INDEX

Page
Sr. No. TOPICS No.

1. Introduction. 3

2. Concept of unemployment. 4

3. Types Of Unemployment. 5-7

4. Causes of Unemployment. 8-10

5. Effects of Unemployment & Natural Rate. 11-13

6. Labor Force Statistics from the Current Population Survey 14

7. Remedies for Solving Problems of Unemployment. 15

8. Government Policy for Removing Unemployment. 16-18

9. Solution. 19

10. Conclusion. 20

11. Weblography. 21

1
 INTRODUCTION

Meaning Of Unemployment

Unemployment is a situation where able and willing people are not able

to find a suitable job that yields them regular income.

Criteria of unemployment:-

o Time: If a person works less than optimal hours (or days) during

the year.

o Income: If a person earns an income less than desirable minimum

during the year.

o Productivity: If a persons contribution to output is less than

normal and his removal will not reduce the output.

Concepts Of Unemployment

1. Usual Status Unemployment

2. Current Weekly Status Unemployment

3. Current Daily Status Unemployment

1) Usual Status Unemployment: It is meant to determine the Usual Activity

Status - employed, unemployed or outside the labour force. The activity

status is determined with reference to a longer period, say a year preceding

to the time of survey .It is a person rate and indicates chronic

unemployment.

2) Current Weekly Status: This concept determines activity status of a person

with reference to a period of preceding seven days. In this period, if a person

2
 seeking job fails to get work for even one hour on any day, he is deemed to be

unemployed.

3) Current Daily Status: This concept considers the activity status of a person

for each person for each day of the preceding seven days .If he works for one

day but less than four hours, then he is considered as employed for half a day.

Out of these concepts of unemployment, Current Daily Status concept

provides most appropriate measure of unemployment.

Types Of Unemployment

Some types of unemployment are:-

STRUCTURAL UNEMPLOYMENT: Structural unemployment is caused

by a mismatch between the sufficiently skilled workers looking for jobs and

the vacancies available. Even though the number of vacancies may be equal to

the number of the unemployed, the unemployed workers lack the skills needed

for the jobs, or are in the wrong part of the country or world to take the jobs

offered. Structural unemployment is a result of the dynamics of the labour

market and the fact that these can never be as flexible as, e.g., financial

markets.

SEASONAL UNEMPLOYMENT: Seasonal unemployment results from the

fluctuations in demands for labour in certain industries because of the seasonal

nature of production. In such industries there is a seasonal pattern in the

demand for labor. During the period when the industry is at its peak there is a

high degree of seasonal employment, but during the off-peak period there is a

3
 high seasonal unemployment. Seasonal unemployment occurs when an

occupation is not in demand at certain seasons.

FRICTIONAL UNEMPLOYMENT: Frictional unemployment occurs when

a worker moves from one job to another. While he searches for a job he is

experiencing frictional unemployment. This specially applies for new entrants

(such as graduating students) and re-entrants (such as former homemakers).

Frictional unemployment is always present in an economy. Frictional

unemployment exists because both jobs and workers are heterogeneous, and a

mismatch can result between the characteristics of supply and demand. Such a

mismatch can be related to skills, payment, work-time, location, attitude, taste,

and a multitude of other factors.

CYCLICAL UNEMPLOYMENT: Cyclical or Keynesian unemployment,

also known as demand deficit unemployment, rises during economic

downturns and falls when the economy improves. Keynesians argue that this

type of unemployment occurs when there is inadequate effective Aggregate

Demand. This is caused by a business cycle recession, and wages not falling to

meet the equilibrium level. This type of unemployment is the most serious

one. This arises when demand for most goods and services fall, i.e., in

recession. When demand falls, less production is needed and consequently

fewer workers are being demanded, in such a case mass unemployment can be

expected.

Causes Of Unempoyment

4
 The main causes of unemployment in India are:-

HIGH POPUALTION GROWTH: The rapid increase in population of our

country during the last decade has further worse the unemployment problem in

the country. Due to rapidly increasing population of the country, a dangerous

situation has arisen in which the magnitude of unemployment goes on

increasing during each plan period.

