Torsion

Prepared by:
Engr. Kenny B. Cantila
 TORSION

Torsion occurs when any shaft is subjected to a torque. This is true

whether the shaft is rotating (such as drive shafts on engines, motors,
and turbines) or stationary (such as bolts or screw). The torque makes
the shaft twist and one end rotates relative to the other inducing shear
stress on any cross section.
 Consider a bar to be rigidly attached at one end and twisted at the
other end by a torque or twisting moment T equivalent to F d, which is
applied perpendicular to the axis of the bar, as shown in the figure. Such
a bar is said to be in torsion.
 TORSION EQUATION

The diagram shows a shaft fixed at one end and twisted at the other end
due to the action of torque T. The radius of the shaft is R and the length is
L.

x x

Imagine a horizontal radial line drawn on the end face. When the
end is twisted, the line rotates through an angle . The length of the arc
produced is:
= (. )
Now consider a line drawn along the length of the shaft. When
twisted, the line moves through an angle . The length of the arc
produced is:
= (. )
Equating (Eq.1) and (Eq.2), thus:

= (. )

If you refer to basic stress and strain theory, you will appreciate that is
the shear strain on the outer surface of the shaft. The relationship
between the shear strain and shear stress is

= (. ) =

is the shear stress and G is the modulus of rigidity

Equating (Eq.3) and (Eq.4) by eliminating , thus:

= (. )

Since the derivation could be applied to any radius, it follows that shear
stress is directly proportional to radius r and is maximum on the
surface. Thus the above equation can be modified as:

= (. )

Now, lets consider how the applied torque T is balanced by the internal
stresses of the material.

Consider an elementary ring of material with
a shear stress acting on it at radius r.

The area of the ring is:

= (. )

The tangential shear force acting on it is:

= (. )

The torque produced is:

= (. )
Equating (Eq.6), (Eq. 7), (Eq. 8), and (Eq. 9) , thus:

dT = dFr
dT = (dA)r
G
dT = r (2rdr)r
L
G
dT = 2r 3 dr
L
R
G
T= 2r 3 dr
L 0
R
J= 2r 3 dr (polar second moment of inertia)
0

JG
T=
L

= (. )

 ANGLE OF TWIST

where:

= angle of twist (rad)

T = torque (N mm)
L = length of a shaft (mm)
G = shear modulus (MPa)
J = polar moment of inertia mm4
 POWER TRANSMITTED BY THE SHAFT

A shaft rotating with a constant angular velocity (in rad/s) is being

acted by a twisting moment T. The power transmitted by the shaft is:

where:

P = power (watts)
T = torque (N m)
= angular velocity (rad/s)
 TORSIONAL SHEARING STRESS,

For a solid or hollow circular shaft subject to a twisting moment T, the

torsional shearing stress at a distance r from the center of the shaft is

Tr TR
= ; max =
J J

where J is the polar moment of inertia of the section and R is the outer
radius.

For solid cylindrical shaft: For hollow cylindrical

shaft:
4
J= D 4
32
J= D d4
32
16T
max = 16TD
D3
max =
D4 d4
Problem 1: What is the minimum diameter of a solid steel shaft that will
not twist through more than 3 in a 6-m length when subjected to a
torque of 12 kNm? What maximum shearing stress is developed? Use G
= 83 GPa.

Given: Angle of twist:

TL
=
= 3o JG
180 12,000,000(6,000)
=
= rad 60 4 (83,000)
60 D
32
T = 12 kN m =
= 12,000,000 N mm
L=6m
= 6,000 mm Maximum shearing stress:
G = 83 Ga 16T
max =
= 83, 000 MPa D3
16(12,000,000)
max =
(114)3
Required: max = .
Problem 2: A solid steel shaft 5 m long is stressed at 80 MPa when
twisted through 4. Using G = 83 GPa, compute the shaft diameter. What
power can be transmitted by the shaft at 20 Hz?

Given: Based on max shearing stress:

o
16T
=4 max =
180 D3

= rad 16(0.1138D4 )
45 80 =
L = 5,000 mm D3
=
G = 83, 000 MPa
max = 80 MPa T = 0.1138(138)4
f = 20 Hz T = 41,272,294 N mm
Required: P = ,
Based on angle of twist:
JG Power transmitted:
T= P = T(2f)
L
1 4 P = 41,272[2(20]
D 83,000
T= 45 32 P = 5,186,429 W
5000 = .
4
T = 0.1138D
Problem 3: A steel propeller shaft is to transmit 4.5 MW at 3 Hz without
exceeding a shearing stress of 50 MPa or twisting through more than 1
in a length of 26 diameters. Compute the proper diameter if G = 83 GPa.

Given: Required:

P = 4.5 MW Diameter of a propeller

Nm
P = 4,500,000
s

= 1o Torque produced:
180 P
T=
= rad 2f
180o 4,500,000
T=
f = 3 Hz 2 3
= 50 MPa T = 238, 732 N m
G = 83, 000 MPa = , ,
L = 26 D
Based on maximum allowable shearing stress:

16T
=
D3
16(238,732,000)
50 =
D3
= .

