130 Techniques of Circuit Analysis

Problems
Section 4.1
4.4 Assume the current ig in the circuit in Fig. P4.4 is
4.1 For the circuit shown in Fig. P4.1, state the numerical known. The resistors R^ - R5 are also known.
value of the number of (a) branches, (b) branches a) How many unknown currents are there?
where the current is unknown, (c) essential branches,
b) How many independent equations can be writ-
(d) essential branches where the current is unknown,
ten using Kirchhoff s current law (KCL)?
(e) nodes, (f) essential nodes, and (g) meshes.
c) Write an independent set of KCL equations.
Figure P4.1 d) How many independent equations can be
derived from Kirchhoff s voltage law (KVL)?

e) Write a set of independent KVL equations.

Figure P4.4

V L

4.2 a) If only the essential nodes and branches are

identified in the circuit in Fig. P4.1, how many
simultaneous equations are needed to describe 4.5 A current leaving a node is defined as positive.
the circuit? a) Sum the currents at each node in the circuit
b) How many of these equations can be derived shown in Fig. P4.4.
using Kirchhoff s current law? b) Show that any one of the equations in (a) can be
c) How many must be derived using Kirchhoffs derived from the remaining three equations.
voltage law?
d) What two meshes should be avoided in applying Section 4.2
the voltage law? 4.6 Use the node-voltage method to find Uj and v2 in
4.3 a) How many separate parts does the circuit in PSPICE the circuit in Fig. P4.6.
Fig. P4.3 have?
Figure P4.6
b) How many nodes?
c) How many branches are there? son
d) Assume that the lower node in each part of the
circuit is joined by a single conductor. Repeat 144 V
the calculations in (a)-(c).

Figure P4.3

4.7 Use the node-voltage method to find how much

PSPICEpower the 2 A source extracts from the circuit in
HULTISIM p j g p4J

Figure P4.7

2AI so a 45 V
 Problems 131

4.8 Use the node-voltage method to find vx and v2 in b) Test your solution for the branch currents by
PSPICEthe circuit shown in Fig. P4.8. showing that the total power dissipated equals
MULTISIM
the total power developed.
Figure P4.8
8ft
-VvV- Figure P4.12

<>i|40ft kmVL u2f 120ft C\ J 1 A

125 V

4.9 Use the node-voltage method to find v() in the cir-

PSPICE cuit in Fig. P4.9. 125 V
Figure P4.9

8012 ':,
-A^ m
2011
40 mA 4.13 a) Use the node-voltage method to find the
24 V PSPKE branch currents /a - /e in the circuit shown in
MULTISIM Fig.p4>13.

b) Find the total power developed in the circuit.

4.10 a) Find the power developed by the 40 mA current

PSPKE source in the circuit in Fig. P4.9.
b) Find the power developed by the 24 V voltage Figure P4.13
source in the circuit in Fig. P4.9.
c) Verify that the total power developed equals the
total power dissipated.
128 V 320 V
4.11 A 50 O resistor is connected in series with the
PSPICE 40 mA current source in the circuit in Fig. P4.9.
MULTISIM N ^,. .

a) Find va.
b) Find the power developed by the 40 mA current
source.
c) Find the power developed by the 24 V voltage
4.14 Use the node-voltage method to find the total power
PSPICEdissipated in the circuit in Fig. P4.14.
MULTISIM

source.
d) Verify that the total power developed equals the
total power dissipated. Figure P4.14
e) What effect will any finite resistance connected
in series with the 40 mA current source have on
the value of val

4.12 The circuit shown in Fig. P4.12 is a dc model of a

PSPICEresidential power distribution circuit.
a) Use the node-voltage method to find the branch 40 V
currents i{ /6.
 132 Techniques of Circuit Analysis

4.15 a) Use the node-voltage method to find vh v2, and 4.19 Use the node-voltage method to calculate the
!. v3 in the circuit in Fig. P4.15. PSPICE power delivered by the dependent voltage source in
MULTISIM WLTISIM ., . ... ^. , -. n

b) How much power does the 40 V voltage source the circuit in Fig. P4.19.
deliver to the circuit?
Figure P4.19
Figure P4.15 ion 3011

