower doses of GEO. The
results of the larval bioassay follow the same trend as observed in adult bioassay except that higher
percentage mortality was observed in larva than in adult. At 618 HAE, 28.2590.00% larval mor-
tality at application doses of 0.331.33 ll/ml air was significantly (p < 0.05) higher than 4.60%
mortality observed in the control. The LD50 of GEO against larva at 6 HAE {2.74 (2.173.81)
ll/ml air} was different from 1.69 (1.322.03) ll/ml air and 1.36 (1.051.63) ll/ml air LD50 for
12 and 18 HAE respectively. For adult bioassay, 2.80 (2.503.19) ll/ml air was significantly higher

* Corresponding author.
E-mail addresses: sababarinde@lautech.edu.ng, samdelani@yahoo.com (S.A. Babarinde).
Peer review under responsibility of King Saud University.

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http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jssas.2016.09.003
1658-077X 2016 The Authors. Production and hosting by Elsevier B.V. on behalf of King Saud University.
This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).
Please cite this article in press as: Babarinde, S.A. et al., Comparative susceptibility of two developmental stages of hide beetle (Dermestes maculatus Degeer, 1774) to
ginger (Zingiber ocinale Roscoe) essential oil. Journal of the Saudi Society of Agricultural Sciences (2016), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jssas.2016.09.003
2 S.A. Babarinde et al.

than 1.85 (1.492.21) ll/ml air being LD50 for 12 and 18 HAE. The study reveals that D. maculatus
larva was more susceptible to GEO than adult.
2016 The Authors. Production and hosting by Elsevier B.V. on behalf of King Saud University. This is
an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).

1. Introduction ginger rhizome as protectant of smoke fish against the genus

The African catfish {Clarias gariepinus (Burchell, 1822) Pisces:
Claridae)} is the most popular, wide reared and consumed fish
species in Nigeria and it is being used increasingly to correct
protein deficiency in human diet in the tropics. It is one of
the cheapest animal protein sources which is rich in vitamins
and minerals (FAO, 2004); hence, it is increasing commercial
importance in fisheries and aquaculture. In order to ensure its
all seasons availability and meet diversified consumers taste,
C. gariepinus is being processed into different forms and the
commonest low technology form is smoke-drying. Despite its
several nutritional importances, C. gariepinus is being infested
by various pests, especially after harvest. A number of authors
(Awoyemi, 1991; Fasakin and Aberejo, 2002; Ugwu et al.,
2005; Ajayi et al., 2006; Babarinde et al., 2012; Zakka et al.,
2013) had reported the menace of insect pest infestation on
stored smoked fish. Members of the genus Dermestes species
are major pests of smoke-dried fish in Africa, Asia and some
parts of Europe (Haines, 1991; Lale, 2002).
Stored products insects are known in different agricultural
products including smoked fish products. These insects, if not
controlled, can lead to several losses as they feed on fish flesh,
leave behind bones and release their excretory products, which
ultimately render infested fish unfit for human consumption.
Dermestes maculatus adult and larvae are pestiferous against
C. gariepinus. Therefore, the control of this pest is of para-
mount importance; health or ecological problems posed by
the use of synthetic pesticides should be considered before
the choice of appropriate control strategies. Several attempts
to screen plant materials for insecticidal properties have been
made by scientists in the developing countries in recent time.
The potentials of botanicals as alternatives to overdependence
on synthetic pesticide in the control of storage pests have been
demonstrated by many scientists (Isman, 2006; Shaaya and
Kostjukovsky, 2006; Babarinde et al., 2011, 2014, 2015). Due
to some negative health and ecological effects of synthetic pes-
ticides in the environment, there is the need to replace overuse
of these pesticides with more eco-friendly pest control strate-
gies. Because botanicals are readily available and are eco-
friendly, they are receiving recent attention by scientists as
alternative to over-dependence on synthetic pesticides. Since
fish are directly consumed by human or incorporated into live-
stock feeds, care must be taken to ensure that botanicals used
for the control of its key pest like D. maculatus are non-toxic to
human and livestock.
Ginger, Zingiber ofcinale Roscoe, belongs to the family
Zingiberaceae. It is one of the earliest spices to be known in
the east, but it is now extensively cultivated in India, China,
Africa, Jamaica, Mexico and Hawaii (Evans, 1989; Singh
et al., 2008). The ginger essential oil extracted from ginger rhi-
zomes is used in many food and drink items and for medicinal
purposes (Singh et al., 2008). In their earlier studies, Owoade
(2008) and Obiakor et al. (2013) reported the use of pulverized
Dermestes. The fact that ginger is locally available will make
it easily adoptable by consumers who store dried catfish at
small quantity. From the literature, majority of studies on
bioactivity of botanicals against D. maculatus were through
the use of powder (Okorie et al., 1990; Fasakin and Aberejo,
2002; Owoade, 2008; Akinwumi and Fesobi, 2010; Obiakor
et al., 2013; Nwogor et al., 2015) or extracts (Akinwumi
et al., 2007; Akinwumi and Fesobi, 2010; Mufutau, 2012;
Akpotu and Adebote, 2013). Where essential oil was used,
the studies did not compare susceptibility of different develop-
mental stages of the pest to essential oils. A major advantage
of essential oils which promote their application in pest control
is their efficacy at low doses even without a direct contact with
the pest (Babarinde et al., 2014). There is a high tendency that
the oil would constitute no health threat to human who feed on
the treated food substances, especially when the oil is obtained
from consumable species such as spices. Therefore, the aim of
this research was to evaluate the comparative susceptibility of
two developmental stages (larva and adult) of Dermestes mac-
ulatus to ginger essential oil.
2. Materials and methods
2.1. Research site
The study was conducted in Crop and Environmental Protec-
tion (CEP) Laboratory, Ladoke Akintola University of Tech-
nology (LAUTECH), Ogbomoso, Nigeria.
2.2. Procurement of experimental materials
Uninfested C. gariepinus was purchased from an open market
(Araada Market), Ora-Gada, Ogbomoso, Nigeria. D. macula-
tus was collected from a culture maintained in the CEP Labo-
ratory, LAUTECH, Ogbomoso, previously sourced from
heavily infested C. gariepinus obtained from smoked fish mar-
kets in Ogbomoso. The culture was maintained at tropical
storage conditions of 32 2 C temperature and 70 3% rel-
ative humidity. Rhizome of a white variety of ginger was
obtained from Department of Crop Production and Soil
Science, LAUTECH, Ogbomoso. Light yellow coloured
GEO was obtained using hydro distillation method in a Cle-
venger type apparatus (British Pharmacopoeia, 1988).
2.3. Bioassays of ginger essential oil (GEO) with Dermestes
maculatus
Four treatments (10, 20, 30 and 40 ll GEO) were separately
applied into 33 ml fumigation chamber using the method pre-
viously described by Babarinde et al. (2014). A Control exper-
iment without GEO was also included. Two developmental
stages of D. maculatus (13 day old adult and 5th7th instar