Based on maximum angle of twist:

TL
=
JG
238,732,000 (26D)
=
180 1 4 (83,000)
D
32
= .

The safe value of diameter is = .

Problem 4: An aluminum shaft with a constant diameter of 50 mm is
loaded by torques applied to gears attached to it as shown in the figure.
Using G = 28 GPa, determine the relative angle of twist of gear D relative
to gear A.
800 N m 1,100 N m 900 N m 600 N m
D C B A

2m 3m 2m

800 N m
600 N m

300 N m

TL
=
JG
1
D/A = TL
JG
1
D/A = 800 2 300 3 + 600 2 1,0002
1 4 28,000
32 50
D/A = 0.1106 rad
/ = .
Problem 5: The steel shaft shown in the figure rotates at 4 Hz with 35 kW
taken off at A, 20 kW removed at B, and 55 kW applied at C. Using G = 83
GPa, find the maximum shearing stress and the angle of rotation of gear
A relative to gear C.

A B C
55 mm 65 mm

4m 2m

P
T=
2f
35 1,000
TA = = 1,392.6 N m
2 4
20 1,000
TB = = 795.8 N m
2 4
+55 1,000
TC = = +2,188.4 N m
2 4
A B C
55 mm 65 mm

4m 2m

1,392.6 N m
2,188.4 N m
16T
max =
d3

16(1,392.6)(1,000)
AB =
(55)3
= .

16(2,188.4)(1,000)
BC =
(65)3
= .

max =
Angle of Twist:
TL
=
JG

Angle of twist of gear A relative to C:

1 TL
A/C =
G J
1 1,392.6 4 2,188.4 2
A/C = + 1,0002
83,000 1 554 1 4
32 32 65
A/C = 0.1048 rad
/ =
Problem 6: A compound shaft consisting of a steel segment and an
aluminum segment is acted upon by two torques as shown in the figure.
Determine the maximum permissible value of T subject to the following
conditions: st = 83 MPa, al = 55 MPa, and the angle of rotation of the
free end is limited to 6. For steel, G = 83 GPa and for aluminum, G = 28
GPa.
3T 2T T

900 mm 600 mm

3T T

Based on maximum shearing stress:

16T
max =
d3

16(3T) 16T
st = al = 3
d3 d
16(3T) 16(T)
83 = 55 =
(50)3 (40)3
T = 679, 042 N mm T = 691, 150 N mm
= . = .
Based on maximum angle of twist:

TL TL
= +
JG st
JG al
o
3T(900) T(600)
6 = +
180 50 4 (83,000) 404 (28,000)
32 32
T = 757,316 N mm
= .

Use = .
Problem 7: A 5-m steel shaft rotating at 2 Hz has 70 kW applied at a gear
that is 2 m from the left end where 20 kW are removed. At the right end,
30 kW are removed and another 20 kW leaves the shaft at 1.5 m from the
right end. (a) Find the uniform shaft diameter so that the shearing stress
will not exceed 60 MPa. (b) If a uniform shaft diameter of 100 mm is
specified, determine the angle by which one end of the shaft lags behind
the other end. Use G = 83 GPa.

-20 kW +70 kW -20 kW -30 kW

A B C D

2m 1.5 m 1.5 m
 P
T=
2f

20 1,000
TA = = 1,591.55 N m
2 2
+70 1,000
TB = = +5,570.42 N m
2 2
20 1,000
TC = = 1,591.55 N m
2 2
30 1,000
TD = = 2,387.32 N m
2 2
-20 kW +70 kW -20 kW -30 kW

A B C D

2m 1.5 m 1.5 m

3,978.87 N m
2,387.32 N m

1,591.55 N m
Part a For Member BC:

16T
max = 16(3,978.87 1,000)
3
d3 d=
60
3 16T
d= = .
max

For Member AB: For Member CD:

16(1,591.55 1,000)
3 16(2,387.32 1,000)
3
d= d=
60 60
= . = .
Part b:

TL
=
JG

TL = 1591.55 2 + 3,978.87 1.5 + 2,387.32(1.5)

TL = 6,366.19 N m2

1
D/A = TL
JG
1
D/A = (6,366.19 10002 )
1 4
32 100 83,000
D/A = 0.007 813 rad
/ = .
Problem 8: A hollow bronze shaft of 3 in. outer diameter and 2 in. inner
diameter is slipped over a solid steel shaft 2 in. in diameter and of the
same length as the hollow shaft. The two shafts are then fastened rigidly
together at their ends. For bronze, G = 6 106 psi, and for steel, G = 12
106 psi. What torque can be applied to the composite shaft without
exceeding a shearing stress of 8000 psi in the bronze or 12 ksi in the
steel?
 REFERENCES

http://www.thefullwiki.org/Strength_of_materials/Lesson_2

mathalino.com