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Surfactants
Surfactants
(Surface Active Agents)
Definition
Surface tension
Inorganic
electrolytes
0
Organic solutes
Amphiphilic solutes
Concentration
Surfactants
Interfacial tension
Water
Types of Surfactants
Dispersing Conditioning
Aggregation Emulsification
Hydrophobation Colloid stabilization
Wetting Water retention
Disinfection
Anti-corrosion
Rheology control
Foaming/Defoaming
Thickening
Applications of Surfactants
The main tasks of surface active agents for cleaning are to:
Mercury 480
Water 72
Blood 56-61
Ethanol 22
n-Hexane 18
The Influence of Surfactants
on Surface Tension
Air
Water
S/V S/L
The contact angle is given by: cos =
L/V
Substrate
Type of material
Critical Surface Tension (CST), C
Material mN/m
Glass >73
301 Stainless steel 44
Polyethylene 31
Polypropylene 28
Teflon 18
Water 72
air
new liquid/air
interface old liquid/air
interface
solid
500
400
300 MC = middle cut coco
200 HT = hydrogenated tallow
100
MC
50
40
30
8 10 12 14 16 18 n
Real Soil
Pigment: Grease:
* Dust * Mineral Oil
* Graphite * Vegetable Oil
* Carbon Black * Animal Fat
* Etc
Removal of Oily/ Greasy Soils
Intitial Water
Oil
Final
O/W
Oil
Solid O/S S/W
Energy needed to remove oily soil
L
O/W same in both cases
90 W + L1 Cloud curve
Cloud
L1
Temperature, oC
point
60
Clear micellar
solution V1
30 H1 L
S
I1
0 25 50 75 100
Composition, wt% C12EO8 (aq)
Cloud Point and Cleaning
1.0
0.5
0.2
Cloud points
0.1
20 40 60 80
Temp, oC
Pigment Removal
OH - OH - OH -
Pigment Removal
20
0
2 4 6 8 10 12 14
Pigment Removal
Interfacial tension
Equivalent conductivity
Osmotic pressure
Surface tension
CMC Concentration
CMC (Critical Micelle Concentration)
Nonionic
C12H25(OC2H4)3OH 0,052
C12H25(OC2H4)5OH 0,064
C12H25(OC2H4)8OH 0,109
Structures of Micelles
Mechanical
treatment
So me
il Ti
a tion Te
m
r
ent pe
ra
nc tur
Co e
Foam/
no foam