JOBLESS GROWTH: Although India is a developing country, the rate of

growth is inadequate to absorb the entire labour force in the country. The

opportunities of employment are not sufficient to absorb the additions in the

labour force of the country, which are taking place as result of the rapidly

increasing unemployment in India.

INEFFICIENT AGRICULTURAL AND INDUSTRIAL SECTORS:

Industrialisation is not rapid in our country and industrial labour finds few job

opportunities. As enough other employment opportunities are not available,

agriculture is the principal area of employment in our country. Thus, pressure

on land is high, as about 2/3 of the labour force is engaged in agriculture. Land

is thus overcrowded and a large part of the work force is underemployed and

suffer from disguised unemployment.

INAPROPRIATE EDUCATION SYSYTEM: After remaining at schools

and colleges for a number of years men and women come out in large

numbers, having gained neither occupational nor vocational training nor

functional literacy from which all future skilled, educated professional, and

managerial manpower is drawn.

INAPPROPRIATE TECHNOLOGY: In India, while capital is a scarce

factor, labour is available in abundant quantity. However, not only in

5
 industries, but also in agriculture producers are increasingly substituting

capital for labour. On account of abundance of labour, this policy is resulting

in large unemployment.

WEAKNESSES IN PLANNING TECHNIQUES: The growth strategy

underlying our plans has been found to be faulty. Lack in infrastructure

development and poor labour-intensive techniques planning has made

unemployment a severe issue in our Indian economy.

GOVERNMENT POLICY FOR REMOVING UNEMPLOYMENT

Employment Policy up to the 1980s: Direct measures to eliminate

unemployment were not preferred as the apprehension was that they could

slow down the growth process by raising consumption expenditure on the

other hand, and cutting down the economic surplus on the other. This policy

was obviously inadequate to tackle the unemployment problem and as a result,

the number of unemployment rose. Hence government decided to concentrate

on self employment ventures in various fields farm and non-farm operations.

Such as:-

o Rural development programme

o National rural employment programme

o National scheme of training youth for self employment

o The operation food II dairy project

o Integrated rural development programme

6
 o Rural landless employment guarantee programme

Employment Strategies during the 1990s: Defining its employment

perspective the Eighth Plan clearly stated, The employment potential of

growth can be raised by readjusting the sectoral composition of output in

favour of sector and sub-sector having higher employment elasticity. In

certain sectors where technologies are to be upgraded to a higher level of

efficiency and international competitiveness, there is little scope for generating

additional employment. However, in respect of certain other sectors some

flexibility may be available in the choice of technologies and thus it may not

be difficult to generate considerable employment.

According to the present estimates, the employment strategy as stated

above will enable attainment of the goal of full employment in any case not

before 2012 A.D. Therefore, special employment programmes as in the past

should be continued to provide short-term employment to unemployed and

underemployment among the Poor and the Vulnerable.

MAJOR EMPLOYMENT PROGRAMS

Swaranjayanti Gram Swarozgar Yojana (SGSY) was launched from

April 1, 1999 after restructuring the IRDP and allied schemes. It is the only

self-employment programme for the rural poor.

7
 Sampoorna Grameen Rozgar Yojana (SGRY) was launched on

September 23, 2001 and the scheme of JGSY and Employment Assurance

Scheme was fully integrated with SGRY. It aims at providing additional

wage employment in rural areas.

The Swarana Jayanti Shahari Rozgar Yojana (SJSRY) came into

operation from December 1, 1997, subsuming the earlier urban poverty

alleviation programmes. It aims to provide gainful employment to the

urban unemployed and underemployed poor by encouraging the setting up

of self-employment ventures or provision of wage employment.

Prime Ministers Rozgar Yojana (PMRY) was designed to provide self-

employment to more than a million educated unemployed youth by setting

up seven lakh micro-enterprises under the Eighth Five Year Plan.

The National Rural Employed Programme (NREP) was started as a

part of the Sixth plan and was continued under the Seventh Plan. It was

meant to help that segment of rural population which largely depends on

wage employment and has virtually no source of income during the lean

agricultural period.

