Explain how the spread of dengue can be prevented and controlled (6M)

i. eradicate the Aedes mosquito population

ii. cover all water containers to prevent female mosquitoes from laying eggs
iii. implement proper solid waste disposal // eliminate any sources that may collect stagnant
clear water
iv. use appropriate insecticides/larvicides/fogging
v. check and clear blocked drains
vi. breed mosquito larvae-eating fishes
vii.avoid wearing dark and tight clothing because mosquitoes are attracted to dark colors // wear
loose, white, and long clothes which cover the whole body
viii. mosquito coils / mosquito netting/screen / mosquito repellants can help prevent mosquito
bites
ix. avoid/reduce outdoor activities during morning/dawn and late evening/dusk because Aedes
mosquitoes are daytime feeders
x. educate and create awareness of the public towards the dangers and methods of prevention of
dengue
xi. use of modified/sterile Aedes mosquitoes that cause larva death in early stages of its
development
*must mention Aedes mosquito in every point
*random cleaning not accepted

STPM 2015
20 (b) RE: modes of transmission of infectious diseases (8M)
i. through indirect contact
- pathogens deposited on a surface survive and are transferred to another person
- e.g.: influenza, person touches a surface contaminated with the pathogen, infection
occurs

ii. through droplet infection

- coughing, sneezing, and laughing by the infected person
- can cause the pathogen to be transferred to the hose through airborne droplets
- e.g.: tuberculosis bacterium

iii. through vectors

- transmission is by insect/animal vectors
- e.g.: Aedes mosquito that carries the virus DENV causing dengue fever

iv.contaminated food and water

- consuming water and food that contains pathogens contaminated with the faeces of a
cholera-infected person
- e.g.: Vibrio cholera is transferred to the host
Explain how social roles would lessen the spread of cholera (4M)
i. authorities
- to ensure a supply of clean water and;
- proper sanitation to the population

ii. health education and good food hygiene

- to ensure that food vendors/food businesses practice hygiene;
- as well as safe preparation and conservation of food

iii. educational campaigns

- communities are reminded of basic hygienic practices
(the necessity of washing hands with soap after defecation and before handling food at home)

iv. media (radio, TV & newspaper) involved in disseminating health education messages to the
public to create awareness

v. community and religious leaders

- run social campaigns and spread awareness on how to prevent the spread of disease

STPM 2015 (R)

(a) Describe the transmission of TB (Mycobacterium tuberculosis) (8M)
i. an airborne disease
ii. caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis
iii. tuberculosis is transmitted through droplet infection
iv. it is spread through the air when a person with TB coughs, sneezes, spits, laughs or talks
v. higher risk of contracting TB in overcrowded housing conditions with poor ventilations
vi. only people with active TB can transmit the disease
vii.tuberculosis can also be transmitted by consuming unsterilized milk products
viii. due to the presence of Mycobacterium bovis

(b) Describe the role of social, economic, and biological factors in the prevention of the spreading
of tuberculosis (7M)
i. vaccination for those who do not have immunity
ii. using vaccination containing attenuated Mycobacterium bovis called BCG
iii. vaccination is not effective in malnourished children as their diets do not have enough
proteins and nutrient to make lymphocytes and antibodies
iv. TB patients are to be isolated from others to prevent the spread of the disease
v. contact tracing to identify those who have been in contact with TB patients to help control
the spread of the disease
vi. DOTS (Directly Observed Treatment, Short-Course) by WHO is a campaign to ensure
patients take medication under supervision for 6-8 months
vii.educating, training, and counselling healthcare workers, patients, and visitors about TB
infection and the disease
viii. TB drugs treatment for prevention of TB to reduce risk of TB infection