Buenos Aires, December 16, Star player Adolfo Cambiaso has just won an illustrious

polo match. It is not odd for the top player in the world, but he won with cloned horses
Cuartetera 01 through 06. Cloning is the process of creating a genetic copy of an organism.
Unfortunately, the use of cloning has been disputed. Many people argue that cloning is unethical,
due to the fact that the animals may be harmed and that eventually humans could be cloned.
Some even say that undeveloped egg cells should not be used as they have the possibility of
developing into an organism. However, the points the by the do-gooders are not valid. Many
of these points are invalid and those that are not invalid are easily refutable by data. Therefore,
cloning is a novel and developing scientific technique which has applications in medicine,
ecology, and agriculture. While there are concerns about its ethicality and effectiveness,
advances in technology minimize these risks and make cloning a prime candidate to help solve
problems in various fields.

When considering the word cloning, many people think of scientists looking at huge
screens and magically recreating extinct species, for example the Brachiosaurus altithorax or
brachiosaurus. However, the process of cloning is a delicate procedure requiring cells that have
been preserved exceedingly well by nature, for instance animals that have been cryogenically
frozen by nature. Movies, congeneric of Jurassic Park, where dinosaurs roam an island, cannot
exist in reality as the process of cloning requires as mentioned before, fresh cells. Cloning is not
always unnatural.. In bacteria can separate into two identical organisms, that both share the exact
same traits of their parent cell, through the process of binary fission. Cloning does not always
create organisms for entertainment or reproduction. The use of therapeutic cloning to make stem
cells allows for certain cells that have been impaired to be replaced. However, these stem cells
require egg cells to create and therefore the production of these cells are disputed. The scientists
can even change the deoxyribonucleic acid(DNA) of the cell to stop the body from rejecting the
cell when it is transplanted The process of cloning is only held back by certain people who
consider that the use of cloning causes many injuries and even cancer in the organisms cloned.

The most important artifice of cloning is that medical aid can be provided using cloning
in many ways, such as curing diseases, rebuilding organs, and providing better models for
disease. The process of therapeutic cloning, like many medical procedures, can save peoples
lives. Ever since human embryonic stem cells were discovered, scientists have had high hopes
for them because the cells can morph into any kind of cell in the body(Stein and Doucleff).
However, the creation of stem cells require an egg cell, many scientists in this field ask for egg
cell donations and give compensation to donors. But, by using embryonic stem cells, which can
be produced by human cloning, many deadly diseases could be cured. Alongside being able to
cure diseases ,somatic cell nuclear transfer(SCNT) cloning can make the process of organ
donations redundant. As organ transplants require waiting lists and a willing donor with many
specific nuances to be the same the process is lengthy and more problems arise when there are no
donors.The use of SCNT might, in the future, allow in vitro organogenesis and counteract
senescence. The combination of therapeutic cloning and gene therapy offers a great potential for
patient-specific rescue of a genetic mutation of the loss-of-function type, resulting in lowered or
eliminated activity of a particular protein (Kfoury). By using therapeutic cloning when used in
the field of cellular restoration, can allow for tissues to be created, this allows for a multitude of
injuries to be cured , for example: osteoporosis and spinal cord regeneration following trauma,
(Kfoury) can be fixed with the use of SCNT. Furthermore, the success of Mitalipov and Wolf in
creating a monkey by embryonic cloning from the nucleus of an allogeneic blastomere supported
the possibility that, through gene targeting, genetic defects can be reproduced in a wild-type
genome to express a loss of function. Hence, we are getting one step closer to patient-specific
genetic engineering of animal models of human disease(Kfoury). The use of this technology
allows for human traits to be expressed in primates, who can show the expansion of diseases in
humans. This allows for more accurate testing of drugs and other therapies before they are used
on humans. The utilisation of this new technology can aid many people, with a plethora of
ailments. However, unlike online advertisements that promise miracle cures for diseases and
other ailments, therapeutic cloning is a realistic and viable cure for many diseases. However,
opponents have many convoluted ideas about the field of cloning. People who challenge the use
of therapeutic cloning argue that cloning a human embryo could be unethical as it is humans
changing a humans DNA. Furthermore, they argue that, these therapies have the potential to
have deadly side effects in treated patients. Opponents of SCNT argue how that the creation and