160 V (' I loo a 150 L

40 V
20 a
^vw-

4.20 a) Find the node voltages V\, 2, and v$ in the cir-

4.16 a) Use the node-voltage method to show that the PSPICE c u it in Fig. P4.20.
PSPICE output voltage v0 in the circuit in Fig. P4.16 is IULTISIM
b) Find the total power dissipated in the circuit.
equal to the average value of the source voltages.
b) Find v0 if v{ = 100 V, v2 = 80 V, and Figure P4.20
v3 = - 6 0 V.
5n 10 a
m VA f VvV-
Figure P4.16

f\5/ ( , iv*20ft y 2 ?40O yyk (^/) 96 V

Section 4.4
Section 4.3
4.21 Use the node-voltage method to find i0 in the cir-
4.17 a) Use the node-voltage method to find the total
PSPICEcuit in Fig. P4.21.
power developed in the circuit in Fig. P4.17. MULTISIM
MULTISIM

b) Check your answer by finding the total power Figure P4.21

absorbed in the circuit.
Figure P4.17 2kft 5kft

84/A
20 V
6 30kll lkft

4.22 a) Use the node-voltage method to find the

PSPICE branch currents ij, i2, and /3 in the circuit in
MULTISIM
Fig. P4.22.
4.18 a) Use the node-voltage method to find v in the b) Check your solution for ij, i2, and i3 by showing
PSPICE
circuit in Fig. P4.18. that the power dissipated in the circuit equals
MULTISIM
b) Find the power absorbed by the dependent source. the power developed.
c) Find the total power developed by the independ-
ent sources. Figure P4.22

Figure P4.18
20 a

80 V 30 V 80 V
3A
 Problems 133

4.23 a) Use the node-voltage method to find the power Figure P4.26
dissipated in the 2 (2 resistor in the circuit in 25 V
Fig. P4.23.
b) Find the power supplied by the 230 V source.
55 n
Figure P4.23
in
4.27 Use the node-voltage method to find v0 in the cir-
in sn PSPICE
in cuit in Fig. P4.27.
MULTISIM

230 v Figure P4.27

C-y in:
ln
2n

la- :5 n
in
15 V
4.24 Use the node-voltage method to find the value of v0
KM
in the circuit in Fig. P4.24.
MUITISIM

Figure P4.24 4.28 Use the node-voltage method to find the power devel-
PSPICE
oped by the 20 V source in the circuit in Fig. P4.28.
MULTISIM

Figure P4.28

50 V

4.25 Use the node-voltage method to find the value of va 80n (1)3.125 vA
PSPICE in the circuit in Fig. P4.25.
!ULTISIM

Figure P4.25 4.29 Assume you are a project engineer and one of your
PSPICE
staff is assigned to analyze the circuit shown in
MULTISIM
Fig. P4.29. The reference node and node numbers
given on the figure were assigned by the analyst.
Her solution gives the values of v3 and v4 as 108 V
and 81.6 V, respectively.
Test these values by checking the total power
developed in the circuit against the total power dis-
sipated. Do you agree with the solution submitted
by the analyst?

Figure P4.29

4.26 a) Use the node-voltage method to find v0 and

PSPICE the power delivered by the 2 A current source
in the circuit in Fig. P4.26. Use node a as the
reference node.

b) Repeat part (a), but use node b as the refer-

ence node. 20 n 1)1.75
c) Compare the choice of reference node in (a)
and (b). Which is better, and why?
 134 Techniques of Circuit Analysis

4.30 Show that when Eqs. 4.16,4.17, and 4.19 are solved 4.38 Use the mesh-current method to find the power dissi-
for iB, the result is identical to Eq. 2.25. PSPICE p a t e ( j in the 20 fl resistor in the circuit in Fig. P4.38.
MULTISIM

Section 4.5 Figure P4.38

5 0
4.31 Solve Problem 4.12 using the mesh-current method.
4.32 Solve Problem 4.13 using the mesh-current method.
3a 4ft
4.33 a) Use the mesh-current method to find the branch AW
currents L, // and L in the circuit in Fig. P4.33.

b
MULTISIM

b) Repeat (a) if the polarity of the 60 V source is 135 V 20 a 10 i.

reversed.
2a la
-"VW
Figure P4.33

4.39 Use the mesh-current method to find the power

delivered by the dependent voltage source in the
JLTISIM . . . .
60 V to a 20 V circuit seen in Fig. P4.39.
Figure P4.39

4.34 a) Use the mesh-current method to find the total

power developed in the circuit in Fig. P4.34. 660 V
MULTISIM

b) Check your answer by showing that the total

25 a
power developed equals the total power
dissipated.
20 /,,
Figure P4.34

4.40 Use the mesh-current method to find the power

>SPICE developed in the dependent voltage source in the
JLTISIM . . _. _ . ._

circuit in Fig. P4.40.