Please cite this article in press as: Babarinde, S.A. et al., Comparative susceptibility of two developmental stages of hide beetle (Dermestes maculatus Degeer, 1774) to
ginger (Zingiber ocinale Roscoe) essential oil. Journal of the Saudi Society of Agricultural Sciences (2016), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jssas.2016.09.003
Susceptibility of D. maculatus to ginger essential oil 3

larva) were exposed to the treatments. The experimental set-up
was observed at 6, 12 and 18 h after exposure for physiological
responses of the insects to GEO. Data were collected on mor-
tality and recorded appropriately. Insects were adjudged dead
when they failed to respond to pin probe. Mortality was
expressed in percentage proportion of the introduced insects;
thus,
Number of dead insects
Percentage mortality  100
Total number of insects
2.4. Experimental design and data analysis
The experiment was set up in completely randomized design
(CRD). Data were subjected to arcsine transformation to nor-
malize the variance, after which they were subjected to analysis
of variance and probit analysis to determine lethal doses of
GEO. All analyses were done using SPSS Version 16 (SPSS,
2006).
3. Results and discussion
For both developmental stages, it was observed that insects
became weak with reduced locomotion in the fumigation
chamber, as exposure period progressed, prior to their death
where mortality occurred. For adult bioassay at 6 h after expo-
sure (HAE), 25.8036.23% mortality in 0.99 and 1.33 ll/ml air
respectively was significantly (p < 0.05) higher than 9.2%
mortality observed in 0.33 ll/ml air. At 12 and 18 HAE,
percentage mortality observed in 0.991.33 ll/ml air was
significantly (p < 0.05) higher than mortality observed in
other lower doses of GEO (Table 1). The results of the larval
bioassay follow the same trend as observed in adult bioassay
except that higher percentage mortality was observed in larva
than what was observed in adult. At 618 HAE, 28.2590.00%
mortality at application doses of 0.331.33 ll/ml air was signif-
icantly (p < 0.05) higher than 4.60% mortality observed in the
control (Table 1).
The result of probit analysis followed similar trend with
that of analysis of variance with the larva been more suscepti-
ble to GEO than the adult. The LD50 of GEO against larva at
6 HAE {2.74 (2.173.81) ll/ml air} was different from 1.69
(1.322.03) ll/ml air and 1.36 (1.051.63) ll/ml air LD50 for
12 and 18 HAE respectively, since there was no overlap on
the fiducial limits. For adult bioassay, 2.80 (2.503.19) ll/ml
air was significantly higher than 1.85 (1.492.21 ll/ml air being
LD50 for 12 and 18 HAE respectively (Table 2).
Studies on the identification of bioactive constituents of
GEO reveal b-sesquiphellandrene, cis-caryophyllene (or
caryophyllene), zingiberene, a-farnesene and ar-curcumine
and geranial as major constituents (Singh et al., 2008; El-
Baroty et al., 2010; Nampoothiri et al., 2012; Abdurahman
et al., 2013). Although the scope of the present work does
not cover characterization of the GEO, earlier studies on pes-
ticidal potentials of GEO indicated that the identified bioactiv-
ities were linked to the constituents of the essential oil (Singh
et al., 2008; El-Baroty et al., 2010). The fumigant toxicity of
the GEO against the D. maculatus larva and the adult was
therefore due to the additive or synergistic effect of the differ-
ent bioactive compounds present in the GEO.

