Determination of the Solubility Product Constant of Calcium

Hydroxide
College of Education, University of the Philippines, Diliman, Quezon City, 1101
Performed 17 February 2017; Submitted 24 February 2017

Answers to Questions

1. Write the net ionic reaction for the precipitation of Ca(OH)2 and give the Ksp expression
of the reaction.
 Ca2+(aq) + 2OH-(aq) Ca(OH)2(s)
Ksp = [Ca2+][OH-]2

2. What is the working equation for the determination of the [Ca2+] in the saturated
solution of Ca(OH)2?

V HCl
[ OH- ]=
V analyte
Ca

2+

OH
2


3. Write the Ksp of Ca(OH)2 in terms of its (a) molar solubility s, (b) [OH-], and (c) [Ca2+].

Ksp = (a) 4s3

(b)
OH

OH
[ 2 )


[ )
2


(c) 2
(
( [ Ca 2+ ] ) { 2 [ Ca2+ ] } )
4. Discuss the effects of common ions and increasing ionic strength on the solubility of
Ca(OH)2 precipitate. Do they coincide with theoretical effects? Explain.

Based on the gathered data, the presence of common ions in the solution increased the
solubility of Ca(OH)2 by around 53% compared to its experimental solubility. The
solubility also increased as ionic strength of the added KCl was increased, with 0.010 M
KCl having an effect of 12% increase in the solubility of Ca(OH) 2, 0.050 M KCl with 29%
increase, 0.10 M KCl with 24% increase, 0.25 M KCl with 36% increase, and 0.50 M KCl
with 48% increase.

Theoretically, the presence of common ions in the solution should have decreased the
solubility of Ca(OH)2 . Common ions suppress the dissociation of weak electrolytes with
the same ion [1]. Le Chateliers principle also states that the direction of the equilibrium
shifts to the reactant side in the presence of a common ion. This suggests that, ideally,
the results of the experiment should have shown a decrease in the solubility of Ca(OH) 2
upon the addition of common ions, which were the Cl- in CaCl2. On the other hand,
increasing the ionic strength, which is a measure of the concentration of ions in a
solution, allows for more dissolution because more free ions are able to enter the
reaction [2]. This suggests that the results of the experiement coincide with the
theoretical outcome, with the solubility of Ca(OH)2 increasing as ionic strength of the
solution is increased. The increasing trend is not consistent, however, as can be observed
in the lower increase of Ca(OH)2 solubility for 0.10 M KCl.

5. What are the possible sources of errors and their effect on the calculated parameters?
Rationalize.
It was identified that the use of concentrated HCl in the solution preparation, instead of
3.0 M HCl stock solution, was one of the sources of error. The high concentration of HCl
made small errors in solution preparation have a bigger effect on the change in the
concentration of the solution. This accounts for the high percentage error in the
comparison of experimental and theoretical Ksp. Other instances of transferring liquids
when preparing the solutions for each setup can also be sources of error, making the
known concentrations of the solutions inaccurate for each imprecise measurement.
Titrating beyond or before the endpoint can also be one source of error, making the
volumes of HCl inaccurate.

References:

[1] Krishnamurthy, M., 2012. Chemistry for ISEET - Volume 1, Part A. Hyderabad,
India: Varsity Education Management Limited. 298.

[2] Willey, J, 2004. J. Chem. Educ. NC: University of North Carolina. 1664.

Appendix

Concentration of standard HCl solution

(1):
mol Na2 CO3
( 0.1 128 g Na 2 CO 3 0.999
2 mol HCl
106.0g Na2 CO3 mol Na 2 CO3 )(
/ 2.7mL
1L
1000mL )
= 0.787472 M
(2):
mol Na 2 CO3
( 0.1 118 g Na2 CO3 0.999
2 mol HCl
106.0g Na 2 CO 3 mol Na 2 CO3 )(
/ 3.6mL
1L
1000mL )
=0.585368 M
(3):
mol Na 2 CO3
( 0.1g Na 2 CO3 0.999
2 mol HCl
106.0g Na2 CO 3 mol Na 2 CO3 )(
/ 2.1mL
1L
1000mL
=1.23686 M)
( 0.787472 M+ 0.585368 M +1. 23686 M )
Average : =0.8699 M 0. 87 M
3