460 V Figure P4.40

4.35 Solve Problem 4.21 using the mesh-current method.

4.36 Solve Problem 4.23 using the mesh-current method. 30 V

Section 4.6

4.37 a) Use the mesh-current method to find v0 in the

PSPICE Section 4.7
circuit in Fig. P4.37.
MULTISIM

b) Find the power delivered by the dependent source. 4.41 Solve Problem 4.8 using the mesh-current method.
4.42 a) Use the mesh-currcnt method to find how much
Figure P4.37 power the 4 A current source delivers to the cir-
io a cuit in Fig. P4.42.
b) Find the total power delivered to the circuit.
c) Check your calculations by showing that the
7a total power developed in the circuit equals the
total power dissipated
 Problems 135

Figure P4.42 4.47 Solve Problem 4.22 using the mesh-current method.
5 0 4.48 Use the mesh-current method to find the total
PSPICEpower dissipated in the circuit in Fig. P4.48.
MULTISIM

120 V 80 V Figure P4.48

20 V 90 V

4.43 Solve Problem 4.20 using the mesh-current method. 4.49 a) Assume the 20 V source in the circuit in
4.44 a) Use the mesh-current method to solve for i in Fig. P4.48 is changed to 60 V. Find the total
PSPICE the circuit in Fig. P4.44. power dissipated in the circuit.
MULTISIM
b) Repeat (a) if the 6 A current source is replaced
b) Find the power delivered by the independent by a short circuit.
current source.
c) Find the power delivered by the dependent volt- c) Explain why the answers to (a) and (b) are
the same.
age source.

Figure P4.44 4.50 a) Find the branch currents /a - ic for the circuit
nna
ikn shown in Fig. P4.50.
MULTISIM

b) Check your answers by showing that the total

150 k power generated equals the total power
dissipated.
Figure P4.50
4.45 Use the mesh-current method to find the total power 4/ d -ic
PSPICE developed in the circuit in Fig. P4.45.
MULTISIM

Figure P4.45

19 A

20 A 6.5 /A
4.51 a) Use the mesh-current method to find the branch
PSPICE
currents in ia ie in the circuit in Fig. P4.51.
MULTISIM
b) Check your solution by showing that the total
4.46 a) Use the mesh-current method to determine power developed in the circuit equals the total
PSPICE which sources in the circuit in Fig. P4.46 are gen- power dissipated.
IULTISIM crating power.
b) Find the total power dissipated in the circuit. Figure P4.51

Figure P4.46
2ft

100ft
 136 Techniques of Circuit Analysis

Section 4.8 resistors /?! and R2 represent loads connected to

the 125 V circuits, and R3 represents a load con-
4.52 a) Would you use the node-voltage or mesh-current
nected to the 250 V circuit.
PSPICE method to find the power absorbed by the
20 V source in the circuit in Fig. P4.52? Explain a) What circuit analysis method will you use
your choice. and why?
b) Use the method you selected in (a) to find b) Calculate vh v2, and t?3.
the power. c) Calculate the power delivered to Rh R2, and /.
Figure P4.52 d) What percentage of the total power developed
0.003 % by the sources is delivered to the loads?

<8> e) The Rb branch represents the neutral conductor

in the distribution circuit. What adverse effect
20 V 200 mA 0.4 v occurs if the neutral conductor is opened? (Hint:

r-07T-e>7r<H v
Calculate v-\ and v2 and note that appliances or
loads designed for use in this circuit would have
a nominal voltage rating of 125 V.)
100ft k 250 ft ^ % 500 ft 200 ft
Figure P4.55
Ra = 0.3 ft
4.53 Assume you have been asked to find the power dis- A/VV

PSPICE sipated in the 1 kft resistor in the circuit in

mnsiM Fig.p4.53. 125 V w,|/?i = 9.2 ft
a) Which method of circuit analysis would you rec- Rh = 0.5 ft
ommend? Explain why. AW Plf A3<= 11.6ft
b) Use your recommended method of analysis to v2iR2= 19.2 ft
125 V
find the power dissipated in the 1 kft resistor.
Rc = 0.3 ft
c) Would you change your recommendation if the AW -
problem had been to find the power developed
by the 10 mA current source? Explain.
d) Find the power delivered by the 10 mA cur- 4.56 Show that whenever R\ = R2 in the circuit in
rent source. PSPICE Fig. P4.55, the current in the neutral conductor is
zero. (Hint: Solve for the neutral conductor current
Figure P4.53 as a function of R^ and R2.)
4.57 The variable dc voltage source in the circuit in
2.5 kft 2kft PSPICEFig. P4.57 is adjusted so that ia is zero.
MULTISIM

10 mA
5 kft lkft
a) Find the value of V&.
b) Check your solution by showing the power
developed equals the power dissipated.

4.54 A 4 kft resistor is placed in parallel with the 10 mA Figure P4.57

PSPICE current source in the circuit in Fig. P4.53. Assume
MULTISIM y OU j i a v e j D e e n a s k e c i t 0 calculate the power devel-
oped by the current source.
a) Which method of circuit analysis would you rec-
ommend? Explain why.
b) Find the power developed by the current source.
4.55 The circuit in Fig. P4.55 is a direct-current version
PSPICE of a typical three-wire distribution system. The -AW AW-
20 ft 25 ft
WLTISIM r e s j s t o r s jRa? /? b , and Rc represent the resistances of
the three conductors that connect the three loads 4.58 The variable dc current source in the circuit in
Rh R2, and R3 to the 125/250 V voltage supply. The PSPICE Fig. P4.58 is adjusted so that the power developed by
MULTISIM
the 4 A current source is zero. Find the value of /dc.
 Problems 137

Figure P4.58
4.62 a) Use source transformations to find v0 in the cir-
4A PSPICE c u it in Fig. P4.62.
MULTISIM

b) Find the power developed by the 520 V source.

c) Find the power developed by the 1 A current
source.
d) Verify that the total power developed equals the
total power dissipated.
240 V

Figure P4.62

Section 4.9
4.59 a) Use a series of source transformations to find
PSPICE the current i(> in the circuit in Fig. P4.59.
MULTISIH

b) Verify your solution by using the node-voltage

method to find i0.
Figure P4.59
2.3 k f t
-AAA* f

2mAM 2.7 kft lkft C\ J 0.6 mA

Section 4.10

4.63 Find the Thevenin equivalent with respect to the

PSP1CE
4.60 a) Use a series of source transformations to find i0 terminals a,b for the circuit in Fig. P4.63.
PSPICE
in the circuit in Fig. P4.60.
MULTISIM
b) Verify your solution by using the mesh-current Figure P4.63
method to find i(r 2.5 ft
ion
Figure P4.60 AAA-

1A
80 V :30ft

4.64 Find the Norton equivalent with respect to the ter-

PSPICE minals a,b in the circuit in Fig. P4.64.
1.5 ft MULTISIM

Figure P4.64
15 kft
-A/s/^r-
- a
4.61 a) Find the current in the 10 kll resistor in the cir-
PSPICE c u jt in Fig. P4.61 by making a succession of f ) 10 mA J 10 kft ( i j 3 0 V M j 3 m A ^5 kft
appropriate source transformations.
b) Using the result obtained in (a), work back -b
through the circuit to find the power developed
by the 100 V source.
4.65 a) Find the Thevenin equivalent with respect to the
Figure P4.61 PSPICE terminals a,b for the circuit in Fig. P4.65 by find-
ing the open-circuit voltage and the short-circuit
20 kft 3 kft
current.
b) Solve for the Thevenin resistance by removing the
io kn independent sources. Compare your result to the
Thevenin resistance found in (a).
 138 Techniques of Circuit Analysis

Figure P4.65 4.69 An automobile battery, when connected to a car

radio, provides 12.5 V to the radio. When connected
to a set of headlights, it provides 11.7 V to the head-
lights. Assume the radio can be modeled as a 6.25 O
resistor and the headlights can be modeled as a
0.65 a resistor. What are the Thevenin and Norton
equivalents for the battery?
9V
4.70 A Tlievenin equivalent can also be determined
from measurements made at the pair of terminals
of interest. Assume the following measurements
were made at the terminals a,b in the circuit in
4.66 Find the Thevenin equivalent with respect to the Fig. P4.70.
PSPICE terminals a,b for the circuit in Fig. P4.66.
MULTISIM When a 20 a resistor is connected to the termi-
nals a,b, the voltage vab is measured and found to
Figure P4.66
be 100 V.

