Name: HILLARY A.

BUSQUE Subject: Electronics 2

Course & Year: BSEcE 3 Schedule: 11:30 12:30 pm
MWF

Discuss the following:

Topic: Feedback and Oscillator Circuits
1. Concept of Feedback
2. Practical Feedback Circuits
3. Oscillator Operation
4. Types of Oscillator

Concept of Feedback

A typical feedback connection is shown in Fig. 14.1. The input signal Vs is

applied to a mixer network, where it is combined with a feedback signal Vf. The
difference of these signals Vi is then the input voltage to the amplifier. A portion
of the amplifier output Vo is connected to the feedback network (), which
provides a reduced portion of the output as feedback signal to the input mixer
network.
If the feedback signal is of opposite polarity to the input signal, as shown in
Fig. 14.1, negative feedback results. Although negative feedback results in
reduced overall voltage gain, a number of improvements are obtained, among
them being:
1. Higher input impedance.
2. Better stabilized voltage gain.
3. Improved frequency response.
4. Lower output impedance.
5. Reduced noise.
6. More linear operation.

Practical Feedback Circuits

Voltage-Series Feedback
For voltage-series feedback, the output voltage is fed back in series
to the input.

A part of the output signal (Vo) is obtained using a feedback network of resistors
R1 and R2 . The feedback voltage Vf is connected in series with the source
signal Vs , their difference being the input signal Vi .
Gain without the feedback:

Where RL is the parallel combination of resistors:

The feedback network provides a feedback factor of

Using the values of A and b above in Eq. (14.2), we find the gain with
negative
feedback to be
 If we have

Current-Series Feedback
For a current-series feedback amplifier, a portion of the output
current is fed back in
series with the input.

Without Feedback
Referring to the basic format of Fig. 14.2 a and summarized in Table
14.1 , we have

The input and output impedances are,

With Feedback
 The input and output impedances are

The voltage gain A with feedback is

Voltage-Shunt Feedback
For a voltage-shunt feedback amplifier, the output voltage is fed
back in
parallel with the input.

The gain with feedback is then

This is a transfer resistance gain. The more usual gain is the voltage

gain with feedback,

 Current-Shunt Feedback
For a current-shunt feedback amplifier, a portion of the output
current is directed back in parallel with the input.

Oscillator Operation

The feedback signal must be positive.

If the feedback signal is not positive or the gain is less than one, the
oscillations dampens out.

The overall gain must equal one(unity gain).

If the overall gain is greater than one, the oscillator eventually saturates

Types of Oscillator Circuits

 Phase Shift Oscillator

-The amplifier must supply enough gain to compensate for losses.

The overall gain must be unity.
-The RC networks provide the necessary phase shift for a positive
feedback.
-The values of the RC components also determine the frequency of
oscillation:

-The amplifier must supply

enough gain to compensate for
losses. The overall gain
must be unity.
-The RC networks provide
the necessary phase shift for a
positive feedback
-The values of the RC
components also determine the
frequency of oscillation:

Wien Bridge Oscillator

-The amplifier must supply enough gain to compensate for losses. The overall gain
must be unity.
- The feedback resistors are R3 and R 4.
- The phase-shift components are R1, C1and R2, and C2.

Tuned Oscillator Circuits

-use a parallel LC resonant circuit (LC tank) to provide the
oscillations.

*There are two common types:

ColpittsThe resonant circuit is an inductor and two capacitors.
 The frequency of oscillation is
determined by:

Where

HartleyThe resonant circuit is a tapped inductor or two inductors and

one capacitor.

The frequency of oscillation is

determined by:

where:

Crystal Oscillators -The crystal appears as a

resonant circuit.
The crystal has two resonant frequencies:
Series resonant condition
RLC determine the resonant frequency
The crystal has a low impedance
Parallel resonant condition
RL and CM determine the resonant frequency
The crystal has a high impedance
The series and parallel resonant frequencies are very
close, within 1% of each other.

Unijunction Oscillator
The output frequency is determined by: