PROPOSED FIVE-STOREY HOTEL BUILDING ALONG

ANDRES BONIFACIO AVENUE, ILIGAN CITY

A Project Requirement

Presented to the

Department of Civil Engineering

College of Engineering
Mindanao State University Iligan Institute of Technology

In Partial Fulfillment for the Course

CE 161 Design of Concrete Structures I

Anne Christine A. Limbaroc

James G. Lupian

Mohammad Hussien O. Manan

Rojilene B. Mondero

Vrylson S. Oliveros

July 2016
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

PAGE
1. INTRODUCTION
1.1. Project Description 1
1.2. Services and Amenities 2
1.3. Project Owner 3
1.4. Company Profile 4
1.5. The Company Logo 4
1.6. Company Mission 5
1.7. Company Vision 5
1.8. Corporate Goals 5
1.9. Partners in Business 6
1.10 Organizational Chart 6

2. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

2.1. Basis of Design 8
2.2. Definition of Terms 9
2.3. Details of Reinforcement 10
2.3.1. Sizes for Reinforcing Steel Bars 10
2.3.2. Concrete Protection for Reinforcement of 11
2.3.3. Minimum Bend Diameters 11
2.3.4. Placement of Reinforcement 11
2.3.5. Spacing Limits for Reinforcement 12
2.3.6 Maximum Spacing of S&T Reinforcement 12
2.3.7. Strength Reduction Factor 12
2.4. Load Factor Combinations 13
2.5. Minimum Uniform Live Loads 14
2.6. Analysis of Beams 14
2.7. Analysis of One Way Slab 19
2.8. Analysis of T Beams 22
2.9. Analysis of Shear Strength Provided by Concrete 26
 TABLE OF CONTENTS (contd)

2.10. Analysis of Torsion in Concrete 31

2.11. Analysis of Concrete Columns 34

3. METHODOLOGY
3.1. Stages in Building Construction 37
3.1.1. Design Stage 38
3.1.2. Pre Construction Stage 38
3.1.3. Procurement Stage 38
3.1.4. Construction Stage 38
3.1.5. Commissioning Stage 39
3.1.6. Owner Occupancy Stage 39
3.1.7. Project Closeout 39
3.2 Project Planning Flow Chart 39
3.3 Project Considerations 40
3.4 Planning and Designing 40
3.4.1. Architectural Design 40
3.4.1a. Location Plan and Site Development Plan 40
3.4.1b. Perspective 41
3.4.1c. Floor Plans 41
3.4.1d. Elevation Plans 41
3.4.1e. Foundation Plans 41
3.4.1f. Reflected Ceiling Plan 42
3.4.1g. Roof Framing Plan 42
3.4.1h. Schedule of Doors and Windows 42
3.4.1i. Longitudinal and Transverse Sections 42
3.4.2. Structural Design Details 43
3.4.2a. General Assumptions 43
3.4.2b. Beam Design and Schedule of Beams 44
 TABLE OF CONTENTS (contd)

3.4.2. Structural Design Details (contd)

3.4.2c. Load Passing 45
3.4.2d. Design and Schedule of Columns 45
3.4.2e. Slab Design and Schedule of Slabs 46
3.4.2f. Footing Design and Schedule of Footing 47
3.4.3. Plumbing Design 47
3.4.4. Electrical Design 47
3.5. Cost Analysis 48
3.6. Economic Analysis 49

4. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

4.1 Project Consideration 50
4.1.1. Site Investigation 50
4.1.2. Location Considerations 51
4.1.3. Design Considerations 52
4.2. Structural Design Calculations 53
4.2.1. Values Obtained from the Excel Program 53
4.2.1a. Beam Schedule 53
4.2.2b. Beam Loading 54
4.2.3c. Stirrup Schedule 54
4.2.4d. Column Schedule 54
4.2.5e. Slab Schedule 55
4.2.2. Graphical Solution using GRASP Software 55
4.3. Cost Estimation 55
4.3.1. Projected Land and Development Costs 56
4.3.2. Projected Revenues and Expenditures 56
4.3.3. Rooms 57
4.3.4. Food & Beverage 57
 TABLE OF CONTENTS (contd)

