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Model Description
1 INTRODUCTION 1-1
9 ENTHALPY 9-1
9.7 The isothermal pressure dependency of the enthalpy in vapor phase 9-5
9.7.1 Redlich-Kwong-Soave equation 9-5
9.7.2 Peng-Robinson equation 9-5
Common abbreviations:
1-1
2 Description of the temperature dependency for pure
component property data
2.1 Equations
To describe the temperature dependency of any pure component property at current stage the following functions can be
used:
POLY : Polynom
f ( T ) = a0 + a1 T + a2 T 2 + ............. + a9 T 9
f ( T ) = a0 ( a2 T ) a1 + a3
a1
ln( f ( T )) = a0
T + a2
a1
ln f (T ) = a 0 + + a3T + a 4 ln T + a5T a6
T + a2
a1
ln( f ( T )) = a0 + a2 ln T
T
2-1
SUTH : Sutherland equation
a0 T
f (T ) =
a
1+ 1
T
1
ln f ( T ) = ln a1 + ( a2 + a3 1.5 + a 4 3 + a5 6 )
Tr
T
Tr =
a0
= 1 Tr
a0 = Tc
a1 = Pc
a4
f ( T ) = a0 + a1T + a2 T 2 + a3 T 3 +
T2
a5
f (T ) = a0 + a1T + a2T 2 + a3T 3 + a4T 4 +
T
a1
f ( T ) = a0 e T + a 2
a0
f (T ) = T
a11+(1 a2 )
a3
2-2
KIR1 : extended Kirchhoff equation
a1
ln( f ( T )) = a0 + + a2 ln T + a3 T a4
T
2 2
a2 a4
f (T ) = a 0 + a1 T + a3 T
sinh a 2 cosh a4
T T
f (T ) = a1 (1 Tr ) h
with
h = a 2 + a3Tr + a 4Tr2 + a5Tr3
T
Tr =
a0
a 0 = Tc
a 0 T a1
f (T ) =
a a
1 + 2 + 32
T T
2.2 Extrapolations
To avoid nonsensical results as well as program crashes, one can use the possibility to extrapolate the above given
functions beyond the proofed temperature range using one of the given extrapolation methods.
Linear extrapolation
For linear extrapolation inside the f(T)-diagram applies for the case T > Tupper and f (Tupper ) > 0
2-3
and for the case T < Tlower and f (Tlower ) < 0
For T > Tupper and f (Tupper ) < 0 applies with 0 B < f (Tupper )
f (Tupper )
[ ]
f (T ) = f (Tupper ) B exp (T Tupper ) + B
f (Tupper ) B
f (Tupper )
f (T ) = f (Tupper ) exp (T Tupper )
f (Tupper ) B
For T < Tlower and f (Tlower ) > 0 gilt mit 0 B < f (Tlower )
f (Tlower )
f (T ) = [ f (Tlower ) B ]exp (T Tlower ) + B
f (Tlower ) B
f (Tlower )
f (T ) = f (Tlower ) exp (T Tlower )
f (Tlower ) B
d ln f (T )
ln f (T ) = (T Tupper ) + ln f (Tupper )
dT T =Tupper
f (Tupper )
f (T ) = exp (T Tupper ) + ln f (Tupper )
f (Tupper )
f (Tupper )
f (T ) = f (T )
f (Tupper )
2-4
Extrapolation of the Wagner equation for vapor pressure
a 0 = Tc
a1 = Pc
Above the critical point the Wagner equation is extrapolated linear inside the ln(p) vs. 1/T diagram
1 1
a 2a 0
T a0
f ( T ) = a1 e
a a
f ( T) = 2 2 0 f ( T)
T
at T > Tc the vapor pressure represents a virtual value.
