1 1 t 1 1 r ' ' ‘ FIGURE 5.5 Spherical coordinates. the xy plane makes with the positive x axis is ¢. (Mathematics texts often interchange 6 and ¢.) A little trigonometry gives x=rsin@cos$, y = rsin@sind, r-cosé (5.51) m x2 2 2 z Paxrty+2, cos@=————__, (2+ y+ 2)? To transform the angular-momentum operators to spherical coordinates, we must transform 4/dx, d/dy, and 4/az into these coordinates. [This transformation may be skimmed if desired. Begin reading again after Eq. (5.64).] tang = y/x (5.52) To perform this transformation, we use the chain rule, Suppose we have a function of r, 6, and : f(r, 8, ). If we change the independent variables by substituting r= rxyz) O= A(X, 2), 6 = (2,52) into f, we transform it into a function of x, y, and z: FU r(x, ¥s 2), O(X Ys 2)s $(X Ys Z)] = BCH, ¥ 2) For example, suppose that f(r,6,¢) = 3r-cosé + 2tan’. Using (5.52), we have (x, y, 2) = 3z + 2y°x?. ‘The chain rule tells us how the partial derivatives of g(x, y, z) are related to those of f(r, 6, #). In fact, Caen : G), ).. + (4) @).. (5.53) (2). 2),.-O.@.7 OH). @.).. © ),,-@,@).,°@.@., GG), 6 To convert these equations to operator equations, we delete f and g to give ao(#) 2 (2) 2+(2) — (5.56) 2-(2) $+ ax/),,,0 \ax/,, 86 with similar equations for 4/ay and @/az. The task now is to evaluate the partial derivatives such as (3r/ax)y,.- Taking the partial derivative of the first equation in (5.52) with respect tox at constant y and z, we have110 Chapter 5 ‘Angular Momentum (or) = 2x = 2rsin@ cosd (3). (2) = sind cos yt bd 6s) ith respect to y and with respect to z, we fing Differentiating ? = x7 +? + 2 wit ne (2) =sinosind, (52) Pe nt From the second equation in (5.52), we find x con ®) 3 20 cos6 cos ee 7 or (59 Also, 30 cos sing ( ay),2 r Mee (6.00) From tan $ = y/x, we find a6) __ sing ) _ £08 *) =o (2). ~“rsind’ Vay... sind” az.) (5.61) Substituting (5.57), (5.59), and (5.61) into (5.56), we find a , cosécosé 9 sing a 2 = sino cosp2 + SOOO _ _SOd ax r a0 rsind ab (6.42) Similarly, a a , cossind 4 cos a SF <4 oem 2 ay 7 Sind sings + + ne fe 663) a a sind a 32 a0 ) At last, we are ready to express the angular-momentum components in spherical coordinates. Substituting (5.51), (5,63), and (5.64) into (5.40), we have Z . a _ sind a L, if it Me alr sina sing (cose? ; 3) - reose(sind sing ean Glare 2)| 7 7 rsin6 36 i, = i(sing + cord cos) (5.65) 36 a6 Also, we find ‘ a a £, = ~it( cosé& — cote sing 566 y (cose corasins =) (5.66) (5.67)