e
10A When a 50 ft resistor is connected to the termi-
nals a,b, the voltage is measured and found to be
200 V.
30 a Find the Thevenin equivalent of the network
with respect to the terminals a,b.
8a 5.2 a
-AAA, f VA, * a Figure P4.70
500 VI 12 a
-b a

4.67 Find the Norton equivalent with respect to the ter-

PSPICE minals a,b for the circuit in Fig. P4.67.
MULTISIM

Figure P4.67 4.71 A voltmeter with a resistance of 85.5 ki~l is used to

e
4A measure the voltage vab in the circuit in Fig. P4.71.
PSPICE
MULTISIM
a) What is the voltmeter reading?
b) What is the percentage of error in the voltmeter
io a 8X1 reading if the percentage of error is defined as
[(measured - actual)/actual] X 100?

60VI 40 O Figure P4.71

4.68 Determine i0 and v0 in the circuit shown in

PSPICE Fig. P4.68 when R0 is a resistor from Appendix H
M0LTIS,M
whose value is less than 100 a .

Figure P4.68

4.72 The Wheatstone bridge in the circuit shown in

PSPICE Fig. P4.72 is balanced when R3 equals 3000 a . If the
MULTISIM
galvanometer has a resistance of 50 a , how much
current will the galvanometer detect, when the
bridge is unbalanced by setting R$ to 3003 a ?
(Hint: Find the Thevenin equivalent with respect to
the galvanometer terminals when R3 = 3003 SI.
Note that once we have found this Thevenin equiv-
alent, it is easy to find the amount of unbalanced
 Problems 139

current in the galvanometer branch for different Figure P4.76

galvanometer movements.)

Figure P4.72

*fsoon Galvanometer ^|3000n

18V
/??<200ft /?, 11200 a
24 V i6n

Section 4.11
4.77 Find the Thevenin equivalent with respect to the
4.73 Find the Norton equivalent with respect to the ter- terminals a,b in the circuit in Fig. P4.77.
PSPICE minals a,b for the circuit seen in Fig. P4.73.
MULTISIH
Figure P4.77
Figure P4.73 6 a
30 ix r 'VW-

ion 12 n

<J
2.5 n
40 V

-b
4.78 Find the Norton equivalent with respect to the ter-
4.74 Determine the Thevenin equivalent with respect to minals a,b for the circuit seen in Fig. P4.78.
PSPICE t n e terminals a,b for the circuit shown in Fig. P4.74.
MULTISIM
Figure P4.78
Figure P4.74
300 iA

'A
-5
( )500 /IA J 100 a ( _ ) 4 X 10 (\) 80 ih th i50 kn
21i A (t 700 n fion
"1 >b

4.75 When a voltmeter is used to measure the voltage ve

PSPICEi n fig. P4.75, it reads 5.5 V. Section 4.12
MULTISIM

a) What is the resistance of the voltmeter? 4.79 The variable resistor in the circuit in Fig. P4.79 is
b) What is the percentage of error in the voltage PSPICEadjusted for maximum power transfer to R.
measurement? MULTISIM

a) Find the value of Ra.

Figure P4.75 b) Find the maximum power that can be delivered
to R0.
0.7 V
30 kfl 1.2 kfl c) Find a resistor in Appendix H closest to the
value in part (a). How much power is delivered
to this resistor?