Table 1 Fumigant toxicity of ginger essential oil against Dermestes maculatus larva and adult.
Conc. (ll/ml air) Developmental stage/time of exposure (h)
Adult Larva
6 12 18 6 12 18
0 0.00 0.00 a 0.00 0.00 a 0.00 0.00 a 4.60 + 4.60 a 4.60 4.60 a 4.60 4.60 a
0.33 9.20 5.31a b 18.40 0.00 b 18.40 0.00 b 28.25 + 1.65 b 34.55 3.00 b 37.70 1.50 b
0.66 18.40 0.00 b c 20.45 2.05 b 24.15 3.58 b 35.95 5.19 b c 43.55 2.78 b 50.90 4.15 b
0.99 25.80 4.27 c 36.00 3.95 c 50.85 2.41 c 46.50 3.70 c d 58.60 3.03 C 77.10 8.04 c
1.33 36.20 1.73 d 46.45 1.45 d 58.45 1.65 d 54.05 5.19 d 77.10 8.04 d 90.00 0.00 c
Data within the columns followed by different letters are significantly different at 5% probability level.

Table 2 LD50 and LD90 (ll/ml air) of ginger essential oil against two developmental stages of Dermestes maculatus.
ToE LD50 (FL) LD90 (FL) Regression equation X2 df p
Larva
6 2.74 (2.173.81) 12.92 (7.2359.40) Y = 0.83  13.17X 105.924 14 <0.0001
12 1.69 (1.322.03) 5.14 (3.868.44) Y = 0.61  10.04X 118.516 14 <0.0001
18 1.36 (1.051.63) 3.06 (2.504.34) Y = 0.49  8.12X 156.207 14 <0.0001
Adult
6 2.80 (2.53.19) 6.52 (5.239.30) Y = 1.57  19.46X 74.782 14 <0.0001
12 1.85 (1.492.21) 4.64 (3.597.53) Y = 0.86  13.59X 152.054 14 <0.0001
18 1.85 (1.492.21) 4.64 (3.597.53) Y = 0.86  13.59X 152.054 14 <0.0001
ToE: Time of exposure; FL: Fiducial limit.

Please cite this article in press as: Babarinde, S.A. et al., Comparative susceptibility of two developmental stages of hide beetle (Dermestes maculatus Degeer, 1774) to
ginger (Zingiber ocinale Roscoe) essential oil. Journal of the Saudi Society of Agricultural Sciences (2016), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jssas.2016.09.003
4 S.A. Babarinde et al.
Apart from the phytochemical variations, the toxic effect of
essential oils can be influenced by the point of entry of the
toxin. Commonly, essential oils can be inhaled, ingested or
skin absorbed by insects (Regnault-Roger, 1997). The results
of this study show that the larval stage of D. maculatus was
more susceptible to GEO than the adult stage. This observa-
tion could be due to the fact that the larva lacks heavy cutic-
ular sclerotization as seen in the adult; hence, GEO
absorption into the skin was higher in the larva than in the
adult. The disparity in the physiological responses of the two
developmental stages to GEO could also be contributory to
the higher susceptibility of the larva than the adult. In an ear-
lier study, Babarinde et al. (2011) reported that adult of Trogo-
derma granarium Everts was more susceptible to botanicals
than the larva. The reason advanced for that observation
was the morphological peculiarity of the larva, having uro-
gomphus (lacking in adults) which reduced contact of the larva
with the botanicals. The disparity in the susceptibility of the
two developmental stages to GEO can be a workable clue in
designing appropriate effective control strategies for each
developmental stage.
4. Conclusion
The larval stage of D. maculatus was more susceptible to GEO
than the adult stage. Since ginger is used as condiment or for
medicinal purposes, the inclusion of GEO in protection of
smoke-dried fish against D. maculatus will be readily adoptable
by consumers and small-scale smoke-dried fish merchants, and
the practice poses no health hazard.
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Please cite this article in press as: Babarinde, S.A. et al., Comparative susceptibility of two developmental stages of hide beetle (Dermestes maculatus Degeer, 1774) to
ginger (Zingiber ocinale Roscoe) essential oil. Journal of the Saudi Society of Agricultural Sciences (2016), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jssas.2016.09.003