4.3.5. Telecommunications 57
4.3.6. Income Generating Services 57
4.3.7. Undistributed Expenses 58
4.3.8. Fixed Expenses 58
4.4. Economic Analysis 58
4.4.1. Project Financing 58
4.4.2. Project Performance 59

5. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

5.1. Conclusions 60
5.2. Recommendations 61

APPENDIX A (GRASP Results Summary) 62

APPENDIX B (Values Obtained from Excel Program) 68

APPENDIX C (Excel Programs) 82

APPENDIX D (Economic Analysis) 86

APPENDIX E (Cost Estimate of Hotel Construction) 90

 Chapter 1
INTRODUCTION

This chapter provides an introductory perspective about the principal features of

the building project, as well as the company profile, mission, vision, and goals.

1.1. Project Description

Figure 1.1 Location of the Hotel

The desires of most cities to speed up towards urbanization and modernization are
manifested with increase populations and demands. Rapid development towards progress
is dubbed with challenges like constructing commercial and residential buildings. Iligan
City functions as a rising open-economical-city being known as The City of Majestic
Waterfalls. Therefore, it attracts numerous tourists so we have come up with the idea of
designing a 5-storey Hotel.
The 350-square meter Almond Luxe Hotel, world class, state-of-the-art hotel is
situated on a 600-square meter lot located at Andres Bonifacio Avenue, Brgy. Tibanga,
Iligan City
The hotel is just few minutes away from the citys financial district, shopping areas,
commercial centers and just along the national highway. It is strategically located that
makes it a perfect choice for business or leisure travelers.
At the ground floor main entrance, the hotel guests are welcomed in the reception
area to attend on their booking reservations. A restaurant is ready to cater them with a
variety of culinary delights. It has a serving room, a pantry and a main dining room. Also,

1
a staff room is situated at the first floor wherein the staff can spend their free time. A general
toilet is also located in the first floor for the accommodation and convenience of the hotel
guests.
The second floor houses two conference rooms, a lobby and a general toilet. The
private and fully equipped conference rooms offer high class stylish business environments
which will cater to all the business needs of the hotel guests. A lobby is also located outside
the conference rooms where guests can wait. A general toilet is also situated in the second
floor for the accommodation and convenience of the hotel guests.
The third, fourth and fifth floor is mostly composed of fully-furnished rooms. The
third floor is composed of economic-class single occupancy rooms and twin bedded rooms.
The fourth floor is composed of deluxe class single occupancy rooms and rooms
customized for twin sharing with two separate single beds. At the fifth floor, is composed
of luxury first-class studio rooms lavishly furnished in modernist style. Each room has a
stationary lavatory supplied with hot and cold water.

1.2. Services and Amenities

The Almond Hotel offers extraordinary service and amenities designed to make
guests feel right at home with stress-free 360-degree hotel experience.
As the guests arrive, they enjoy the welcoming presence of the hotel main lobby
and savour a refreshing cup of Chinese tea at the cafeteria, before making your way to their
spacious, luxurious room through elevator access.

Figure 1.2 Hotel Cafeteria

2
 On each 15 square meter rooms, floor to ceiling windows showcase breathtaking
views of Iligan City and watch the life of the city unfold along the Andres Bonifacio
Avenue. Equipped with hypoallergenic bed mattress and pillows, safety deposit box,
complimentary high speed Wi-Fi Access, 43-inch 4K Ultra HD TV, and Bathroom with
tub, the rooms will surely showcase the hospitality and royalty of the hotel.
An afternoon business meeting will be easy to reach with our fully furbished 85-
square meter conference room. At the end of a busy day, you may enjoy cocktail at The
Almond Hotels high-end bar, where you marvel at sparkling city views as the evening sky
gently shifts colour.