The Rural Landless Employment Guarantee Programme (RLEGP)

was started on 15th August, 1983, with the objective of expanding

employment opportunities for the rural landless, i.e., to provide guarantee

to at least one member of the landless household for about 100 days in a

year.

The Integrated Rural Development Programme (IRDP) was launched

in 1978-79 and extended all over the country in 1980-81.It was to provide

self-employment in a variety of activities like sericulture, animal

8
 husbandry etc. in primary sector, handicrafts etc. in secondary sector , and

service and business activities in the tertiary sector.

The Scheme of Training Rural Youth for Self-Employment (TRYSEM)

was initiated in 1979. It aimed at training about 2 lakh rural youth every

year to enable them to become self-employed.

Jawahar Rozgar Yojana (JRY) was announced in February 1989, it was

supposed to provide intensive employment creation in the 120 backward

districts. It was later renamed Jawahar Gram Samridhi Yojana (JGSY)

whose objective was creation of infrastructure and durable assets at the

village level so as to increase opportunities for sustained employment to

the rural poor.

The Employment Assurance Scheme (EAS) aimed at providing 100 days

of unskilled manual work on demand to two members of a rural family in

the age group 18 to 60 years in the agricultural lean season within the

blocks covered under the scheme.

IMPLIMENTATION OF EMPLOYMENT PROGRAMS

Till now these programmes have not been launched on a sufficiently

large scale and thus their contribution from the point of view of the reduction

in the incidence of unemployment seems to be only marginally.

The three major problems which prevent pursuit of these programmes

on a considerable scale are the choice of appropriate works are to be done;

finding the resources to finance the programmes; and the lack of clarity with

regard to the organisation of the rural work programmes meant to generate

employment.

9
10
 UNEMPLOYMENT IN INDIA

DEFINATION:

Unemployment is the state in which a person is without work, available

to work, and is currently seeking work.

It is a situation where there is non-availability of job for the persons.

Its an situation in which a person who is physically capable, mentally willing to

work at existing wage rate does not find any job and is forced to remain
unemployed.

INTRODUCTION:

It involves a waste of human resource and results in many social evils like theft,
pick- pocketing, robbery, murder etc. Its a serious economic, social and political
problem of the
country. Its a
cause as well as
effect of poverty.
The
unemployment rate
is used in
economic studies.
Rate is determined
as the percentage
of those in the
labor force without
jobs.

There are a
variety of different causes of unemployment, and disagreement on which causes
are most important. Different schools of economic thought suggest different
policies to address unemployment. Monetarists for example, believe that
controlling inflation to facilitate growth and investment is more important, and
will lead to increased employment in the long run. Keynesians on the other hand
emphasize the smoothing out of business cycles by manipulating aggregate
demand. There is also disagreement on how exactly to measure unemployment.

11
12
 CONCEPTS OF UNEMPLOYMENT

1. Usual Status Unemployment

2. Current Weekly Status Unemployment
3. Current Daily Status Unemployment

1) Usual Stauts Unemployment: It is meant to determine the Usual Activity

Status- employed, unemployed or outside the labour force. The activity status is
determined with referance to a longer period, say a year preceding to the time of
survey. It is a person rate and indicates constant unemployment.

2) Current Weekly Status: This concept determines activity status of a person

with reference to a period of preceding seven days. In this period, if a person
seeking job fails to get work for even one hour on any day, he is deemed to be
unemployed.

3) Current Daily Status: This concept considers the activity status of a person for
each person for each day of the preceding seven days .If he works for one day but
less than four hours, then he is considered as employed for half a day.

Out of these concepts of unemployment, Current Daily Status concept

provides most appropriate measure of unemployment.

UNEMPLOYMENT IN INDIA:

India as a nation is faced with massive problem of unemployment. Unemployment

can be defined as a state of worklessness for a man fit and willing to work. It is a
condition of involuntary and not voluntary idleness. Some features of
unemployment have been identified as follows:

1. The incidence of unemployment is much higher in urban areas than in

rural areas.
2. Unemployment rates for women are higher than those for men.

3. The incidence of unemployment among the educated is much higher than

the overall unemployment.

4. There is greater unemployment in agricultural sector than in industrial and

other major sectors.