destruction of a human embryo is morally repugnant to people who believe an embryo has the
same moral standing as a human(NPR). If these cells were not tampered with or destroyed, the
embryo could form into a human being, and the killing of a human being is normally considered
a great shortcoming. Fujikawa et al, who works in the field of cloning, noted tumor formation in
the -pancreatic cells transplanted in diabetic mice (Kfoury). These mice had been treated with
cloning technology and they started to develop cancerous cells. After this, Researchers found an
increased risk of cancer in the treated animals. In general stem cells have a higher risk of
becoming cancerous than other cells. The test mice are subjected to cancer that may cause pain
to the subjects. If this occurs in mice, which are mammals, they may occur in humans, who are
mammals. Therefore, the use of this technology should be restricted. The opposition however
fails to recognize certain evidence. Research shows that there is little destruction of viable
human embryos and that the risk of complications like cancer can be mitigated. Mitalipov, the
person who first used the stem cells, dismisses those concerns. He says the embryos he created
aren't the equivalent of a human being because they weren't fertilized naturally. And his
experiments with monkeys indicate that it's unlikely that they could ever develop into a healthy
baby. (Stein and Doucleff). Since Mitalipovs research shows that the cells would not become
humans either way, the emergence of disease-curing properties in the stem cells precedes the loss
of the egg. Therefore, the egg may not develop into to a baby at all, much less a healthy one.
This mitigates the ethical concerns raised as they child would most likely not be healthy enough
to live a normal life, if it would be able to live at all. The secondary concern with cloning is the
risk of cancerous cells forming, however the hyperglycemia associated with type I diabetes was
reversed, tumorigenesis occurred 20 days post-transplantation, rendering stem cells, whether
wild-type or issued from therapeutic cloning, a non-viable option for clinical applications in this
instance, unless better isolation methods for the exclusive purification of differentiated stem cells
are designed(Kfoury). Therefore, we know that the cancer was easily detected and removed
from the mices system. Furthermore, the researchers are aware of what went wrong, which was
caused by impurities in the purification process, and should be able to mitigate this risk as the
technique is developed more so. When the facts are analyzed and weighed, the benefits of
cloning frequently outweigh the disadvantageous aspects that are created from cloning. Even the
risk of cancer will be significantly reduced by more experimentation.
 Secondly, the use of cloning in conjunction with other techniques can allow extinct
species to be resurrected, for ecosystems to be rebuilt, and species to protected from impending
threats. Among the most iconic animals of the past is the giant ancestor to modern pachyderms,
the Mammuthus primigenius otherwise known as the mammoth. In Siberia,well-preserved
mammoths have been dug out... containing bone marrow, skin, hair and fat. If a living mammoth
cell were found, it could be grown in a lab and coaxed to form an embryo. The embryo could be
implanted into the closest living relative of mammoths, an elephant, which would give birth to a
baby mammoth(Lewis). Therefore, by using cloning techniques, animals which have been
extinct for many years can be brought back to life. However, this may seem useless to some
people as these ancient species would most likely be put into zoos due to their lack of their old
environment., Ben Novak explains how De-extinction is just the next step in a progression that
conservation has already been on...If you want to restore the ecological function of an extinct
species, and you dont have any living species that will do that, you take the closest living
species you can get and adapt it based on the genome of the extinct species(Shultz). Some
scientists and environmentalists think that ecosystems can be rejuvenated by reintroducing
species that were driven extinct in the past. At the Scripps Research Institute, regenerative
medicine researcher Jeanne Loring has figured out how to make induced pluripotent stem cells,
capable of transforming into any cell type in the body, out of rhino skin. She and her team are
now working out how to turn them into rhino eggs and sperm. If successful, they should be able
to create new rhinos via in vitro fertilization, saving the animal from extinctionor more likely,
bringing it back from the dead(Kushner). In addition to bringing back extinct species, the same
techniques can be used to preserve existing species of animals that are predicted to go extinct or
are losing their habitat at a dramatic rate. this use of cloning is less controversial as it is used to
preserve already alive species. . Regrettably, some opponents of cloning argue how recreating
an extinct species may not be possible, and even if it is possible, it is questionable if it should
indeed be reintroduced to the wild. Another iconic extinct animal is the passenger pigeon that
went extinct in the past 200 years because of humans, just like the other iconic bird, the dodo.