1.3. Project Owner

Figure 1.3 The Hotel Logo

The Almond Luxe Hotel is privately owned by Almond Leisure and Hospitality
Group Incorporated. Founded by a diverse company of leading hospitality, leisure and
tourism connoisseurs, Almond Hospitality and Leisure Group Inc. compromises a wide
range of services which specialize in the planning, development and management of
successful hotel, asset management, leisure and mixed-use residential properties in the
Philippines.
With over two decades experience in the industry, they bring with deep knowledge
and understandings on both mainstream and emerging destinations, guiding owners and
investors in making informed decisions to streamline their projects development process.
Their strategic hands-on management philosophy has consistently led their clients
to success which guides them from acquisition and technical services, to project marketing,
hotel operator selection, pre-opening set-up, and owners representation.
They worked closely with property developers, investment firms, green field
companies, leading designers, and local and international hotel operators. Beyond their

3
extensive experience in key areas in the Philippines, client portfolio includes major
institutions in Vietnam, Singapore, Malaysia, Indonesia and Thailand.

1.4 Company Profile

Based in Iligan City, The Blueprint Company is a new player in the Philippines
construction industry, offering high quality planning, design, and construction at a
competitive price.
The Blueprint Company is a 100% Filipino - owned construction conglomerate
established and accredited with the Department of Public Works and Highway last January
2016. Prior to this date, the company had been able to undertake several projects ranging
from residential and commercial buildings to industrial facilities in Visayas and Mindanao.
Among the most momentous aspects of The Blueprint Company policy are
customer-friendly and high-quality service, well-organized planning, time-efficient and
cost-saving construction approach, and safe and working environment; all geared towards
producing high quality structures and serving satisfied clients.
At the Blueprint Company, there is no better proof of a commitment to service than
a project which demonstrates the experience, efficiency and effectivity of its builder,
improving the life of every Filipino.

1.5. The Company Logo

Figure 1.4 The Blueprint Company Logo

Experience, Efficiency, and Effectiveness are the foundation of the company,

motivating and bringing the company to a new level of professionalism and excellence.
The Blueprint Company is committed to these core values and to showcasing the highest
degree of integrity and ethical behavior in every facet of our work.

4
1.6. Company Mission
The Blueprint Company is committed to provide the safest and most environment-
friendly infrastructure facilities of the highest quality, pursuing excellence through
efficiency, experience and effectiveness with an endeavor to deliver quality, timely and
profitable projects.

1.7. Company Vision

At 2017, Blueprint Company aims to be the Philippines premier market leader in
construction industry and to be internationally acclaimed that will establish a triumphant
relationship with the Filipino people and sustain the values of professionalism, integrity,
excellence, and teamwork.

1.8. Corporate Goals

The 3 Es Experience, Efficiency, and Effectiveness are the major corporate
goals. To further discuss, illustration is provided below.

OUR GOALS
CONVEY THE MOST DELIVER ALL OF OUR
EXPERIENCED EXPERTS TO PROJECTS AT RIGHT COST
PROVIDE THE MOST AT RIGHT QUALITY, ON
SOPHISTICATED AND THE TIME, EVERY TIME
MOST INNOVATIVE
CONSTRUCTION
SOLUTIONS TO MEET OUR
CLIENTS REQUIREMENTS.

EFFECTIVE DEVELOPMENT AND IMPLEMENTATION OF

INNOVATIVE APPROACHES TO PROJECT MANAGEMENT AND
EXECUTION TO THE HIGHEST QUALITY CONSTRUCTION
WITHIN BUDGET AND SCHEDULE.
Figure 1.5 Corporate Goals

5
1.9. Partners in Business

Figure 1.6. Business Partners

The Blueprint Company have teamed up with several leading companies in the
Philippines, ensuring that all of our projects are implemented with the highest quality at
right cost on the right time.
Being the most significant partner, Banco de Oro Unibank Inc. has been the
companys financing and leasing solution. Meanwhile, all of the heavy equipments and
machineries used in the project are rented at CAT Monark at El Salvador City, Misamis
Oriental. Holcim Cement Inc. provides bulk deliveries of the high quality Type I and Type
IP cement. Davies Paints Inc. provides safe and environment-friendly paints and offers its
state-of-the-art computerized paint mixing machine, guaranteeing the quality and color of
choice.

1.10. Organizational Chart

The Blueprint Company employs only the highest skilled professionals to provide
the best world-class service. The commitment to form a balanced workplace that attracts
and retains the best employees in every specialization brings unique contributions in
building high performance teams. Figure 1.6 illustrates the companys organization.