13
14
 TYPES OF UNEMPLOYMENT

Economists and social thinkers have classified unemployment into various types.
Generally unemployment can be classified in two types:

VOLUNTARY UNEMPLOYMENT:

In this type of unemployment a person is out of job of his own desire doesn't work
on the prevalent or prescribed wages. Either he wants higher wages or doesn't
want to work at all. It is in fact social problem leading to social disorganization.
Social problems and forces such as a revolution, a social upheaval, a class
struggle, a financial or economic crisis a war between nations, mental illness,
political corruption mounting unemployment and crime etc. threaten the smooth
working of society. Social values are often regarded as the sustaining forces of
society. They contribute to the strength and stability of social order. But due to
rapid social change new values come up and some of the old values decline. At the
same time, people are not is a position to reject the old completely and accept the
new altogether. Here, conflict between the old and the new is the inevitable result
which leads to the social disorganization in imposed situation. In economic
terminology this situation is voluntary unemployment.

INVOLUNTARY UNEMPLOYMENT:

In this type of situation the person who is unemployed has no say in the matter. It
means that a person is separated from remunerative work and devoid of wages
although he is capable of earning his wages and is also anxious to earn them.
Forms and types of unemployment according to Hock are.

a. Cyclical unemployment - This is the result of the trade cycle which is a

part of the capitalist system. In such a system, there is greater
unemployment and when there is depression a large number of people are
rendered unemployed. Since such an economic crisis is the result of trade
cycle, the unemployment is a part of it.

b. Sudden unemployment - When at the place where workers have been

employed there is some change, a large number of persons are
unemployed. It all happens in the industries, trades and business where
people are employed for a job and suddenly when the job has ended they
are asked to go.

c. Unemployment caused by failure of Industries - In many cases, a

business a factory or an industry has to close down. There may be various
factors responsible for it there may be dispute amongst the partners, the
business may give huge loss or the business may not turn out to be useful
and so on.

d. Unemployment caused by deterioration in Industry and business - In

various industries, trades or business, sometimes, there is deterioration.

15
 This deterioration may be due to various factors. In efficiency of the
employers, keen competitions less profit etc. are some of the factors
responsible for deterioration in the industry and the business.

e. Seasonal unemployment - Certain industries and traders engage workers

for a particular season. When the season has ended the workers are
rendered unemployed. Sugar industry is an example of this type of
seasonal unemployment.

Voluntary and Unvoluntary Unemployment (Graphically)

RURAL UNEMPLOYMENT:

16
 This kind of employment prevails is on rural areas. The nature of problem is
also complicated. There are only two types of unemployment commonly found in
agricultural economy e.g. India

a) Seasonal Unemployment:
In an agrarian economy like India, seasonal unemployment is the most
significant type of unemployment in rural sector. Agriculture labour in India is
mostly dependent on monsoon.

b) Disguised Unemployment:

In the rural subsistence agrarian sector of the Indian economy, the problem of
disguised unemployment is also typical. Disguised unemployment refers to that
type of unemployment in which laborers appear to be working and employed but
in reality, they are not employed as they do not add to the total output. In other
words they are removed from their jobs, output would not decrease.

URBAN UNEMPLOYMENT:

This type of unemployment is found in urban areas i.e. towns and cities.

1) Industrial Unemployment:

This refers to unemployment amongst workers in industries and factories in

urban areas. Industrial workers may be skilled or unskilled. Industrial is open
unemployment.

2) Educated Unemployment:

It is the problem of educated middle class people of urban society. It means

joblessness amongst the graduates, post graduates, doctors, engineers etc.
However this type of unemployment does not exist in countries worldwide. These
are specific type of unemployment that exist only in few countries especially those
in involved in agricultural activities like India.

17
 CAUSES OF UNEMPLOYMENT

Unemployment levels are increasing dramatically in many parts of the world.

There is considerable debate among economists as to the causes of
unemployment. Keynesian economics emphasizes unemployment resulting from
insufficient effective demand for goods and service in the economy. Others point
to structural problems, inefficiencies, inherent in labour markets. Classical
economics tends to reject these explanations, and focuses more on rigidities
imposed on the labor market from the outside, such as minimum wage laws, taxes,
and other regulations that may discourage the hiring of workers.

