1

Use of the new revisions of IEEE

Standards 421.2 and 421.5 to satisfy
international grid code requirements
Presented by: Les Hajagos
Kestrel Power Engineering - Canada
les@kestrelpower.com
 2

Introduction
In North America, we have the NERC Reliability
Standards in place. In other regions around the world,
local grid codes have similar requirements.
The Excitation System SC will report on our many
recent activities related to testing and modeling of
excitation systems, associated controllers and limits to
support meeting these requirements
See also our companion presentation 16PESGM2680
The Impact of Grid Codes Upon Generator Excitation System
Design and Standards
 3

Presentations
Presentation Presenter Organization
421.2 Guide for Identification, Testing and
Rich Schaeffer Basler Electric
Evaluation of Dynamic Performance
421.5 Recommended Practice for Models for
Les Hajagos Kestrel Power
Power System Stability Studies
Robert Thornton-
Overview of grid codes Jones
Brush Electric

Practical international experiences Jos Taborda JT Consulting

Quanta
421.5 sample data and model data usability Alex Schneider
Technology
Testing model data usability Leo Lima Kestrel Power
Bureau of
Power System Stabilizer tuning criteria Shawn Patterson
Reclamation
Excitation limiter models and protection
Les Hajagos Kestrel Power
coordination
 4

IEEE 421 Series of Standards

421.1 Standard Definitions
421.2 Guide for Identification, Testing and Evaluation
of Dynamic Performance
421.3 High-Potential Test Requirements
421.4 Guide for Preparation of Specifications
421.5 Recommended Practice for Models for Power
System Stability Studies
421.6 Specification and Design of Field Discharge
Equipment
 5

NERC Standards (Excitation Related)

MOD-025-2, Verification and Data Reporting of Generator
Real and Reactive Power Capability and Synchronous
Condenser Reactive Power Capability

MOD-026-1, Verifications of Models and Data for Generator

Excitation Control System or Plant Volt/Var Control Functions

VAR-002-4, Generator Operation for Maintaining Network

Voltage Schedules (includes AVR/PSS requirements)
 6

NERC Standards (Excitation Related)

PRC-005-2 Protection System Maintenance may impact new
exciters with built in protection

PRC-019-2 Coordination of Generating Unit or Plant

Capabilities, Voltage Regulating Controls, and Protection

PRC-024-1 Generator Performance During Frequency and

Voltage Excursions
 7

NERC MOD-026-1 Verifications of Models and

Data for Generator Excitation Systems
Items to be verified by measurement and reported are:

manufacturer and type of excitation system (e.g. static, brushless, rotating dc, etc.)

model for each excitation system / voltage regulator control system with associated
gains, time constants, and limits

static set points for under and over excitation limiters

reactive compensator settings

Measured data showing match between measurement and simulations

model for each power system stabilizer with associated gains, time constants, and limits

Associated generator model

 8

Example Grid Code Excitation Response Requirements

Each synchronous generation facility that is rated at 10 MVA or
larger shall be equipped with an excitation system with

A voltage response time to either ceiling not more than 50ms

for a 5% step change from rated voltage under open-circuit
conditions and;
A linear response between ceilings
Positive and negative ceilings not less than 200% and -140% of
rated field voltage at rated terminal voltage and rated field
current
A positive ceiling not less than 170% of rated field voltage at
rated terminal voltage and 160% of rated field current
 9

421.5 Recommended Practice for Models

for Power System Stability Studies
This IEEE standard started in 1968 with papers describing
simulation models following the initial creation of NERC and
the use of digital simulation programs to study and operate
power systems

It includes the necessary simulation models of the excitation

system major control functions: AVR, RCC, PSS and the new
2016 revision includes models of OEL, UEL and SCL functions
and PF/Var controllers and most importantly linkages of the
limiters to the AVR
 10

421.5 Excitation System Classifications

Three distinctive types of excitation systems are

identified on the basis of excitation power source:
a) Type DC Excitation Systems, which utilize a direct
current generator with a commutator
b) Type AC Excitation Systems, which use an
alternator and either stationary or rotating rectifiers
to produce the direct field current
c) Type ST Excitation Systems, in which excitation
power is supplied through transformers or auxiliary
generator windings and rectifiers
 11

Summary of Changes and Equivalence of Models

Model Name Example DC Rotating Exciters

Version of IEEE Std.
421.5
2015 2005 1992
DC1C DC1A DC1A Additional options for connecting OEL limits and
additional limit VEmin
DC2C DC2A DC2A Additional options for connecting OEL limits and
additional limit VEmin
DC3A DC3A DC3A no changes
DC4C DC4B n/a Additional options for connecting OEL and UEL inputs
 12

Additional Excitation System Functions

Voltage sensing and load compensation

Power system stabilizer
Over-excitation limiter
Under-excitation limiter
Stator current limiter
Power factor and var control
Discontinuous excitation controls
 13

Functional Block Diagram for Synchronous

Machine Excitation Control System
(VSCLsum) or
STATOR P, Q, V, I
(VSCLoel and VSCLuel)
CURRENT
LIMITER

Vpf/VAr Q, pf
PF/VAr
CONTROLLER

VUEL P, Q, V, I
UNDEREXCITATION
LIMITER

VC VOLTAGE VC1 V, I
CURRENT
MEASUREMENT
COMPENSATOR
TRANSDUCER

VOEL
OVEREXCITATION
LIMITER

VFE EFD
SYNCHRONOUS
EXCITATION
EXCITER MACHINE AND
CONTROL
POWER SYSTEM
ELEMENTS EFE IFD

VREF

VS VST VSI
POWER SYSTEM
STABILIZER

DISCONTINUOUS
EXCITATION
CONTROL
 14

Type DC1C DC Commutator Exciter

VOEL VUEL VOEL
VUEL a b b
VREF a
VRmax
+ + +
VC + 1+sTC KA EFE 1 EFD
HV LV
S S S
+ 1+sTB gate gate 1+sTA + sTE
+
VRmin VFE EFDmin
VS
VSCLsum
a VUELscl VOELscl
a
b b S KE
+
VF +