2-5
3 Calculation of averages
average = xi valuei
i
x value mass ,i i
average = i
x i
mass ,i
ln(average) = xi ln(valuei )
i
x mass ,i ln(valuei )
ln(average) = i
x i
mass ,i
1
m = 0 . 5 x i i +
xi
i
x M
i i i
m = i
x M
i
i i
3-1
VOLU: average for density based on volume
1
m =
x
ii
i
y i valuei
average =
i y j Fi , j
j
2
valuei Mol j
1 + 4
Fi , j = value j Moli
Moli
81 +
Mol
j
yi valuei
average =
i y j Fi, j
j
2
i Mol j
1 + 4
j Moli
Fi , j =
Moli
81 +
Mol
j
xiVol i 4 valuei
4
average = i
i xiVoli
3-2
DIKL: average for the heat conductivity of liquids based on DIPPR
2 xvi xv j
average =
1 1
i j
+
valuei value j
xiVol i
xvi =
x jVol j
j
3-3
4 Activity coefficients
G x j ,i
xG j ,i j
G x
l, j l, j l
ln i = + i, j
j j i, j l
G x k
G k ,i k j
k
k , j xk
G x
k
k, j k
S j ,i j ,i
G j ,i = e
b j ,i
j ,i = a j ,i + + e j ,i ln T + f j ,i T
T
S j ,i = c j ,i + d j ,i (T 27315
. )
qi x i q i xi
Fi = and F i =
qj xj qj
j xj
j
ln i = ln iC + ln iR
with
Vi KZ F V
ln iC = ln
xi
+
2
q i ln i + li i
Vi xi
x l
j
j j
and
F j i , j
ln R
= q i 1 ln F j j ,i
j F k k , j
i
j
k
li = 5 (ri q i ) (ri 1)
4-1
b j ,i
a j ,i + + c j ,i ln T + d j ,i T
j ,i = e T
x k k ,i
ln i = 1 ln x j i, j
j k x jk, j
j
bi , j
ai , j + + ci , j ln T + d i , j T
i, j = e T
+ (1 1 ) 2 i 1, 2 i
1 1
ln i = 1 + ln
r r 2i
r2 k r2 k
ln 2 k = 1 + ln + 1r2 k 1, 2 k 2 i 1, 2i
r r 2i
with
x1
1 =
r
r x
2i = 2 i 2 i
r
r = x1 + x 2i r2i
2i
1
1,2i = 10,2i + 11,2i
T
ri segment number of component i
i volume fraction of component i
1,2i interaction parameter
solvent(1)-solved species(2i)
ri
Vi =
rj x j
j
ri = (ki ) Rk
4-2
The surface part is defined by:
qi
Fi =
qj xj
j
qi = (ki ) Qk
ln i = ln iC + ln iR
V V
ln ic = 1 Vi + ln Vi 5qi 1 i + ln i
Fi Fi
and the residual part, that describes the interactions between the different functional groups.
ln iR = k( i ) ( ln k ln k( i ) )
m km
ln k = Qk 1 ln m km
m n n nm
Qm X m
m =
Qn X n
n
( j)
m xj
Xm =
j
j n
( j)
n xj
The parameter ji contains the group interaction coefficient between the groups j and i:
a j ,i
j ,i = e T
4-3
5 Poynting correction
v iL ( P Pi s )
ln Fp ,i =
RT
5-1
6 Henry correction
x j ln Hi, j
ln H i =
j
x j
j
whereas means:
i Index of the Henry components
j Index of the non Henry components
b
ln Hi , j = a + + c ln T + d T
T
6-1
7 Equations of state
a as B v + bm
ln i =
Bi
bm
( z m 1) ln z m + ln
vm
m 2 i i ln m
v m bm bm RT a m bm vm
a m = x i x j ai, j
i j
asi = x j ai, j
j
and
Bi = 2 bsi bm
bm = x i x j bi, j
i j
bsi = x j bi, j
j
Herein means:
ai, j = (
Ai A j 1 ki , j )
bi + b j
bi, j =
2
(1 k )
bi , j
Ai ( T ) = ai i
[ ( )]
2
i = 1 + mi 1 Tr
. i 0176
mi = 0.48 + 1574 . i2
R 2Tc2
a i = 0.42748
Pc
7-1
RTc
bi = 0.0867
Pc
RT a(T )
P=
v b v ( v + b) + b(v b)
Normal form of the cubic equation for the volume explicit representation:
Calculation of compressibility:
Pvm
zm =
RT
vm a m vm
zm=
vm bm RT vm ( vm + bm ) + bm ( vm bm )
am = xi x j ai , j
i j
bm = xibi
i
Herein means:
ai , j = Ai ( T ) A j ( T ) (1 ki , j )
Ai ( T ) = ai i
2
T
i = 1 + mi 1
Tci
mi = 0.37464 + 154226
. i 0.26992 i 2
7-2
R 2 Tci 2
ai = 0.45724
Pci
RTci
bi = 0.07780
Pci
7-3
8 Fugacity coefficients
i0
i =
iv
Pi s A (T ) v i + bi
ln i0 = z i 1 ln
RT
( vi bi ) i ln
bi RT v i
and
a as B v + bm
ln iv =
Bi
bm
( z m 1) ln z m + ln
vm
m 2 i i ln m
v m bm bm RT a m bm vm
The mixture rules can be find in the previous chapter Equations of state.