In the set up of a modern market economy, there are many factors, which
contribute to unemployment.

Causes of unemployment are varied and it may be due to the following

factors:

HIGH POPUALTION GROWTH:

The rapid increase in population of

our country during the last decade
has further worse the unemployment
problem in the country. Due to
rapidly increasing population of the
country, a dangerous situation has
arisen in which the magnitude of
unemployment goes on increasing
during each plan period.

JOBLESS GROWTH: Although

India is a developing country, the rate of growth is inadequate to absorb the entire
labour force in the country. The opportunities of employment are not sufficient to
absorb the additions in the labour force of the country, which are taking place as
result of the rapidly increasing unemployment in India.

INEFFICIENT AGRICULTURAL AND INDUSTRIAL SECTORS:

Industrialization is not rapid in our country and industrial labor finds few job
opportunities. As enough other employment opportunities are not available,
agriculture is the principal area of employment in our country. Thus, pressure on
land is high, as about 2/3 of the labor force is engaged in agriculture. Land is thus
overcrowded and a large part of the work force is underemployed and suffer from
disguised unemployment.

INAPROPRIATE EDUCATION SYSYTEM: After remaining at schools and

colleges for a number of years men and women come out in large numbers,

18
having gained neither occupational nor vocational training nor functional literacy
from which all future skilled, educated professional, and managerial manpower is
drawn.

WEAKNESSES IN PLANNING TECHNIQUES: The growth strategy

underlying our plans has been found to be faulty. Lack in infrastructure
development and poor labour-intensive techniques planning has made
unemployment a severe issue in our Indian economy.

RECESSION:

19
INFLATION:

DISABILITY:

20
 EFFECTS OF UNEMPLOYMENT

Unemployment has obvious and well-documented links to economic

disadvantage and has also been connected in some discussion to higher crime
rates especially among the
young suicide, and homicide
Garry Ottosen and Douglas
Thompson (1996) broaden
the consequences of
unemployment, relating it to
increases in the incidences of
alcoholism, child abuse,
family breakdown,
psychiatric hospitalization,
and a variety of physical
complaints and illnesses.
Some researchers have
emphasized the importance of preventing youth from falling into unemployment
traps. Robert Gitter and Markus Scheuer (1997) suggest that unemployment
among youth not only causes current hardship, but may also hinder future
economic success. This is because unemployed youths are not able to gain
experience and on-the-job training and because a history of joblessness signals
that the individual may not have the qualities that are valued in the labour
market.

Attempts have, however, been made to estimate the economic cost

associated with unemployment. Ottosen and Thompson (1996, p.5) noted that
"the United States loses a little less than one percentage point of potential gross
domestic product (GDP) or output for each one percentage point of
unemployment. This implies that an unemployment rate of 7 percent costs the
United States at least $400 billion annually in foregone output. This is more than
$2,000 for every man, woman, and child over 16 years of age." Similarly, in
Australia, Peter Kenyon (1998) calculated that the loss of GDP associated with
an unemployment rate above the full-employment rate is the equivalent of one
year's worth of GDP over the past two decades.

In addition to the loss of GDP, high unemployment increases the burden on

social welfare programs. These include unemployment insurance programs and
other types of welfare, such as food stamps, Medicaid, Medicare, and
Supplemental Security Income (Ottosen and Thompson 1996). There are also
intergenerational effects, as unemployment of parents will limit their capacity to
finance the schooling of their children. As education is the primary means of

21
social mobility, this intergenerational effect will give rise to an inheritance of
inequality.

NATURAL RATE:

The natural rate of unemployment is the rate of unemployment where the labour
market is in a position of equilibrium. This means that the labour supply = labour
demand at a given real wage rate. All those people willing and able to take paid
employment at the going wage rate do so.

The diagram below shows the labour supply (those willing and able to take
work at a going wage rate) and the labour force - the number of active
participants in the labour market. The labour force expands as the real wage rises
because there is a greater incentive to search for paid work and sacrifice leisure.