SE(EFD)
VX
(a)
sKF
1+sTF

alternate alternate alternate

OEL input a summation point UEL input a summation point SCL input a summation point
locations locations locations
b take-over b take-over b take-over
(VOEL) (VUEL) (VSCL)

footnotes:
(a) VX = EFDSE(EFD)
 15

Type PSS2C Power System Stabilizer Model

VSI1max VSTmax
PSS
VSI1 sTW1 sTW2 1 1+sT8 N
1+sT1 1+sT3 1+sT10 1+sT12 VST
output
S S KS1
1+sTW1 1+sTW2 1+sT6 + (1+sT9)M + 1+sT2 1+sT4 1+sT11 1+sT13 logic
VPSS
+ (b)
VSI1min VSTmin
KS3
VSI2max

VSI2 sTW3 u1
block
1+sTW3 bypass y KS2
sTW4 logic 1+sT7
VSI2min u2
(a)
1+sTW4

7 PSS types available

Inputs to all excitation types

 16

Sample Data for PSS2C Stabilizer (for AC6C Model)

Description Symbol Type Value Units
Power system stabilizer gain KS1 A 20 pu
Power system stabilizer gain KS2 E/A [2] pu
Power system stabilizer gain KS3 E 1 pu
PSS transducer time constant T6 E 0.0 s
PSS transducer time constant [3] T7 A 10 s
PSS washout time constant Tw1 A 10 s
PSS washout time constant Tw2 A 10 s
PSS washout time constant Tw3 A 10 s
PSS washout time constant Tw4 A [4] s
PSS ramp tracking filter numerator time constant T8 A 0.30 s
PSS ramp tracking filter denominator time constant T9 A 0.15 s
PSS ramp track filter denominator exponent M A 2
PSS ramp track filter numerator exponent N A 4
PSS numerator (lead) compensating time constant (1st block) T1 A 0.16 s
PSS denominator (lag) compensating time constant (1st block) T2 A 0.02 s
PSS numerator (lead) compensating time constant (2nd block) T3 A 0.16 s
PSS denominator (lag) compensating time constant (2nd block) T4 A 0.02 s
PSS numerator (lead) compensating time constant (3rd block) T10 A [5] s
PSS denominator (lag) compensating time constant (3rd block) T11 A [5] s
PSS numerator (lead) compensating time constant (4th block) T12 A [6] s
PSS denominator (lag) compensating time constant (4th block) T13 A [6] s
Maximum PSS output VSTmax A 0.20 pu
Minimum PSS output VSTmin A 0.066 pu
Input signal #1 maximum limit VSI1max A 2 pu
Input signal #1 minimum limit VSI1min A -2 pu
Input signal #2 maximum limit VSI2max A 2 pu
Input signal #2 minimum limit VSI2min A -2 pu
Generator MW threshold for PSS activation PPSSon A 0 pu
Generator MW threshold for PSS de-activation PPSSoff A 0 pu
 17

OEL Ibias VOELmax3 VOELmax2 VOELmax1

activation
logic +
Ierr KIoel sKDoel 1+sTC2oel 1+sTC1oel
(a)
S KPoel+ +
(b) s 1+sTDoel 1+sTB2oel 1+sTB1oel VOEL
+

Ex: OEL2C Iact

KACT
VOELmin3
Iinst
VOELmin2 VOELmin1

Terr
TFCL

+

OEL
1 1 S
ramp rate
1+sTAoel s logic
Iref Z (f) Tlim
OEL
5 types of OEL input
(d)
KSCALE
1+sTRoel
Ipu
c1
K1[(Ipu/ITFpu) 1]
Ilim
IERRinv1

(e) ITFpu
VINVmax Tmax

Summation and K2[(Ipu/ITFpu)c21]

IERRinv2
OEL
timer
W
+

S
1
s

takeover styles VINVmin

logic
(c) Tmin
KFB
footnotes:

Inputs to all
(a) OEL activation logic uses user-selected parameters Ten, Toff, ITHoff, Ireset (e) Parameter KSCALE should be calculated to convert from the per unit base
and Iinst. It also uses the signals Terr, Iact and Iref shown in the block used for the OEL input signal to a per unit base corresponding to the
diagram. rated value for the selected OEL input signal. All other parameters in the
model are expressed in per unit of rated value.
IF {(Terr 0) or [(Iact > Iref) for longer than Ten]} or (Ten =0)

excitation types enable OEL Ibias = 0

IF {(Iref = Iinst) and [(Iref Iact) > ITHoff} for longer than Toff
reset OEL Ibias = Ireset
(f) OEL ramp rate logic uses user-selected parameters SW1, KZRU, TFCL, KRU
and KRD. It also uses the signals Terr and IERRinv1, shown in the block
diagram. The parameter SW1 is a user-selected logic, which will select
fixed ramp rates or a ramp rate function of the field current error.
(b) The OEL transfer function is either just the gain KPoel, or the PID control,
or the double lead-lag blocks. The parameters in the model should be set IF SW1 = 0 (fixed ramp rates)
accordingly. C = KRU
D = KRD
(c) OEL timer logic uses user-selected parameters FixedRU, FixedRD and ELSE
ITFpu. It also uses the signals Ipu and IERRinv2, shown in the block diagram. C = IERRinv1
D = IERRinv1
IF (ITFpu Ipu) 0 ENDIF
W = FixedRU + IERRinv2 IF Terr Kzru*TFCL (ramp Iref up)
ELSE Z=C
W = FixedRD + IERRinv2 ELSEIF Terr 0 (ramp Iref down)
ENDIF Z=D
(d) OEL input is user-selected. Could be generator field current IFD or ELSE
generator field voltage EFD or exciter field current VFE. Z=0
ENDIF
 18