i 0
i =
i v
with
PS
ln i 0 = z i 1 ln i ( v i bi )
Ai (T )
ln
(
v i + 1 + 2 bi
)
RT (
2 2bi RT v i + 1 2 bi )
for a pure component at saturated vapor pressure
and
bi P am 2 ( )
bi v m + 1 + 2 bm
ln i v = ( z m 1) ln ( v m bm ) x a ln
bm RT 2 2bm RT a m j
j i, j
( )
bm v m + 1 2 bm
for a component inside a mixture
i0
i =
iv
8-1
2
Bi , i
v
e
i0 =
Bi,i
1+
v
RT 4P0 B
v= 1 + 1 + i i ,i
2 Pi 0 RT
2
v j
y j Bi , j
e
iv =
Bm
1+
v
RT 4 PBm
v= 1 + 1 +
2P RT
Bm = yi y j Bi, j
i j
Bm
zm = 1 +
v
with
Prerequisites:
The vapor phase behaves ideal, temperature, pressure and concentration are given
up to 5 components can build Di-, Tetra- and Hexamers as well as mixed dimers among each other
any desired number of inerts is allowed
Notation:
"true" concentration z in
i,j ... components
n association degree n=1,2,4,6 for i 5
zi2 = zi4 = zi6 = 0 for i > 5
Equilibrium constants:
8-2
(i) + (j) (ij)
z in
equilibrium constants K in =
z p n 1
n
i1
z Mij
K Mij =
z i1 z j1 p
Bin
are generated. For each applies: ln K in = Ain +
T
K Mij = 2 K i 2 K j 2
Material balance: K n
z p n 1 = 1
in i1
i n
nK z p n 1 +
n
in i1 K z z p
Mij i1 j1
yi
j i, j 5
=
n
nK
n
n
z p
1n 11
n 1
+ K
j i, j 5
z z p
M1 j 11 j1 y1
Set of equations for the variable z in to be solved iterative. Afterwards all z in and z Mij can be calculated.
z i1
i =
yi
8-3
9 Enthalpy
hl = h E + xi hil
i
with
h =h + cl dT
l 0
i i i
T0 ,i
hl = h E + xi hil
i
If the temperature for the phase change is set equal to the systems temperature, the enthalpy of the pure component can
be calculated using:
T
hiv 0
h = h + cpi dT
l 0
dp ri (T )
i i
T0 ,i ps (T )
p i
If the temperature for the phase change is predetermined, the enthalpy of the pure component has to be calculated using:
hiv
Tui 0 T
h = h + cpi dT
l 0
dp ri (Tui ) + cli dT
i i
T0,i pis ( Tui )
p Tui
9-1
9.3 Enthalpy of a gas with starting phase in liquid
h
P
hv = v dp + yi hiv
0
p i
If the temperature for the phase change is set equal to the systems temperature, the enthalpy of the pure component can
be calculated using:
T
hiv
0
h = h + cli dT + ri (T ) +
v 0
dp
i i
T0,i ps (T )
i
p
If the temperature for the phase change is predetermined, the enthalpy of the pure component has to be calculated using:
hiv
Tui 0 T
h = h + cli dT + ri (Tui ) +
v 0
dp + cpi dT
i i
T0,i pis ( Tui )
p Tui
h
P
hv = v dp + yi hiv
0
p i
with
h = h + cpi dT
i
v
i
0
T0, i
hs = si his
i
with
his = hi0 + cs dT
T0,i
i
9-2
9.6 The excess enthalpy
gE
ln i 1 i
= RT 2 xi = RT 2 xi
T
h E = T 2
T i T i i T
gE
x G j j ,i j ,i
= xi
j
RT i x Gj
j j ,i
Ai Bi Bi Ai
h E = T 2 R xi