Employment on the x-axis measures the total labour hours supplied by

workers in the economy in a given time period. As the real wage increases, the
total number of hours supplied by the labour force will expand.

The natural rate of unemployment is not zero - at the equilibrium wage

W1 in the diagram above, there is unemployment measured by AB. This is made
up of frictional plus structural unemployment. At a wage rate W2 (above the

22
equilibrium "market-clearing wage") employment contracts along the labour
demand curve and total unemployment rises (see the diagram below)

Dis-equilibrium unemployment rises to the level shown by the distance CD.

This is because labour demand has fallen and the labour force has expanded.
There is an excess supply of labour - some people who are willing and able to
find employment cannot get paid work.

23
24
 LABOUR FORCE STATISTICS FROM THE CURRENT
POPULATION SURVEY

Series Id: LNS14000000

Seasonally Adjusted
Series title: (Seas) Unemployment Rate
Labor force status: Unemployment rate
Type of data: Percent or rate
Age: 16 years and over

Graphical Presentation of Data:

25
 REMEDIES FOR SOLVING PROBLEMS OF
UNEMPLOYMENT

Reducing unemployment is a key target for all Governments. High unemployment

has enormous costs for individuals, businesses, the Government and the
economy.The way of solving unemployment will depend upon its cause

METHODS:-

Government support to struggling industries in order to try to save jobs

e.g. airline industry
Provide more training and education to the unemployed. This could help
improve computer skills and communication. These people will become
more confident and employable.
Make more information available in job centres.
Reduce unemployment benefits or cut benefits all together

Try to bring the country out of a recession. The Government needs to try
to create demand in the economy. It could;

Give grants to businesses to produce goods

Have projects such as road building

Cut interest rates to encourage spending

Cut income tax to encourage spending

NEW DEAL: Labours New Deal programme for young unemployed people
was introduced across the UK in April 1998. In June 1998 the Government
launched a separate New Deal for Long-Term Unemployed People aged over
25+.

The main options are:

A subsidised job with an employer

Remaining in full-time education and training
Work within the accredited voluntary sector and
Work experience with an environmental task force.

The programme is designed to provide pathways back into work for the long term
unemployed many of whom have become outsiders in the labour market despite
the continuing strength of the British economy. Higher levels of employment and
economic activity add to total national output and should help to improve the
overall performance of the labour market in sustaining long run economic growth.

26
27
 GOVERNMENT POLICY FOR REMOVING
UNEMPLOYMENT

Employment Policy up to the 1980s: Direct measures to eliminate

unemployment were not preferred as the apprehension was that they could slow
down the growth process by raising consumption expenditure on the other hand,
and cutting down the economic surplus on the other. This policy was obviously
inadequate to tackle the unemployment problem and as a result, the number of
unemployment rose. Hence government decided to concentrate on self
employment ventures in various fields farm and non-farm operations.

Such as:-

Rural development programme

National rural employment programme
National scheme of training youth for self employment
The operation food II dairy project
Integrated rural development programme
Rural landless employment guarantee programme

Employment Strategies during the 1990s: Defining its employment perspective

the Eighth Plan clearly stated, The employment potential of growth can be raised
by readjusting the sectoral composition of output in favour of sector and sub-
sector having higher employment elasticity. In certain sectors where technologies
are to be upgraded to a higher level of efficiency and international
competitiveness, there is little scope for generating additional employment.
However, in respect of certain other sectors some flexibility may be available in
the choice of technologies and thus it may not be difficult to generate considerable
employment.

According to the present estimates, the employment strategy as stated

above will enable attainment of the goal of full employment in any case not before
2012 A.D. Therefore, special employment programmes as in the past should be
continued to provide short-term employment to unemployed and
underemployment among the Poor and the Vulnerable.

28
 1. MAJOR EMPLOYMENT PROGRAMS

Swaranjayanti Gram Swarozgar Yojana (SGSY) was launched from April 1, 1999
after restructuring the IRDP and allied schemes. It is the only self-employment
programme for the rural poor.

Sampoorna Grameen Rozgar Yojana (SGRY) was launched on September 23, 2001
and the scheme of JGSY and Employment Assurance Scheme was fully integrated with
SGRY. It aims at providing additional wage employment in rural areas.