Experimental Ksp and Molar Solubility of Ca(OH)2

2++2 OH
Ca ( OH )2(s) Ca
2+
Ca


OH


OH


OH




K sp=
Trial 1

OH

0.8699 mmol H+ m mol OH-
5.4mL HCl
mL m mol H+
=0.0939492 0.094 M
50.0mL
2+

Ca = solubility of Ca(OH)2

0.0939492 mol 1 mol Ca2+
=0. 0469746 0. 047 M
L 2 mol OH-
K sp
3 4 4
4 ( 0.0469746 ) =4.14619 x 10 4.15 10
Trial 2

OH

+ -
0.8699 mmol H mol OH
3.6mL HCl +
mL mol H
=0.0626328 0. 063 M
50.0mL
2+

Ca = solubility of Ca(OH)2

0. 0626328 mol 1 mol Ca2+
-
=0.0313164 0. 031 M
L 2 mol OH
K sp
4 ( 0.0313164 )3 =1.2285 104 1.23104
Trial 3

OH

0.8699 mmol H+ mol OH -
2.1mL HCl
mL mol H+
=0.03653580. 037 M
50.0mL
2+

Ca = solubility of Ca(OH)2

0. 0365358 mol 1 mol Ca2+
-
=0.0182679 0. 018 M
L 2 mol OH
K sp
4 ( 0.0182679 )3=2.43852 x 105 2. 44 105

Average Solubility of Ca(OH)2

( 4.14619 x 104 + 1.2285 104 + 2.43852 x 105)
= 0.03218630.032 M
3
Average Ksp
( 0.000191788+ 0.000170144+0.000215195 )
=1.87285 104 1.87 104
3
Theoretical Ksp = 6.50 106
%Error
 |6.5 1061.87 104|
6
100 =2781
6.5 10
Effect of Common Ions on the Solubility of Ca(OH)2
Trial 1

OH

+ -
0.8699 mmol H mmol OH
5.5mL HCl +
mL mmol H
=0.095689 0.096M
50.0mL
2+
Ca = solubility of Ca(OH)2

2+
0. 095689 1 mol Ca
-
=0. 0478445 0.048M
L 2 mol OH
K sp
3 4
4 ( 0. 0356972 ) =0.000438083 4.4 10
Trial 2

OH

+ -
0.8699 mmol H mmol OH
5.7mL HCl +
mL mmol H
=0.0991686 0. 0 99M
50.0mL
2+
Ca = solubility of Ca(OH)2

0. 0991686 1 mol Ca 2+
=0. 0495843 0.050M
L 2 mol OH -
K sp
4 ( 0. 0338018 )3=0.0000609540 6.1105

Average Solubility of Ca(OH)2

( 0.0478445 +0. 0495843 )
= 0.04871440. 049 M
2

Effect of Ionic Strength on the Solubility of Ca(OH)2 in 0.010M KCl

Trial 1

OH

+ -
0.8699 mmol H mmol OH
5.6mL HCl +
mL mmol H
=0.0974288 0.097M
50.0mL
2+
Ca = solubility of Ca(OH)2

0. 0974288 1 mol Ca2+
=0. 0487144 0.049M
L 2 mol OH -
 K sp
4 ( 0. 0390142 )3=4.62415 104 4.6 104
Trial 2

OH

+ -
0. 8699 mmol H mmol OH
5.3 mL HCl +
mL mmol H
=0.0922094 0. 092 M
50.0mL
2+

Ca = solubility of Ca(OH)2

0. 0922094mol 1 mol Ca2+
=0. 0461047 0. 046 M
L 2 mol OH -
K sp
0. 0461047 )3=3.92009 104 3.9104
4

Average Solubility of Ca(OH)2

( 0.0487144 +0. 0461047 )
= 0.0474096 0.047M
2
Ionic strength ,
K +
C

K +
Z

Cl
C

Cl
Z
1 2 2
( 2 )= ( ( 0.01 )( 1 ) + ( 0.01 ) ( 1 ) ) =0.01
2


1 1
= C i Z 2i =
2 2
Effect of Ionic Strength on the Solubility of Ca(OH)2 in 0.050M KCl
Trial 1