2 UEL types
inputs to all excitation types
VURmax
summation and takeover styles
y2 VUR
y2=|KURVT|

VUCmax VUImax VUImax

VT
y1 VUerr KUI 1+sTU1 1+sTU3 VUEL
y1=|KUCVTjIT| S KUL+ Q (pu)
VUC + s 1+sTU2 1+sTU4

IT
VUImin VUImin

ra d
VF VUF ius
=K

Center = KUC
KUF UR

normalized limit function Vars

specified for VT = 1 pu out (+)

UEL not

QT
limiting P (pu)
PT
KUR - KUC
Vars
op. in ()
point UEL
limiting
 19

overexcited range
VSCLmax
LV Ioex1
gate A KIoex
KPoex+

2 SCL types
IT 1 Ioex2 B
y = (u) K s
1+sTIT u y
SW1

delayed reactive
+ VSCLmin 0
ISCLlim ISCLerr

power logic
(b)

S VSCL
(c) S

1 + ISCLinv
IQ +
1 S SW1

inputs to all 1+sTQSCL +

S

IQmin
1+sTINV

Iuex2 B
(b) VSCLmax

KIuex

excitation types

S
LV
gate Iuex1
A
KPuex+
s

VSCLmin 0
underexcited range
footnotes:

summation and (a)

(b)
The reactive current IQ is defined in this model as the reactive power output of the generator (QT) divided
by the magnitude of the terminal voltage (VT). In other words, IQ is positive for over-excited operation.

SW1 is a user-selected option. When position A is selected, the SCL response is derived from the

takeover styles
reactive current. When position B is selected, the SCL response is derived from reactive power.

(c) The delayed reactive power logic uses user-selected parameters SW2, TDSCL and VSCLdb. It also uses the
signals ISCLerr and ISCLinv shown in the block diagram, and the generator reactive power output QT:

IF [(SW2 = 0) and (ISCLerr > 0 for longer than TDSCL)] or [(SW2 0) and (ISCLinv > 0)] THEN
IF QT > VSCLdb THEN
Ioex2 = ISCLerr
Iuex2 = 0
ELSEIF QT < VSCLdb THEN
Ioex2 = 0
Iuex2 = ISCLerr
ELSE
Ioex2 = 0
Iuex2 = 0
ENDIF
ELSE
Ioex2 = 0
Iuex2 = 0
ENDIF
 20

2 PF and VAR types

PFREFnorm
(b) PFerr VPFLMT
S
+ pf
Verr KIpf
controller
KPpf +
PFnorm logic s
VT VPF
(c)
(a)

IT VPFLMT

footnotes:
(a) The output of the model (VPF) is an incremental variable that should be added
to the voltage reference setpoint (VREF) in the excitation system model.
(b) The signal PFnorm is the normalized power factor of the machine, while
PFREFnorm is the desired (reference) setpoint, using the same normalization as
PFnorm.
(c) The PF controller logic uses user-selected parameters VITmin, VVTmin, and VVTmax.
It also requires the signals PFerr and the magnitudes of the generator terminal
voltage (VT) and current (IT). The logic also depends on the status of the
excitation limiters, OEL, UEL and/or SCL.
Verr = 0
IF OEL and UEL and SCL are inactive
IF (IT > VITmin) and (VT > VVTmin) and (VT < VVTmax)
Verr = PFerr
ENDIF
ENDIF
 21

Per Unit System

Generator Stator Quantities
Generator Field Quantities
Exciter Field Quantities
Saturation (Generator and Rotating Exciter)
 22

Manufacturer Model Cross Reference

ST1C Silcomatic (a trademark of Canadian General Electric Co.). Westinghouse Canada Solid State
Thyristor Excitation System; Westinghouse Type PS Static Excitation System with Type WTA,
WTA-300 and WHS voltage regulators. Static excitation systems by ALSTOM, ASEA, Brown
Boveri, GEC-Eliott, Hitachi, Mitsubishi, Rayrolle-Parsons, and Toshiba. General Electric
Potential Source Static Excitation System. Basler Model SSE/SSE-N. UNITROL (a registered
trademark of Asea Brown Boveri, Inc.); THYRIPOL (a registered trademark of Siemens AG.);
Westinghouse WDR and MGR, REIVAX static excitation systems.
ST2C General Electric static excitation systems, frequently referred to as the SCT-PPT or SCPT.

ST3C General Electric Compound Power Source and Potential Power Source GENERREX excitation
systems (GENERREX is a trademark of General Electric Co.)
ST4C Basler DECS applied to static excitation, Brush PRISMIC applied to static excitation, General
Electric EX2000/2100/2100e bus fed potential source and static compound source and
GENERREX-PPS or GENERREX-CPS; Canadian General Electric SILCOmatic 5, Basler/Eaton
Cutler-Hammer ECS2100 static excitation system, Andritz Hydro THYNE applied to static
excitation, Emerson/Emerson Ovation DGC or REIVAX static excitation systems.
ST5C UNITROL D, P, F, and 5000 (trademarks of Asea Brown Boveri); Brush DCP.