Some argue how you can you can't simply clone a passenger pigeon museum specimen, because
they no longer have fully intact genomes (Lewis). This sentiment is true for many species, it is
not always possible to find a fully intact cell to clone an animal with, due to the fact that they
arent the most well preserved. In addition, the animals may not even be wanted in the region.
Reintroduction plans for species that have been absent for hundreds or thousands of years, such
as the beaver and the lynx in Scotland, have stirred up opposition from landholders and special
interest groups, who think of these animals as invaders and intruders. Even within scientific
circles, the reintroduction label has not always been accepted for species absent for an extended
period. For example, the Norwegian Black List of invasive species specifically includes musk ox
and wild boar present in the country as illegitimate reintroductions, even though the species are
known to have existed there thousands of years ago(Shultz). Opponents to reintroduction see
the process as potentially damaging to the new balance of ecosystems and to human ecosystems,
like the newly delvoped areas where the animals used to live, for example farms. . However,
using a mixture of techniques, an extinct species can be approximated even if it cannot be fully
cloned. Using the latest ecological techniques, scientists can decide if these species can be safely
and efficiently introduced to the appropriate environments. But there could be another way:
Using fragments of the passenger pigeon DNA, scientists could synthesize the genes for certain
traits and splice the genes together into the genome of a rock pigeon (Lewis). By using a
combination of cloning and selective breeding techniques, scientists can use what can be found
of the extinct species DNA to approximately replicate the animal.. The introduction (or
reintroduction) of a new species to a habitat always comes with some risk, but de-extinction
scientists point out that weve been able to manage that risk successfully with living animals like
reintroducing wolves into Yellowstone National Park or beavers into the United
Kingdom(Shultz). While there have been mishaps with invasive species in the past, scientists
are now better able to evaluate the impact of reintroducing a species to an ecosystem. As, his has
been done successfully several times in the past the risks can be mitigated. Overall, the use of
cloning to recreate animals is a useful technology. It can not only be used to help animals that are
going extinct, but those that are already extinct.

Finally, the enhancement of livestock through genetic engineering will allow farmers to
replicate the best traits of their existing herds in every animal of the herd. In addition, transgenic
cloning can allow agriculturalists to create superior animals and to combine the desirable traits of
different species. When animals are conventionally bred the traits are randomly assigned from
both parents. . However, cloning may also be used to duplicate animals with traits that are
difficult to capture through traditional breeding practices. By 2025, cloning and breeding of elite
animals could be carried out by companies (Murray Anderson). Using cloning, farmers can
duplicate the traits of the best livestock animals, allowing for more production. Most cloned
creatures are superior to their normally bred counterparts, some of the cloned cows produce
about twice as much milk as the average producer. And a cloned racing mule is ranked among
the best in the world
(learn Genetics). Through selective use of genes, cloned animals will not just be equal to, but
will surpass their naturally bred counterparts. Another, application of cloning is the incorporation
of the genes of distinct animals into one another. For example, researchers from the University
of Wyoming have developed a way to incorporate spiders' silk-spinning genes into goats,
allowing the researchers to harvest the silk protein from the goats milk for a variety of
applications. For instance, due to its strength and elasticity, spider silk fiber could have several
medical uses, such as for making artificial ligaments and tendons, for eye sutures, and for jaw
repair. The silk could have applications in bulletproof vests and improved car airbags(Zyga). In
addition to improving existing traits of animals, genetic engineering and cloning can be used for
completely novel uses, just like the goat that produces spider silk. However, using cloned
animals has the potential to reduce the genetic diversity of the species. Moreover, it is
prohibitively expensive for farmers. There is potential concern is whether the use of cloning or
genetically engineered animals will lead to reductions in genetic diversity or increased rates of
inbreeding among livestock (Murray Anderson). Some say that if cloned animals are used in
herds, then there will be less genetic diversity since many animals will have the same DNA. This
opens up the potential for defects or other issues to spread rapidly through the population.