OH

+ -
0.8699 mmol H mmol OH
6.2mL HCl +
mL mmol H
=0.107868 0.11 M
50.0mL
2+

Ca = solubility of Ca(OH)2

 0. 107868 1 mol Ca2+
=0. 0539338 0.054 M
L 2 mol OH-
K sp
4 ( 0. 0539338 )3=6.27542 104 6.3 104
Trial 2

OH

0. 8699 mmol H+ mmol OH-
6.3 mL HCl
mL mmol H +
=0.109607 0. 11 M
50.0mL
2+

Ca = solubility of Ca(OH)2

0. 109607 1 mol Ca2+
=0. 0548037 0. 055 M
L 2 mol OH -
K sp
0. 0548037 )


4
Average Solubility of Ca(OH)2
( 0.0539338 +0. 0548037 )
= 0.05436880.054
2
Ionic strength ,
1 2 2
= ( ( 0.050 ) ( 1 ) + ( 0.050 ) (1 ) ) =0.050
2
Effect of Ionic Strength on the Solubility of Ca(OH)2 in 0.10M KCl
Trial 1

OH

+ -
0.8699 mmol H mmol OH
6.0mL HCl +
mL mmol H
=0.104388 0.10
50.0mL
2+
Ca = solubility of Ca(OH)2

2+
0. 104388 1 mol Ca
-
=0. 052194 0.052
L 2 mol OH
K sp
3 4 4
4 ( 0. 052194 ) =5.68750 10 5.710
Trial 2

OH

+ -
0. 8699 mmol H mmol OH
5.9 mL HCl +
mL mmol H
=0. 102648 0.10 M
50.0mL
 2+
Ca = solubility of Ca(OH)2

0. 102648 1 mol Ca2+
=0. 0513241 0. 051 M
L 2 mol OH-
K sp
0. 0513241) 3=5.40784 104 5.4104
4

Average Solubility of Ca(OH)2

( 0.052194 +0. 0513241 )
= 0.0 517 591 0.052
2

Ionic strength ,
1 2 2
= ( ( 0.10 ) ( 1 ) + ( 0.010 ) (1 ) ) =0.100
2
Effect of Ionic Strength on the Solubility of Ca(OH)2 in 0.25M KCl
Trial 1

OH

0.8699 mmol H+ mmol OH -
6.6mL HCl
mL mmol H +
=0.114827 0.11M
50.0mL
2+

Ca = solubility of Ca(OH)2

0. 114827 1 mol Ca 2+
=0.0 574134 0.057M
L 2 mol OH-
K sp
4 .0 5741343=7.57001 104 7.6 104
Trial 2

OH

0. 8699 mmol H+ mmol OH-
6.7 mL HCl
mL mmol H+
=0. 116567 0. 12 M
50.0mL
2+

Ca = solubility of Ca(OH)2

0. 116567 1 mol Ca 2+
=0.0582833 0. 058 M
L 2 mol OH-
K sp
3 4 4
0. 0461047 ) =7.9194 10 7.9 10
4
Average Solubility of Ca(OH)2
 ( 0.0 574134 +0. 0582833 )
= 0.05784840.057 M
2
Ionic strength ,
1 2 2
= ( ( 0.25 ) ( 1 ) + ( 0.25 ) (1 ) )=0.250
2
Effect of Ionic Strength on the Solubility of Ca(OH)2 in 0.50M KCl
Trial 1

OH

+ -
0.8699 mmol H mmol OH
7.2mL HCl
mL mmol H+
=0.125267 0.13 M
50.0mL
2+

Ca = solubility of Ca(OH)2

0. 125267 1 mol Ca2+
=0. 0626328 0.063
L 2 mol OH -
K sp
4 ( 0. 0626328 )3=9.82800 104 9.8104
Trial 2

OH

0. 8699 mmol H+ mmol OH-
7.0 mL HCl +
mL mmol H
=0.121786 0. 12 M
50.0mL
2+

Ca = solubility of Ca(OH)2

0. 121786 1 mol Ca2+
=0. 060893 0. 061 M
L 2 mol OH -
K sp
0. 060893 )3=9.03155 104 9.0 104
4

Average Solubility of Ca(OH)2

( 0.0626328 +0. 060893 )
= 0.06176290.062 M
2

Ionic strength ,
1 2 2
= ( ( 0.50 ) ( 1 ) + ( 0.50 ) (1 ) ) =0.500
2