ST6C THYRIPOL (a trademark of Siemens AG) and Basler/Eaton Cutler-Hammer ECS2100 static
excitation systems.
ST7C ALSTOM excitation systems Eurorec, Microrec K4.1, ALSPA P320 (ALSPA P320 is a trademark
of ALSTOM), ControGen HX.
ST8C Andritz Hydro THYNE applied to static excitation
ST9C GE Power Conversion SEMIPOL
ST10C UNITROL F, 5000, 6080, 6800 (trademarks of Asea Brown Boveri) applied to static excitation
 23

Example References and Bibliography

421 series of standards
IEEE Std. C50.13 Synchronous Generators
IEEE 115 Guide for Test Procedures for
Synchronous Machines
IEEE 1110 Guide for Synchronous Generator
Modeling Practices
IEEE 09TP250 Tutorial Course on Power
System Stabilization via Excitation Control
 1

Use of the new revision of IEEE

Standard 421.2 to satisfy
international grid code requirements
Presented by: Rich Schaefer
Basler Electric - USA
richschaefer@basler.com
 2

421.2 Purpose
Provide a basis for evaluating the closed loop
performance of excitation control systems
Confirm the adequacy of mathematical
models for excitation control systems for use
in analytical studies of power systems
 3

NERC MOD-026-1 Verifications of Models and

Data for Generator Excitation Systems
Items to be verified by measurement and reported are:

manufacturer and type of excitation system (e.g. static, brushless, rotating dc, etc.)

model for each excitation system/voltage regulator control system with associated
gains, time constants, and limits

static set points for under and over excitation limiters

reactive compensator settings

Measured data showing match between measurement and simulations

model for each power system stabilizer with associated gains, time constants, and limits
Associated generator model
 4

421.2 Guide for Identification, Field Testing

and Evaluation of Dynamic Performance

NERC MOD 026 requires simulation models validated by

test results of excitation system controls including:
Automatic voltage regulator- Small Signal Response
Reactive current compensation- Reactive Droop
Excitation Limiter Validation- Specific dynamic
performance requirements
Power System Stabilizer Tuning- Frequency Response
 5

421.2 Dynamic performance classifications

Large signal performance criteria
Ceiling current and voltage
Voltage response time
High initial response

Small signal performance

Frequency response characteristics
Stability/Stabilizers

Effects of excitation limiters

 6

Example Grid Code Excitation Response Requirements

Each synchronous generation facility that is rated at 10 MVA or
larger shall be equipped with an excitation system with

A voltage response time to either ceiling not more than 50ms

for a 2-5% step change from rated voltage under open-circuit
conditions and;
A linear response between ceilings
Positive and negative ceilings not less than 200% and 140% of
rated field voltage at rated terminal voltage and rated field
current
A positive ceiling not less than 150% of rated field voltage at
rated terminal voltage.
 Software Tools for Field Testing
to IEEE 421.2 Performance Expectations:
2-5% Voltage Step Change in AVR Mode
OverExcitation
Limiter Testing
Under Excitation Limit
Dynamic Step Test
 11

Frequency
Response
Measurement
for PSS
compensation
*figure courtesy KPE
 Built-in Dynamic System Analyzer to perform
Generator Frequency Response with Bode Plot

Chart Recorder to monitor the

Generator Output

Internal Dynamic System Analyzer

via software

Bode Plot to display immediate

system results
Questions
 1

Use of the new revisions of IEEE

Standards 421.2 and 421.5 to satisfy
international grid code requirements

Overview of Grid Codes

Presented by: Robert Thornton-Jones
Brush Electric - UK
rob.tj@brush.eu
 2

Introduction
In North America, we have the NERC Reliability
Standards in place. In other regions around the world,
local grid codes have similar requirements.
The Excitation System SC will report on our many
recent activities related to testing and modeling of
excitation systems, associated controllers and limits to
support meeting these requirements
See also our companion presentation 16PESGM2680
The Impact of Grid Codes Upon Generator Excitation System
Design and Standards
 3

Presentations
Presentation Presenter Organization
421.2 Guide for Identification, Testing and
Rich Schaeffer Basler Electric
Evaluation of Dynamic Performance
421.5 Recommended Practice for Models for
Les Hajagos Kestrel Power
Power System Stability Studies
Robert Thornton-
Overview of grid codes Jones
Brush Electric

Practical international experiences Jos Taborda JT Consulting

Quanta
421.5 sample data and model data usability Alex Schneider
Technology
Testing model data usability Leo Lima Kestrel Power
Bureau of
Power System Stabilizer tuning criteria Shawn Patterson
Reclamation
Excitation limiter models and protection
Les Hajagos Kestrel Power
coordination
UK GRID CODE :
COMPLIANCE PROCESS
UK Grid Code Applies to
All Transmission Connected Power Stations
i.e. Connection Points >132kV
Most Generators > 200MW are Transmission Connected
Embedded Large Power Stations
According to Registered Capacity see below
Medium power stations where CUSC Contract is with National Grid not DNO
(CUSC = Connection and Use of System Code contract)
UK Grid Code Does Not Apply to Small Power Stations
Classifications of Power Stations by Registered Capacity (RC)
England & Wales (NGET Area)
Large 100MW, Medium 50MW, Small < 50MW
South of Scotland (SPT Area)
Large 30MW, Small < 30MW
North of Scotland (SHETL Area)
Large 10MW, Small < 10MW
UK GRID CODE :
COMPLIANCE PROCESS

Most National Grid compliant generators are >= 250MW

Existing Grid Code may change with ENTSOE arriving see later
likely to revert to Generator Rating rather than Power Station Rating
Existing Grid Code invoked if the Power Station is > 100MW
hence for a 105MW generator on site with 6MW of auxiliaries Grid Code would not
apply
Guidance Notes for Synchronous Generators
Full Grid Code is nearly 600 pages written by lawyers !!
Guidance Notes explain procedures to follow and Grid Code requirements for
generators in a more readable form.
http://www.nationalgrid.com/NR/rdonlyres/B4DF2400-96FD-40E5-AF44-
8DB88AADA5DF/56510/GuidanceNotesforSynchronousGeneratorsIssue12September2
012.pdf
UK GRID CODE :
TECHNICAL REQUIREMENTS
Technical Requirements
Short Circuit Ratio >= 0.5
This requirement has been relaxed for new large nuclear sets but not for
medium & smaller

Transient Voltage Control...