6
 COMPANY
ORGANIZATION
ENGR. JAMES G. LUPIAN JR.
Company Head
He is responsible for providing strategic
leadership for the company by working with the
Board and other management to establish long-range
goals, strategies, plans and policies.

ENGR. ROJILENE B. MONDERO

Design Head
Supporting, understanding and advising the client
as to the requirements and obligations in the
development of a building design
Manages all the processes in relation to producing
a set of drawings that a building can be built from

ENGR. VRYLSON S. OLIVEROS

Construction Engineering Head
Ensuring the design process recognizes current
legislation, standards and codes of practice where
appropriate
Ensuring design information is of the right quality
and keeps pace with project timescale

ENGR. ANNE CHRISTINE A. LIMBAROC

Quality Assurance Head
Responsible for the implementation and
maintenance of the quality management system
Responsible for ensuring a product or service
meets the established standards of quality including
reliability, usability and performance

ENGR. MOHAMMAD HUSSIEN O. MANAN

Business & Project Management Head
Prepare and negotiate cost estimates, budgets
Report on work progress and budget matters to
clients
Interpret and explain contracts and technical
information to workers and other professionals

Figure 1.6 Organization Structure of The Blueprint Company

7
 Chapter 2
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

The building specifications were established in accordance to Volume 1 of National

Structural Code of the Philippines of 2010, with the Ultimate Strength Design (USD)
approach used as the design criterion. The minimum design loads and combinations are
determined in accordance with the codes and provisions for buildings as well as the seismic
consideration of the location of the project.

2.1. Basis of Design

Figure 2.1. Hotel Building Perspective

The five-Storey Hotel with the state-of-the-art facilities is located within the heart
of Iligan City. The design of this hotel is inspired by mixed ideas of developing an
innovative style that maintains aesthetic values and maximizes spaces by prioritizing the
limited expanse of the lot area. It seemingly resembles intricate architectural designs of
connected columns and walls to create harmonious symbology. Every floor is overlaid on
top of one another with the essence of spacious comfortability and sumptuous luxury.
Its symmetrical and geometrical designs are overwhelming that promotes the
notions of sturdiness of the building to withstand against disastrous impact of earthquakes.
It also has curve-like portions to fit with the desired purpose and functionality of the
building. The windows and walls are generally made of glass to provide wide range of

8
effects, patterns and colors in the interior designs inside to promote endless possibilities in
look and atmosphere and also a panoramic view of Iligan City from the outside.
One of the most recognized shape in modern architecture is the triangle, as what the
hotel building resembles. The distinctive triangular shape of the building, which was
derived from the seal of excellence of MSU-IIT, are used nowadays in the design of modern
architectural buildings and other structures as they provide strength and stability.
Built around a skeleton of concrete, the hotel building will certainly one of most
dramatic-looking and captures popularity with photographers and artists that could made it
an enduring symbol of balance, creativity, excellence and harmony of Iligan City.

2.2. Definition of Terms

Aggregate- granular material such as sand, gravel, crushed stone and iron-blast furnace
slag, and when used with a cementing medium forms a hydraulic concrete or mortar.
Building- Any structure built for the support, shelter, or enclosure of persons, animals,
chattels, or property of any kind.
Compression-Controlled Section- a cross section in which the net tensile strain in the
extreme tension steel ay nominal strength is less than or equal to the compression-
controlled strain limit.
Concrete- Mixture of Portland cement or any hydraulic cement, fine aggregate, coarse
aggregate, and water, with or without admixtures
Hoop- a closed tie or continuously wound tie. A closed tie can be made up of several
reinforcement elements each having hooks at both ends.
Hotel- A building or a part thereof with rooms occupied or intended to be occupied for hire
as temporary aboding place of individuals with a general kitchen and public dining
room service, but no provision for cooking in any individual suite or room.
Load, DEAD- The weight of the permanent portions of a building or structure; it includes
the weight of the walls permanent partitions, framing floors, roofs, and all other
permanent and stationary fixtures mechanism, and other construction entering into
and becoming a part of a building or structure.
Load, LIVE- The weight of the contents of a building or structure; it includes all loads
except dead and lateral, and weight of temporary partitions, cases, counters, and