Furthermore, while sheep, goats, pigs and cattle have been successfully cloned, but again the
efficiency is low. While the cost of production is not a major concern when producing transgenic
animals for biomedical or pharmaceutical production purposes, it poses a considerable barrier to
the introduction of these techniques for production animals in agriculture, particularly given the
low level of public funding for animal agricultural research(Murray Anderson). Currently, it is
very expensive to create a cloned transgenic animal, and it is more cost-efficient to use
conventional techniques even if the resulting animals are inferior. The high costs of researching
and implementing cloning in agriculture potentially limit the adoption of this practice.
Fortunately, with proper management, a sufficiently diverse herd can be created. Furthermore, as
technology advances the costs of creating such a herd will go down and agricultural corporations
and even farmers will be able to afford cloning. If cloned animals, which by definition exhibit
virtually no genetic variation, are properly used within the context of a selective breeding
program, then inbreeding should be minimized. The same is true for transgenic animals, which
are more inbred than the population at large, whether produced by microinjection or cloning. In
either case, the reliance on a limited number of founder animals could lead to increased
inbreeding(Murray Anderson). If farmers are careful to use several founder animals to create
herds, the issue of inbreeding and lack of genetic diversity should be minimized. Furthermore,
genes and promoters are being identified on a massive scale through various genome mapping
and functional genomics initiatives We predict that by midcentury most agricultural animals
will be genetically engineered to be more efficient and healthier than current stock, producing
healthy products for human consumption in an environmentally friendly system(Murray
Anderson). While cloning is prohibitively expensive today, researchers are constantly finding
new and more efficient pathways to modify and clone animals. Thus, many members of the
scientific community expect costs to decrease and for this technology to become economically
viable for agricultural use in the near future. In summary, although cloning may not be
affordable for all farmers right now, as many start to adopt this technology, it will become more
advanced and widespread. Therefore, herded animals will be improved and will provide people
with a more efficient source of certain products, like milk and silk.

Finally, the use of cloning may make it a sought after technology. As it is a ingenious and
relatively new technique, that now can be applied to many fields. There are questions about its
effectiveness and ethicality, but as the technology becomes more modern these problems will
subside . As the use of cloning can be used to treat disease, by use of SCNT it can be considered
a cure for many diseases that are prominent in populations. It can be used for the repopulation
and recreation of species, that can help balance ecosystems. It finally allows for better livestock
and animals for farmers and other companies to produce many products more easily. However,
the use of cloning in several ways is restricted in many countries, like the United States. Human
cloning is considered to be and ethical dilemma and many not be allowed for, but as it is a novel
technology that can be used in multiple situations.

Rob Stein, Michaeleen Doucleff, Scientists Clone Human Embryos To Make Stem Cells
http://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2013/05/15/183916891/scientists-clone-human-embryo
s-to-make-stem-cells
Charlotte Kfoury, Therapeutic cloning: promises and issues
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2323472/
Tanya Lewis, Incredible Technology: How to Bring Extinct Animals Back to Life
http://www.livescience.com/38972-how-to-resurrect-extinct-animals.html
David Shultz, Should we bring extinct species back from the dead?
http://www.sciencemag.org/news/2016/09/should-we-bring-extinct-species-back-dead
Dolly Jrgensen, Reintroduction and De-extinction
https://academic.oup.com/bioscience/article/63/9/719/260571/Reintroduction-and-De-extinction
James D. Murray Gary B. Anderson, Genetic engineering and cloning may improve
milk, livestock production
http://wwwdata.forestry.oregonstate.edu/orb/pdf/cloning/milkandcloning.pdf
Learn Genetics Utah, Why Clone?
http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/cloning/whyclone/
Lisa Zyga, Scientists breed goats that produce spider silk
https://phys.org/news/2010-05-scientists-goats-spider-silk.html