Stepping from 90% to 100% Ut in 600ms, damped to within 5% in < 3s.
BCA Specifies Time to Achieve Uf
Can be 50ms to 300ms
BCA Specifies Excitation On Load Positive Ceiling for 10% Ut Drop
Can be up to 4pu, typically 2pu to 3pu
Power System Stabilizer Required
To be demonstrated with random noise injection (200mHz to 3Hz)
http://www.nationalgrid.com/NR/rdonlyres/67374C36-1635-42E8-A2B8-
B7B8B9AF2408/57423/0_FULL_GRID_CODE_I5R1.pdf
UK Grid Code\GBGridCodeI3R27-appendix6-AVR.pdf
UK Grid Code\pp_09_32ShortCircuitRatio.pdf
UK Grid Code\relaxation of SCR letter.pdf
EUROPEAN GRID CODE :
TECHNICAL REQUIREMENTS
5 European Synchronous Power System Areas.

Categorization into Type requirements A, B, C or D, for

generating units according to size and connection point
location.

as with Hydro Quebec and BC Hydro.

certain Voltage Ranges proposed to exceed those of the IEEE C50.13
and IEC 60034 standards

e.g. Type D generators in the Baltic area, continuous operation at

1.10pu voltage is proposed as a requirement

ENTSO-E is likely to revert to Generator Rating rather than the

Present UK Power Station Rating
RUSSIAN GOST STANDARDS
GOST & NIIPT / SO-UPS-OJSC

Excitation Systems for Turbogenerators (GOST 21558-2000)

Requirements mandatory >60MW
4.7 Voltage excitation forcing ratio and current excitation forcing >= 2.
4.10 Operating speed of excitation during forcing < 60ms for high speed systems
Total de-forcing time < 150ms.
4.12 Delay of system under forcing:
< 30ms for low speed systems
< 20ms for high speed system

Generally aiming for static excitation system

AUSTRALIAN NATIONAL ELECTRICITY RULES :
COMPLIANCE PROCESS

NER has 3 Access Standards : Usually aim for highest Automatic

R1 Data Collection Factory Test & Design Data
R2 Data Derived from On-System Testing
See 2008 AEMO Generating System Model Guidelines
AustrailianGridCode\Generating System Model Guidelines.pdf

Require specified format model configuration files

R1 Requires Significant Extra Resources and Time for

Test of brushless generator with Test Slip Rings
Combined Generator & Excitation Test
Full Test of Limiters
Full Testing of Switch to Standby
Verification of Power System Stabilizer Test
AUSTRALIAN NATIONAL ELECTRICITY RULES :
TECHNICAL REQUIREMENTS
Regulation of voltage to within 0.5% of the set point.
Voltage set point to be continuously controllable in the range of at
least 95% to 105%.
Excitation ceiling voltage must be 1.5 times that required for rated
operation. (2.3 times for static systems.)
Settling times for a step change of voltage set point must be
less than 2.5 seconds for a 5% voltage step on open circuit.
less than 5.0 seconds for a 5% voltage step with the generating unit
on load (active and reactive) with AVR limiters not operating
less than 7.5 seconds for a 5% voltage step with the generating unit
on load (active and reactive) when operating into an AVR limiter from
an operating point where a voltage step of 2.5% would just cause the
limiter to operate. This applies to each limiter.
Ability to increase field voltage from rated to ceiling in less than
500ms. (50ms for static systems.)
Power System Stabilizer including the usual features such as
output limiter, data recording and test facilities.
IRISH GRID CODE :
TECHNICAL REQUIREMENTS

Wind Turbines to Provide the island with >37% of Demand by 2020

Average On-Line Synchronous Inertia to be Reduced by 25%

Hence Much Greater Emphasis on Validation Testing

Site-work needs to be planned carefully

Leading Var Capability of 0.7 Power Factor at 35% Registered Power Capacity.
More Onerous Than Other Grid Codes.
Need to be Prepared to Demonstrate.

Possible Future Requirement for Higher Inertia Machines to Compensate for

Wind Penetration.
 1

2016 IEEE/PES General Meeting

July 17th-21st, 2016 Boston, MA

Panel Session
Use of the New Revisions of IEEE Std. 421.2 and 421.5 to
Satisfy International Grid Code Requirements

Testing model data usability

Excitation Systems
PSS
Limiters
Presented by: Leo Lima
Kestrel Power Engineering USA
leo@kestrelpower.com
 2

Introduction
North American reliability standards
NERC Std. MOD-026 and MOD-027
Transmission Planner has 90 calendar days to respond if
provided models are usable or not.
Models initialize without error
No spurious behavior during a no-disturbance (flat) simulation
Adequate response (stable response) following a disturbance that is
otherwise stable
Usability in these Standards is not related to an
assessment of adequacy of the dynamic response of
the equipment
 3

Full System Model

Update models to the database of the full
interconnected system model
NERC Model Validation Procedures
Routine Tests
No-fault test (no-disturbance test)
Ring down test
Regional tests
NERC Std. MOD-032
NERC Std. MOD-033
 4