9
 similar equipment, and all loads imposed due to the occupancy of the building or
structure.
Modulus of Elasticity- ratio of normal stress to corresponding strain for tensile or
compressive stresses below proportional limit of material.
Reinforcing Bars- is a steel bar or mesh of steel wires used as a tension device in reinforced
concrete and reinforced masonry structures to strengthen and hold the concrete in
tension.
Reinforced Concrete- a structural concrete reinforced with no less than the minimum
amounts of prestressing tendons or nonprestressed.
Stirrup- is the reinforcement used to resist shear and tension stresses in a structural
member.
Strength, design- nominal strength multiplied by a strength-reduction factor.
Yield Strength- specified minimum yield strength or yield point of reinforcement in MPa.

2.3. Details of Reinforcement

2.3.1. Sizes for Reinforcing Steel Bars

Reinforcements used for concrete structures in the Philippines uses diameter sizes
which is of Philippine Standard.

Table 2.1. Philippine Standard Reinforcing Bars

Philippine Near ASTM Nominal Sectional Unit Weight

Standard Size Designation Area (mm2) (kg/m)
6 mm No. 2 28.27 0.222

10 mm No. 3 78.54 0.616

12 mm No. 4 113.10 0.888

16 mm No. 5 201.10 1.579

20 mm No. 6 314.20 2.466

25 mm No. 8 491.90 3.854

28 mm No. 9 615.75 4.833

32 mm No. 10 804.25 6.313

36 mm No. 11 1017.90 7.991

10
2.3.2. Concrete Protection for Reinforcement of Nonprestressed Concrete
The following minimum cover shall be incorporated for reinforcement:

Table 2.2. Concrete Protection for Reinforcement of Nonprestressed Concrete

Minimum Cover,
mm
Concrete cast against and permanently exposed to Earth 75
Concrete exposed to earth or weather:
20 mm through 36 mm bars 50
16 mm bar, W31 or D31 wire, or smaller 40
Concrete not exposed to weather or in contact with the ground:
Slabs, walls, joists:
32 mm bar and smaller 20
Beams, columns:
Primary Reinforcement, ties, stirrups, spirals 40
Shells, folded place members:
20 mm bar and larger 20
16 mm bar, W31 or D31 wire, or smaller 12

2.3.3. Minimum Bend Diameters

Table 2.3. Minimum Diameters of Bends

Bar Size Minimum Diameter

10 mm to 25 mm 6 db

28 mm, 32 mm, and 36 mm 8 db

2.3.4. Placement of Reinforcement

Tolerance for depth d, and minimum concrete cover a flexural member walls and
compression members shall be as follows:

Table 2.4. Tolerance for Depth and Minimum Concrete Cover

Tolerance on Minimum
Effective Depth, d Tolerance on d
Concrete Cover
d 200 mm 10 mm -10 mm

d > 200 mm 12 mm -12 mm

11
2.3.5. Spacing Limits for Reinforcement
As prescribed by the NSCP 2010, the following are the spacing limits for
reinforcements.

Table 2.5. Minimum Clear Spacing for Reinforcements

Minimum Clear Spacing
Between Parallel Bars in a layer db, but not less than 25 mm
Parallel Reinforcement placed in two or more layers not less than 25 mm
Spirally Reinforced or tied reinforced compression
not less than 1.5 db nor 40 mm
members
Not farther than 3 times the wall
Walls and slabs other than concrete joist construction
or slab thickness nor 450 mm

2.3.6. Maximum Spacing of Shrinkage and Temperature Reinforcement

For the Shrinkage and Temperature Reinforcement Ratio, the following are the
required values for Reinforcement Ratio, :

Table 2.6. Shrinkage and Temperature Reinforcement Ratio

Reinforcement Used Reinforcement Ratio,

Where grades 230 and 275 deformed bars are used 0.0020

Where Grade 415 deformed bars or welded wire

0.0018
fabric (plain or deformed) are used

Where reinforcement with fy > 415 MPa measured at 0.0018 415

yield strain of 0.35% are used fy

2.3.7. Strength Reduction Factor

The purpose of strength reduction factor is used to take into account the
uncertainties of material strength, inaccuracies in the design equations approximations in
analysis, possible variations in dimensions of the concrete.