The Swarana Jayanti Shahari Rozgar Yojana (SJSRY) came into operation from
December 1, 1997, subsuming the earlier urban poverty alleviation programmes. It aims
to provide gainful employment to the urban unemployed and underemployed poor by
encouraging the setting up of self-employment ventures or provision of wage
employment.

Prime Ministers Rozgar Yojana (PMRY) was designed to provide self-employment to

more than a million educated unemployed youth by setting up seven lakh micro-
enterprises under the Eighth Five Year Plan.

The National Rural Employed Programme (NREP) was started as a part of the Sixth
plan and was continued under the Seventh Plan. It was meant to help that segment of rural
population which largely depends on wage employment and has virtually no source of
income during the lean agricultural period.

The Rural Landless Employment Guarantee Programme (RLEGP) was started on

15th August, 1983, with the objective of expanding employment opportunities for the rural
landless, i.e., to provide guarantee to at least one member of the landless household for
about 100 days in a year.

The Integrated Rural Development Programme (IRDP) was launched in 1978-79 and
extended all over the country in 1980-81.It was to provide self-employment in a variety
of activities like sericulture, animal husbandry etc. in primary sector, handicrafts etc. in
secondary sector , and service and business activities in the tertiary sector.

The Scheme of Training Rural Youth for Self-Employment (TRYSEM) was initiated
in 1979. It aimed at training about 2 lakh rural youth every year to enable them to become
self-employed.

Jawahar Rozgar Yojana (JRY) was announced in February 1989, it was supposed to
provide intensive employment creation in the 120 backward districts. It was later renamed

Jawahar Gram Samridhi Yojana (JGSY) whose objective was creation of infrastructure

29
 and durable assets at the village level so as to increase opportunities for sustained
employment to the rural poor.

The Employment Assurance Scheme (EAS) aimed at providing 100 days of unskilled
manual work on demand to two members of a rural family in the age group 18 to 60 years
in the agricultural lean season within the blocks covered under the scheme.

2. IMPLIMENTATION OF EMPLOYMENT PROGRAMS

Till now these programmes have not been launched on a sufficiently large scale and
thus their contribution from the point of view of the reduction in the incidence of
unemployment seems to be only marginally.

The three major problems which prevent pursuit of these programmes on a

considerable scale are the choice of appropriate works are to be done; finding the resources to
finance the programmes; and the lack of clarity with regard to the organisation of the rural
work programmes meant to generate employment.

30
 SUGGESTIONS

Faster economic growth is viewed as a means of generating more jobs.

Unemployment agencies could tighten their job search and job acceptance
requirements.

Improvements to the education and training provided to young people, with a greater
focus on vocational skills.

Countries need to ensure that their welfare systems do not provide discouragement to
work.

Government support to struggling industries in order to try to save jobs.

Provide more training and education to the unemployed. This could help improve
computer skills and communication. These people will become more confident and
employable.

The Government needs to try to create demand in the economy.

31
 CONCLUSION

The whole length of discussion concludes that to solve the unemployment problem of India
the development plans and the family planning programmed, both, should be reformed on the
lines suggested herein above whereby the extra employment opportunities will be generated
fast, on one hand, and population growth will be checked, on the other, in such a way that
growth of employment opportunities would considerably exceed to the population growth.

To solve these massive problem efforts should be made to rectify the mistakes in the
development move on one hand, & to mitigate the high population growth, on the other
reselect its programmers & reconstruct its plans so as to make the development move rural
oriented.

This will bring about fast agricultural development, uplift of village life & revival of village
industries, artisanship & handicraft to check the massive rural- urban migration. As regards to
the check on high population growth the prevailing family planning programmed has been
proved insufficient & incomplete. .

32
 WEBLOGRAPHY

1. www.economywatch.com
2. www.scribedoc.com
3. www.isid.ac.in
4. ideas.repec.org
5. www.legco.gov.hk/
6. www.jstor.org/stable/1818137
7. www.informaworld.com
8. www.cdedse.org/pdf/work174.pdf
9. www.icai.org/resource_file/16789ppui.pdf

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