Simplified Tests
Open Circuit Step Response
Response Ratio Test
Online Voltage Reference Step Response
PSS model testing
Excitation limiter testing
Turbine/speed governor testing
 5

Open Circuit Step Response

Each generation unit is initially operating at full
speed, no load (not synchronized to the grid)
Could be an automatic function of the software,
such as PSS/E ESTR/ERUN
Results are comparable to actual equipment
commissioning tests
Excellent for checking excitation system (AVR)
dynamic response
Also checks some parameters of the synchronous
generator model
 6

Open Circuit Step Response

Does not test PSS models
Might not be applicable to test excitation limiter
models
Might not test the limits (ceilings) of the excitation
system
 7

Response Ratio Test

Response Ratio (aka Excitation System Nominal
Response) is defined in IEEE Std. 421.2
Provides the value for the rated field voltage and
current of the equipment
Might test the excitation system limits (positive
ceiling)
Might not be applicable to high-initial response
excitation systems, particularly when field current
limiters (e.g. OEL) is not represented in the
simulation
 8

Online Voltage Reference Step

Single machine versus infinite bus (SMIB) model
Comparable to actual field commissioning tests
Related to the local mode of oscillation of the unit
Oscillation frequency in the simulation is related
to the generator dispatch and the value of the
transfer impedance in the SMIB system
Simulations with and without the PSS model will
show the PSS contribution to damping at this
oscillation frequency
 9

Synthetic System
et E
iG
Re Xe

iline

Pload +j Qload

Load as constant impedance

F. P. Demello and C. Concordia, "Concepts of Synchronous Machine Stability as Affected by Excitation
Control," in IEEE Transactions on Power Apparatus and Systems, vol. PAS-88, no. 4, pp. 316-329, April
1969.
doi: 10.1109/TPAS.1969.292452
Load as constant power
F. J. De Marco, N. Martins and J. C. R. Ferraz, "An automatic method for power system stabilizers phase
compensation design," in IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, vol. 28, no. 2, pp. 997-1007, May 2013.
doi: 10.1109/TPWRS.2012.2209208
 10

PSS Model Testing

Using the synthetic system, effect of PSS on
oscillation damping can be assessed for any
frequency of interest
For low frequencies (inter-area modes), most
of the generator output is feeding the local
load, not being transferred to the infinite bus
Limited overall effectiveness of the PSS, as it is
modulating just a small fraction of the total
power output of the generator
 11

PSS Model Testing

3100

Local mode 2900

(MW)
P
2700
PSS

SMIB 2500

20.1
no PSS

no local load 19.9

(kV)
Et
19.7

XE = 20% 19.5

200
150
(Vdc)

100
Efg

50
0
-50

0.0010
0.0005
speed

0
(pu)

-0.0005
-0.0010
-0.0015
0 2 4 6 8 10
Time (seconds)
 12

PSS Model Testing

2880
2840

Inter-area

(MW)
2800

P
2760
PSS

SMIB 2720

20.2
no PSS

local load 20.0

(kV)
Et
19.8
19.6

XE = 200% 19.4

200
150
(Vdc)

100
Efg

50
0
-50

0.00075

0.00025
speed
(pu)

-0.00025

-0.00075
0 5 10 15
Time (seconds)
 13

PSS Model Testing

3300

No PSS
3100

2900

(MW)
P
2700

2500 XE=20 pu
XE=2.0 pu
2300 XE=0.2 pu

0.002

0.001
spd dev
(pu)

-0.001

-0.002
0 5 10 15 20 25
Time (seconds)
 14

Excitation Limiter Testing

How to check these models for usability?
Commissioning field tests often performed at
modified settings (lowered limits)
Disturbances resulting in activation of the limiters
are not common
Suggestion
Single machine versus almost infinite bus system
Replace infinite bus by a conventional synchronous
generator with excitation system
 15

Excitation Limiter Testing

Suggested Test System
Step in voltage reference, to simulate a change in
the grid voltage
Positive step high system voltage machine goes
under excited until reaching UEL
Negative step low system voltage machine
goes over excited until reaching OEL
Relationship DQ/DET is inversely proportional to the
equivalent impedance XE
 16

Turbine/Speed Governor Testing

Isolated (islanded) operation or grid-connected
operation?
Very important distinction, particularly for hydro units
PSS/E activities GSTR/GRUN automate the test for isolated
system conditions
No automated features to test grid-connected response
Playback of recorded system frequency
disturbances
 17

Turbine/Speed Governor Testing

Suggested Test System
Single machine versus almost infinite bus system
Replace infinite bus by a conventional synchronous
generator with excitation system and speed
governor
Add a local load at the almost infinite bus, to make
the equivalent machine a generator and to allow a
step change in total system load
Adjust magnitude of the step in the system load and
parameters of the equivalent governor as necessary
 18

Turbine/Speed Governor Testing

et E
iG
Re Xe

Pload +j Qload
60.2

60.15

60.1

60.05

60
frequency (Hz)

59.95

59.9 WECC trace

PSS/E Simulation

59.85

59.8

59.75

59.7

59.65
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
time (seconds)
 1

Use of the new revisions of IEEE

Standards 421.2 and 421.5 to
satisfy international grid code
requirements
Power System Stabilizer Tuning Criteria
Shawn Patterson
Bureau of Reclamation USA
spatterson@usbr.gov
 2

Power System Stabilizers

(PSS)
Required in some areas for decades (WECC,
Ontario/Quebec-NPCC)
NERC Regional Standard Western Electricity
Coordinating Council (WECC)
Dual input is normal standard requirement
(WECC, Brazil, Most Canadian Provinces)
 3