12
The strength reduction factor, shall be as follows:

Table 2.7. Strength Reduction Factor

Strength Reduction Factor,

Tension-Controlled Section (t > 0.005) 0.90

Compression-Controlled Section (t < 0.002) 0.65

250
Transition-Zone Section (0.002 > t > 0.005) 0.65 + (t 0.002)
3
Shear and Torsion 0.75

2.4. Load Factor Combination

Required Strength U shall be at least equal to the effects of factored loads in Eq. 2.1
to 2.8 .The effect of one or more loads not acting simultaneously shall be investigated.

Table 2.8. Load Factor Combinations

Required Strength Equation No.

U = 1.4(D + F) (Eq. 2.1)

U = 1.2(D + F + T) + 1.6(L + H) + 0.5(LR or R) (Eq. 2.2)

U = 1.2D + 1.6(LR or R) + (1.0L or 1.8W) (Eq. 2.3)

U = 1.2D + 1.6W + 1.0L + 0.5(LR or R) (Eq. 2.4)

U = 1.2D + 1.0E + 1.0L (Eq. 2.5)

U = 0.9D + 1.6W + 1.6H (Eq. 2.6)

U = 0.9D + 1.0E + 1.6H (Eq. 2.7)

U = 1.2D + 1.6L (Eq. 2.8)

These load factor combinations are very useful in calculation of Ultimate Moment
as well as the loads applied on a structural member.

13
2.5. Minimum Uniform Live Loads
The following are the minimum uniform live loads as prescribed by NSCP:

Table 2.9. Minimum Uniform Live Loads

Use or Occupancy Uniform Load
Category Description (kPa)
Hotel Rooms - 1.9
Office Office 2.4
Restaurants - 4.8
Storage Light 6.0

2.6. Analysis of Beams

For a beam, it is necessary to provide reinforcements in Compression and Tension
Zone. If the reinforcement is only in tension zone then it is known as Singly Reinforced
Beam. On the other hand, if the reinforcement is both at Tension and Compression Zone,
then it is called Doubly Reinforced Beam.

b
0.85 fc 0.003

Ac a C=0.85 fc ab c
d Mn
NA

As

T = AS fy fy /Es

Figure 2.2. Stress and Strain Diagram for Singly Reinforced Rectangular Beam

The compressive force provided by the concrete at the compression zone is given by:

C = 0.85fc ab . . . . (Eq. 2.9)

The tensile force provided by the steel at the tension zone is given by:

T = As fy . . (Eq. 2.10)

14
To make the beam in its equilibrium state:

C = T . . . (Eq. 2.11)

Equating Eq. 2-1 and 2-2;

As fy = 0.85fc ab

As fy
a= . . . . (Eq. 2.12)
0.85fc b

Multiplying Eq. 2.4 by d/d;

As fy d
a=
0.85fc b d

As fy d
a= (Eq. 2.13)
bd 0.85 fc

A
The term bds in Eq. 2.5 is known as the steel reinforcement ratio, denoted as .

As
= (Eq. 2.14)
bd

Then,

fy d
a= . (Eq. 2.15)
0.85 fc

fy
= . (Eq. 2.16)
fc

From the stress diagram, the nominal capacity of the beam section is given by:

a
Mn = C ( d ) . . (Eq. 2.17)
2

15
For the coefficient of resistance, R u ;

R u = fc ( 1 ) . (Eq. 2.18)
1.70

The nominal moment capacity can be further simplified,

Mn = R u bd2 (Eq. 2.19)

The ultimate moment capacity is given by:

Mu = Mn . . (Eq. 2.20)

Beams reinforced for tension and compression are evaluated by dividing the beam
into two couples into 1 and 2 , as presented in Figure 2.2. Couple caused by
compression concrete and tension steel 1 is denoted as 1 while 2 is the couple
produced by compression steel and the other part of tension steel area 2 .

b 0.85 fc 0.003
s
a C1
As c
( )
d NA
( ) ( )
Mu1 Mu2
As
T = AS1 fy T = AS2 fy fy /Es