Figure P4.79
10V
8kn 2.5 kn
4.76 When an ammeter is used to measure the current i^
PSPICEi n the circuit shown in Fig. P4.76, it reads 6 A.
MULTISIM

a) What is the resistance of the ammeter?

b) What is the percentage of error in the current
measurement?
140 Techniques of Circuit Analysis

4.80 What percentage of the total power developed in 4.85 The variable resistor (Ra) in the circuit in Fig. P4.85
PSPICEthe circuit in Fig. P4.79 is delivered to R() when R() is PSPICEis adjusted until it absorbs maximum power from
mT,SIM
set for maximum power transfer? the circuit.
4.81 a) Find the value of the variable resistor R0 in the a) Find the value of Ra.
circuit in Fig. P4.81 that will result in maximum b) Find the maximum power.
power dissipation in the 6 O resistor. (Hint: c) Find the percentage of the total power devel-
Hasty conclusions could be hazardous to oped in the circuit that is delivered to R().
your career.)
b) What is the maximum power that can be deliv- Figure P4.85
ered to the 6 H resistor?
2n
Figure P4.81

4
24 V

30 V 611

4.82 a) Calculate the power delivered for each value of

4.86 The variable resistor (R()) in the circuit in Fig. P4.86
R() used in Problem 4.68.
PSPICEis adjusted for maximum power transfer to R0.
b) Plot the power delivered to R() versus the resist- y^Yiot percentage of the total power developed in
HULTISIM
ance R0. the circuit is delivered to Ra'?
c) At what value of Ra is the power delivered to R()
a maximum? Figure P4.86
4.83 The variable resistor (Ra) in the circuit in Fig. P4.83 is
PSPICEadjusted until the power dissipated in the resistor is
250 W. Find the values of R() that satisfy this condition.

Figure P4.83
25 n

200 V 440 V

4.84 A variable resistor R() is connected across the ter-

PSPICE minals a,b in the circuit in Fig. P4.73. The variable 4.87 The variable resistor (RL) in the circuit in Fig. P4.87
MULTISIH
resistor is adjusted until maximum power is trans- PSPICEis adjusted for maximum power transfer to R^.
ferred to Ra. IULTISIM

a) Find the numerical value of RL.

a) Find the value of Ra. b) Find the maximum power transferred to RL.
b) Find the maximum power delivered to R(>.
c) Find the percentage of the total power devel- Figure P4.87
oped in the circuit that is delivered to R().
d) Find the resistor from Appendix H closest in
value to the R0. from part (a).
e) Find the percentage of the total power devel-
oped in the circuit that is delivered to the resis-
tor in part (d). 240 V 10 i,
 Problems 141

4.88 The variable resistor in the circuit in Fig. P4.88 is 4.92 Use superposition to solve for ia and vv in the cir-
PSPICEadjusted for maximum power transfer to R(}. cuit in Fig. P4.92.
MULTISIM

a) Find the numerical value of Ra.

Figure P4.92
b) Find the maximum power delivered to R().
c) How much power does the 280 V source deliver 45 a
to the circuit when Rt) is adjusted to the value
2A
found in (a)?
4511
Figure P4.88
60 n

iov v,,-^20a
O-r 5 a
/WV-

10a
+

4.93 Use the principle of superposition to find the volt-

PSPICE a g e v<> m the circuit in Fig. P4.93.

400 Q (1,)0.5125 uA
Figure P4.93
4 a
4.89 The variable resistor (R(>) in the circuit in Fig. P4.89
PSPICEis adjusted for maximum power transfer to Ra. 240 V 84 V
MULTISIM

a) Find the value of R().

b) Find the maximum power that can be delivered
t o R(>.
c) If R is selected from Appendix H, which resis-
tor value will result in the greatest amount of
power delivered to Ra'?
4.94 Use the principle of superposition to find the cur-
PSPICErent i0 in the circuit shown in Fig. P4.94.
Figure P4.89
MULTISIM

Figure P4.94

30 a
100 V 50 V

4.95 a) In the circuit in Fig. P4.95, before the 5 mA cur-

PSPICE rent source is attached to the terminals a,b, the
4.90 What percentage of the total power developed in
current l0 is calculated and found to be 3.5 mA.
PSPICEthe circuit in Fig. P4.89 is delivered to R found in
Use superposition to find the value of i0 after
p r o blem 4.89(a)?
MULTISIM
the current source is attached.
b) Verify your solution by finding ia when all three
Section 4.13 sources are acting simultaneously.
4.91 a) Use the principle of superposition to find the
PSPICE voltage v in the circuit of Fig. P4.91. Figure P4.95

e
MULTISIM
5 mA
b) Find the power dissipated in the 10 ft resistor.
Figure P4.91
4A 2ka +b
-AW