PSS
Application of PSS appears as an element in
the 421 series of IEEE standards:
421.5 includes standard models of PSS
equipment used by manufacturers
421.2 includes information on dynamic
performance testing of excitation systems that
incorporate PSS
 4

Power System Stabilizer Models

IEEE Standard 421.5
PSS2C is the latest version of the dual input stabilizer

VSI1max VSTmax
PSS
VSI1 sTW1 sTW2 1 1+sT8 N
1+sT1 1+sT3 1+sT10 1+sT12 VST
output
S S KS1
1+sTW1 1+sTW2 1+sT6 + (1+sT9)M + 1+sT2 1+sT4 1+sT11 1+sT13 logic
VPSS
+ (b)
VSI1min VSTmin
KS3
VSI2max

VSI2 sTW3 u1
block
1+sTW3 bypass y KS2
sTW4 logic 1+sT7
VSI2min u2
(a)
1+sTW4
1
 5

Power System Stabilizer Models

IEEE Standard 421.5
PSS4C is the latest version of the multi-band variant
VVLmax

KVL11+sTVL1 1+sTVL3 1+sTVL5

KVL1 S KVL
1+sTVL2 1+sTVL4 1+sTVL6 + VVL

KVL17+sTVL7 1+sTVL9 1+sTVL11 VVLmin
KVL2
1+sTVL8 1+sTVL10 1+sTVL12 VLmax

KL11+sTL1 1+sTL3 1+sTL5

KL1 S KL S
DwL-I 1+sTL2 1+sTL4 1+sTL6 + VL

KL17+sTL7 1+sTL9 1+sTL11 VLmin
KL2
1+sTL8 1+sTL10 1+sTL12 VImax VSTmax

KI11+sTI1 1+sTI3 1+sTI5

KI1 S KI S
1+sTI2 1+sTI4 1+sTI6 + VI
VST

KI17+sTI7 1+sTI9 1+sTI11 VImin VSTmin

KI2
1+sTI8 1+sTI10 1+sTI12 VHmax

KH11+sTH1 1+sTH3 1+sTH5

KH1 S KH
DwH 1+sTH2 1+sTH4 1+sTH6 + VH

KH17+sTH7 1+sTH9 1+sTH11 VHmin
KH2
1+sTH8 1+sTH10 1+sTH12
 6

IEEE Standard 421.2

Details both large and small signal
performance analysis, requirements, and
characteristics of excitation systems
PSS performance rests upon performance of the
automatic voltage regulator (AVR)
References the IEEE tutorial document for a
comprehensive treatment of PSS theory,
application, testing, and performance
 7

IEEE PSS Tutorial

Originally developed and published in 1981
Updated version first presented by the
Excitation Systems Subcommittee in 2007

IEEE Tutorial Course in Power System Stabilization via Excitation Control,

Excitation Systems Subcommittee, Energy Development and Power Generation
Committee, Power & Energy Society, publication 09TP250, first presented at the
2007 IEEE PES General Meeting, Tampa, FL
(http://resourcecenter.ieee-pes.org/pes/product/tutorials/PES09TP250)
 8

421.2
Basic requirements for tuning AVRs, with and
without PSS
Small signal, time domain performance indices
(step response rise time, overshoot, regulation,
damping ratio)
Performance measurements required to
determine PSS effectiveness
Frequency domain methods and measurements
 9

421.2
AVR response
Transient Stability
vs.
Small Signal Stability
 10

421.2
Testing Basics
 11

421.2 (PSS Tutorial)

Tuning and Performance

Tuning requirement

Note: This also doubles as MOD-026 compliance documentation

 12

PSS Elements
Signal conditioning
And mixing Gain Compensation Limiter

VSI1max VSTmax
PSS
VSI1 sTW1 sTW2 1 1+sT8 N
1+sT1 1+sT3 1+sT10 1+sT12 VST
output
S S KS1
1+sTW1 1+sTW2 1+sT6 + (1+sT9)M + 1+sT2 1+sT4 1+sT11 1+sT13 logic
VPSS
+ (b)
VSI1min VSTmin
KS3
VSI2max

VSI2 sTW3 u1
block
1+sTW3 bypass y KS2
sTW4 logic 1+sT7
VSI2min u2
(a)
1+sTW4
1

All elements covered comprehensively in the IEEE PSS tutorial

 13

PSS Requirements*
(*as specified in some regions)

Compensation (e.g.,
within 30 degrees)
Washout (maximum time)
VSI1max VSTmax
PSS
VSI1 sTW1 sTW2 1 1+sT8 N
1+sT1 1+sT3 1+sT10 1+sT12 VST
output
S S KS1
1+sTW1 1+sTW2 1+sT6 + (1+sT9)M + 1+sT2 1+sT4 1+sT11 1+sT13 logic
VPSS
+ (b)
VSI1min VSTmin
KS3
VSI2max

VSI2 sTW3 u1
block
1+sTW3 bypass y KS2
sTW4 logic 1+sT7
VSI2min 1+sTW4 u2
(a) Gain Limiter (minimum
1
(minimum requirement) requirement, e.g.,
5 percent)
 14

Adequate?
AVR and PSS application are some of the most
difficult topics for reliability organizations, grid
codes, compliance offices
The combination of the 421 standard series
(including the referenced PSS tutorial)
provides more than enough information for
the purposes of reliability standards
 15

More
If anything, these documents should be
referenced and consulted more
Voltage regulation requirements are usually very
simplistic
PSS requirements are lesser known, but are
tending to become more technical
Grid codes are just starting to get a handle on
performance requirements/standards, so these
documents will be essential
 1