Figure 2.3. Stress and Strain Diagram for Doubly Reinforced Rectangular Beam

For the ultimate moment capacity Mu1,

T1 = C1

As1 fy = 0.85 fc ab

As1 fy
a=
0.85 fc b

16
 a
Mu1 = As1 fy (d ) (Eq. 2.21)
2
The ultimate moment to be carried by compression bars, Mu2 can be calculated by
using either of the two equation:

Mu = Mu1 + Mu2

Mu2 = Mu Mu1 (Eq. 2. 22)

Mu2 = As1 fy (d d) . . (Eq. 2.23)

For the analysis of doubly reinforced beams, max ;

max = 0.75 b

0.85 fc 1 600
max = 0.75 ( )( ) (Eq. 2.24)
fy 600 + fy

17
 Calculate for the
factored moment to
be carried by the
beam, Mu

0.85 f c 600
max = 0.75 ( )( )
fy 600 + fy
fy
=
f c

R u = f c (1 )
1.70
Mu max = Ru bd2

Design as Singly YES NO Design as Doubly

Mu < Mu max Reinforced
Reinforced

Mu2 = Mu Mu1
Are b and d NO 3 0.85f c
known? = ( ) Mu2
8 fy As2 =
fy (d d )
YES

Mu R u = f c (1 )
Ru = 1.70 [C1 = T1 ]
bd2
As1 fy = 0.85 f c (c)b
Mu d
bd2 = ;b = As1 = max bd
0.85f c 2R u R u 2
= 1 1 c d
fy 0.85f c f s = 600
c
As = bd

(min , )max < max

Doesnt NO f s fy
As , b, d yield
YES
As = bd
fy
As = As2 Yields
f s
As = As2
As , b, d

Figure 2.4. Process Flowchart for the Analysis of Singly and Doubly Reinforced Concrete

18
2.7. Analysis of One-Way Slab

1m

Figure 2.5 One-Way Slab on a Simple Support

Slabs are defined as large flat plates which is supported at both sides by any of the
following: beams, walls, columns, or by the ground. Reinforced concrete slabs span either
one-way or two-way, depending upon their support conditions. One way slab is supported
on two opposite side only thus structural action is only at one direction. Total load is carried
in the direction perpendicular to the supporting beam. If a slab is supported on all the four
sides but the ratio of longer span to shorten span is greater than 2, then the slab will be
considered as one way slab. On the other hand, two-way slabs are the slabs that are
supported on four sides and the ratio of longer span to shorter span is less than 2. In two
way slabs, load will be carried in both the directions. So, main reinforcement is provided
in both direction for two way slabs.
Minimum thickness of a One-Way Slabs should be equal to the following:

Table 2.10. Minimum Slab Thickness

Types of Support Minimum Thickness (mm)
Simply Supported Spans L/20
One End Continuous Spans L/24
Both End Continuous Spans L/28
Cantilever Spans L/10
fy
For fy other than 415 MPa h (0.4 + )
700

One-Way Slabs are analyzed by considering one-meter strip, which is independent

of the adjacent strips.

19
 Wc = c h . . (Eq. 2.25)

Mu
Ru = (Eq. 2.26)
bd2

Use the value of Eq. 2.26 to calculate .

0.85fc 2R u
= [1 1 ] . . . (Eq. 2.27)
fy 0.85fc

The value min and max are then calculated and compared to . If min > , use
min . If min < < max , use . If max < , increase the depth of slab to ensure ductile
failure. Use the value of If to calculate for the area of main reinforcement bars.

As = bd (Eq. 2.28)

Compute the main reinforcement bar spacing:

Abar
s= . (Eq. 2.29)
As

For shrinkage and temperature bars, use Table 2.5 for the required steel ratio, t to
calculate for the area and spacing of reinforcement bars:

Ast = t bd (Eq. 2.30)