i Bi2
with
Ai = x j G j ,i j ,i
j
Ai
T
(
= Ai = x j G j ,i j ,i + G j ,i j ,i
j
)
Bi = G j ,i x j
j
Bi
= Bi = x j G j ,i
T j
S j ,i j ,i
G j ,i = e
S j ,i = c j ,i + d j ,i (T 27315
. )
b j ,i
j ,i = a j ,i + + e j ,i ln T + f j ,i T
T
G j ,i S j ,i j ,i
= G j ,i = G j ,i j ,i + S j ,i
T T T
j ,i b j ,i e j ,i
= j ,i = + + f j ,i
T T2 T
S j ,i
= d j ,i
T
9-3
9.6.2 UNIQUAC equation
gE F
= xi ln Vi + 5 q i xi ln i q i xi ln x j F j j ,i
RT i i Vi i j
i , j
A A j i , j Aj
T
h E = RT 2 q i xi i + F j
i iA j Aj 2
with
Ai = F j j ,i
j
j ,i
Ai = F j
j T
q i xi
F i =
q j j xj
and
b j ,i
a j ,i + + c j ,i ln T + d j ,i T
j ,i = e T
gE
= R x i ln x j i, j
T i j
j ,i j j ,i j
h E = RT 2 xi i + x j
i i j 2j
i
= i = x j i , j
T j
i = x j i , j
j
i , j bi , j ci , j
= i , j = i , j 2 + + di, j
T T T
bi , j
ai , j + + ci , j ln T + d i , j T
i, j = e T
9-4
9.6.4 Flory-Huggins equation
gE
= x1 ln 1 + x 2i ln 2i + x1 2i 1,2i
RT x1 2i x2i 2i
h E = RTx1 2i 1,2i
2i
h E = 0,5 hiE, j
i j
xi x j
hiE, j =
xi + x j
( A(T ) + B(T ) x d + C (T ) x d2 + D(T ) x d3 + E (T ) x d4 + F (T ) x d5 )
x d = xi x j
The temperature dependency of the coefficients in most cases can be characterized well by a polynom:
A( T ) = a0 + a1T + a2 T 2 ...
dai
T ai b p s
hi = RT ( z 1) + dT ln 1 + i i
bi zRT
dam
T am
b p
hm = RT ( z 1) + dT ln 1 + m
bm zRT
9-5
1 Ai (T ) vi + (1 + 2 )bi
hi = RT ( zi 1) Ai (T ) T ln
2 2bi T vi + (1 2 )bi
with
2
T
Ai (T ) = ai 1 + mi 1
Tci
Ai (T ) T ai mi
= 1 + mi 1
T Tci Tci T
1 a m v m + (1 + 2 )bm
hm = RT ( zm 1) am T ln
2 2bm T v m + (1 2 )bm
with
a m 1 A j (T ) Ai (T )
= xi x j (1 k i , j ) Ai (T ) + A j (T )
T i j 2 Ai (T ) A j (T ) T T
hv = RE + yi hiv
i
nz
i n
in + 2 z Mij
i j i
hin = RBin
R
(
hMij = Bi 2 + B j 2
2
)
9-6
10 Chemical reactions
a1
ln f ( T ) = a0 + + a2 ln T + a3 T + a 4 T 2 + a5 T 3
T
EQLM
x
i
i
i
= f (T )
EQVM
y
i
i
i
= f (T )
EQLC
i
x
i Vi = f (T )
xi
V =
i i
EQVC
y
i
i Vi = f (T )
z RT
V=
P
EQLA
( x )
= f (T )
i
i i
i
EQVP
( Py )
i
i = f (T )
i
EQLF
10-1
i0 Pi s i Fpi i
i f 0 xi = f (T )
EQVF
iv P i
i f 0 yi = f (T )
a1
ln f ( T ) = a 0 + + a 2 ln T + a3 T
T
a
ln ( T ) = a0 + 1 + a2 ln T + a3 T
T
KILM
= V f k x i 1 + l i,l x i
i ,k
k i l i
KIVM
= V f k y i 1 + l i,l y i
i ,k
k i l i
KILC
i , k
= V
fk
i i l 1 + Vsl i i,l xi
x
Vs
k i,k
x
Vs = i
i i
KIVC
= V 1 + l
fk
y i , k
i ,l y i
Vs i ,k
k
i
l Vs i
i
zRT
Vs =
P
KILW
10-2
= VmVs 1 + l
fk
x i , k
i ,l x i
Vs i , k
k
i
l Vs i
i
Vs = x i Mwi
i
KIVW
i , k
= VmVs
fk
i i l 1 + Vsl i i,l yi
y
Vs
k i ,k
Vs = y i Mwi
i
zRT
m =
P
COOR
= value
CONV
STAT
10-3