8V :5ka /R6ka M J 10 mA

110 V 12 a
 142 Techniques of Circuit Analysis

4.96 Use the principle of superposition to find the volt- 4.99 Find v b v7, and v3 in the circuit in Fig. P4.99.
PSPICE age v in the circuit of Fig. P4.96. PSPICE
MULTISIM MULTISIM

Figure P4.99
Figure P4.96
0.15 ft 0.15 ft
AAA ^Wv

125 V 18.4 ft Pi k 18.4 ft

0.25 ft 0.25 ft
AAA --VW 1 11.6 ft
70 V
125 V 38.4 ft \*2 < 38.4 ft
0.15 ft 0.15 ft
>V\A AAA

4.100 Find the power absorbed by the 5 A current source

4.97 Use the principle of superposition to find v(, in the PSPICE in the circuit in Fig. P4.100.
PSPICE circuit in Fig. P4.97. MULTISIM
1ULTISIM
Figure P4.100
Figure P4.97

25 V

| ) 100 mA

Sections 4.1-4.13 9ft

4.98 Find i in the circuit in Fig. P4.98. 4.101 Assume your supervisor has asked you to determine
PSPICE
MULTISIM
the power developed by the 1 V source in the circuit in
Figure P4.98 Fig. P4.101. Before calculating the power developed
by the 1 V source, the supervisor asks you to submit a
proposal describing how you plan to attack the prob-
lem. Furthermore, he asks you to explain why you
have chosen your proposed method of solution.
a) Describe your plan of attack, explaining your
reasoning.
b) Use the method you have outlined in (a) to find
the power developed by the 1 V source.
100 V
Figure P4.101
 Problems 143

4.102 Two ideal dc voltage sources are connected by elec- 4.104 For the circuit in Fig. 4.69 derive the expressions for
trical conductors that have a resistance of r ft/m, as J2SSL the sensitivity of v{ and v-> to changes in the source
PROBLEM * * *** "
shown in Fig. P4.102. A load having a resistance of currents / ? 1 and / ^ .
R ft moves between the two voltage sources. Let x
4.105 Assume the nominal values for the components in
equal the distance between the load and the source PRACTICAL
the circuit in Fig. 4.69 are: R1 = 25 ft; R2 = 5 ft;
V[, and let L equal the distance between the sources, PERSPECTIVE
R3 = 50 Q;R4 = 75 ft;Igl = 12 A ; a n d / ^ = 16 A.
a) Show that PSPICE

MULTISIM Predict the values of V\ and v2 if Ig\ decreases to

11 A and all other components stay at their nominal
v^RL + R(v2 v-[)x
v = RL + 2rLx - 2rx2 ' values. Check your predictions using a tool like
PSpice or MATLAB.
b) Show that the voltage v will be minimum when
4.106 Repeat Problem 4.105 if / 2 increases to 17 A, and
L v 2 all other components stay at their nominal values.
PRACnCAL
x = wh - j ^ r t o ~ 2) PERSPECTIVE
^2 - v
l Check your predictions using a tool like PSpice or
MATLAB.
c) Find x when L = 16 km, v{ = 1000 V, v2 = 1200 V,
R = 3.9 ft, and r = 5 X 10"5 ft/m.
d) What is the minimum value of v for the circuit of Repeat Problem 4.105 if Igi decreases to 11 A and
part (c)?
PRACTICAL
PERSPECTIVE
Iq2 increases to 17 A. Check your predictions using
PSPICE a tool like PSpice or MATLAB.
MULTISIM
Figure P4.102
4.108 Use the results given in Table 4.2 to predict the val-
r ft/m /' Ci/m ^ ues of v} and v2 if R] and R3 increase to 10% above
PRACTICAL
PERSPECTIVE
their nominal values and R2 and R4 decrease to
10% below their nominal values. Ig] and /(,2 remain
at their nominal values. Compare your predicted
values of V\ and v2 with their actual values.

r ft/m r ft/m

4.103 Laboratory measurements on a dc voltage source

PSPICE yield a terminal voltage of 75 V with no load con-
WLTISIM n ected to the source and 60 V when loaded with a
20 ft resistor.
a) What is the Thevenin equivalent with respect to
the terminals of the dc voltage source?
b) Show that the Thevenin resistance of the source is
given by the expression

. (^-IJtfL

where
vTh = the Thevenin voltage.

va = the terminal voltage corresponding

to the load resistance RL.