Excitation Limiter Models and

Protection Coordination

Presented by: Les Hajagos

Kestrel Power Engineering Canada
les@kestrelpower.com
 2

Introduction
In North America, we have the NERC Reliability
Standards in place. In other regions around the world,
local grid codes have similar requirements.
The Excitation System SC will report on our many
recent activities related to testing and modeling of
excitation systems, associated controllers and limits to
support meeting these requirements
See also our companion presentation 16PESGM2680
The Impact of Grid Codes Upon Generator Excitation System
Design and Standards
 3

Presentations
Presentation Presenter Organization
421.2 Guide for Identification, Testing and
Rich Schaeffer Basler Electric
Evaluation of Dynamic Performance
421.5 Recommended Practice for Models for
Les Hajagos Kestrel Power
Power System Stability Studies
Robert Thornton-
Overview of grid codes Jones
Brush Electric

Practical international experiences Jos Taborda JT Consulting

Quanta
421.5 sample data and model data usability Alex Schneider
Technology
Testing model data usability Leo Lima Kestrel Power
Bureau of
Power System Stabilizer tuning criteria Shawn Patterson
Reclamation
Excitation limiter models and protection
Les Hajagos Kestrel Power
coordination
 4

Excitation Limiters and Protection:

Excitation limiters must coordinate with equipment
capabilities (generator, exciter, transformers) and with
internal and external protections and ride-through
requirements

Excitation, power equipment and relaying are typically

different departments in a utility must coordinate
and communicate!
 5

IEEE 421 Series of Standards

421.1 Standard Definitions
421.2 Guide for Identification, Testing and Evaluation
of Dynamic Performance
421.3 High-Potential Test Requirements
421.4 Guide for Preparation of Specifications
421.5 Recommended Practice for Models for Power
System Stability Studies
421.6 Specification and Design of Field Discharge
Equipment
 6

NERC Standards (Excitation Related)

PRC-005-2 Protection System Maintenance may impact new
exciters with built in protection

PRC-019-2 Coordination of Generating Unit or Plant

Capabilities, Voltage Regulating Controls, and Protection

PRC-024-1 Generator Performance During Frequency and

Voltage Excursions
 7

NERC PRC-019-2 Verification that generator voltage regulator controls and limit
functions are coordinated with the generators capabilities and protective relays

Study results with plots or data that could be plotted for the following:

Generator capability curve, including specification of nominal voltage, ambient air or

cooling temperature, or hydrogen pressure.

Steady state over-excitation limiter and under-excitation limiter characteristics

MW limit of the prime mover.

Any other limit that could restrict the megawatt or megavar capability.

Loss of excitation / field protective relay characteristics.

Volts-per-hertz protection vs volts-per-hertz limiters

Time vs. field current or time vs. stator current

 8

NERC PRC-019-2 Verification that generator voltage regulator controls and limit
functions are coordinated with the generators capabilities and protective relays

1.1. Assuming the normal automatic voltage regulator control

loop and steady-state system operating conditions, verify the
following coordination items for each applicable Facility:
1.1.1. The in-service limiters are set to operate before the Protection
System of the applicable Facility in order to avoid disconnecting the
generator unnecessarily.
1.1.2. The applicable in-service Protection System devices are set to
operate to isolate or de-energize equipment in order to limit the
extent of damage when operating conditions exceed equipment
capabilities or stability limits.
 9

Excitation Limiters
Over-Excitation Limiters (OEL)
Under-Excitation Limiters (UEL)
Over-Voltage (O/V) and V/Hz
Stator Current Limiter (SCL)
 10

Reactive Capability Coordination 50

OEL
Rated Field

Example: 40
SCL
Stator Limit
UEL
PQ Monitor Trip
NERC PRC-019 Coordination Minimum Field
40 Zone 2
30 40 Zone 1
Rated PF 0.9
0.95 PF

Grid Codes may impose 20

coordination of limiters,
10
protection and capability and

Reactive Power (MVAr)

may also impose minimum 0
Active Power (MW)
0 10 20 30 40 50
reactive capability
requirements. -10

-20

Some types of limiters may be

prohibited or may be -30

mandatory (e.g. SCL) -40

*example plot courtesy Kestrel Power Engineering.

-50
 11

HV Grid

Unit
Breaker

Main
Transformer

24T

Overview of PT Relays

Protective 40 21 32 59 24

Devices Controls
Limiters
CT
Service Transformer

Exciter

M M M

~ Generator

51V
Auxiliary
Loads

50
5IE
 12

Field Thermal Coordination

Example: Provide short-
time capabilities
specified in IEEE/ANSI
50.13 and continuous
capability determined by
either field current,
armature current, or
core-end heating. More
restrictive limiting
functions, such as steady
state stability limiters,
shall not be enabled
without ISO approval.
*example plot courtesy Kestrel Power
Engineering.
 13

V/Hz Coordination Example

Coordination may include the excitation limiter, relays, the generator and other
equipment, here the GST. Often equipment damage curves are not available
and we instead refer to applicable protection standards *example plot courtesy KPE
 14

Example UEL Curve For A Cylindrical Rotor Generator

0
LOE
Reactive Power (pu)

directional
-0.2
UEL
LOE
-0.4

-0.6
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2

Active Power (pu)

 15

Example UEL Dynamic Response

-0.2
UEL
Reactive Power (pu)

LOE
-0.4

-0.6
NO UEL

-0.8
0 2 4 6 8 10

Time (seconds)
 16

Example UEL Dynamic Response

0

Generator Apparent Impedance X (pu)

-0.2
0 (start)
0.42
LOE
-0.4 directional
1.67 3.05
impedance
-0.6
UEL

LOE
-0.8

-1.0
0.5 0.7 0.9 1.1 1.3 1.5

Generator Apparent Impedance R (pu)