Abar
s= . (Eq. 2.31)
Ast

20
 Calculate for the uniform floor
pressure to be carried by the slab

Determine the minimum slab

thickness, h

Effective depth:
d = h d 0.5db ; b = 1000mm

Mu
Ru =
bd2

0.85f c 2R u
= 1 1
fy 0.85f c

Increase the depth of

< max NO
slab to ensure ductile
failure
YES
(min , )max

As = bd

Abar
Spacing, S = 1000
As

Smax = (3h, 450)min

Figure 2.6. Process Flowchart for the Analysis of One-Way Slab

21
2.8. Analysis of T-beams

span

webs flange

Figure 2.7 Diagram for two T-Beams

A T-beam is a load-bearing structure of reinforced concrete with a t-shaped cross

section. The top of the t-shaped cross section consist of a slab which serves as a flange or
compression member in resisting compressive stresses. The web (vertical section) of the
beam below the compression flange serves to resist shear stress and to provide greater
separation for the coupled forces of bending.
For the analysis of a T-beam, if the stress block is located on the flange, the beam
will be designed just the same as the rectangular beam. However, if the depth of
compression block falls in the web, the stress block must be divided into two areas and the
stress diagrams will be analyzed in two parts, as shown in Figure 2.8.

bf
a
t A1
C
d
y1
NA
As

T = As fy
bw

Figure 2.8 Stress Diagram for T Beams ( )

22
When the stress block is contained within the flange:

T=C

As fy
a= . (Eq. 2.32)
0.85fc bf

a
Mu = As fy (d ) . . (Eq. 2.33)
2

bf

t A1
a C1
d z A2
C2
NA Y2 Y1
As
T = AS fy
bw

Figure 2.9. Stress Diagram for T Beams ( > )

For T-Beams where the stress block falls on the web;

C1 = 0.85fc bf t (Eq. 2.34)

t
Mu1 = C1 (d 2) (Eq. 2.35)

Mu Mu1 = Mu2 . (Eq. 2.36)

Calculating the value of z;

Mu2
z= . . (Eq. 2.37)
0.85fc bw y2

Solving for As ;

T = C1 + C2 . (Eq. 2.38)

0.85f c (bf t + bw z)
As = .. (Eq. 2.39)
fy

23
Check if As complies with the requirements prescribed by the code;

fc fc
As min = { bw d , b d} . (Eq. 2.40)
2fy 4fy f
min

If As > As min , use As . Otherwise, use As min .

To calculate for the effective width of the flange; use the specifications indicated in
Section 408.11 of NSCP 2010.

Table 2.11. Code Requirements on Effective Width of Flange

Smallest Value of the following:

A) Interior Beam
L
bf
1)
4
t
2) 16t + bw
s1 s2

1 bw 2 S1 S2
2 2 3) + + bw
2 2

B) Symmetric Interior Beam

L
1)
bf 4
t
2) 16t + bw
s s

bw 3)center to center spacing of beams

2 2

C) End Beam
L
1) + bw
12
b'f
t 2) 6t + bw
s1 s2
S2
2 b'w 3) + bw
2 2

24
 Calculate for the factored moment to be
carried by the T-beam, Mu

Choose the smallest bf :

L
bf =
4
bf = 16t + bw
bf = center to center spacing
(for symmetric interior beams)
S1 S2
bf = + + bw (for interior beams)
2 2

0.85fc 1
b =
fy
As max = 0.75(b bf d)
a
Mu max = 0.85f c tbr (d )
2

Design as
Design as Singly YES NO
Mu < Mu max Doubly
Reinforced Reinforced

t
Mu1 = 0.85 f c tbf d
2
(assume a = t)

a>t
NO Mu = (Mn1 + Mn2 )
Mu1 > Mu
Mn2 = C2 y2 = 0.85fc bw zy2
YES (solve for z)

a<t
a 0.85f c (bf t + bw z)

Mu = (0.85 f c ab)(d ) As =
2 fy
(solve for a) fc fc
As min = bw d, bd
2fy 4 f
0.85 f c ab min
As = As min
fy
fc fc
As min = bw d, bd
2fy 4 f
min

Figure 2.10. Process Flowchart for the Analysis of T-Beam

25
2.9. Analysis of Shear Strength Provided by Concrete
Shear failure is another type of beam failure. It is very risky particularly if it occurs
before flexure failure since it can happen without any warning. To prevent this, the NSCP
Code provides allowable shear values which has greater safety factors as compared to
bending failure, hence guaranteeing ductile type of failure.

L
R R

Vs Vc
Vc
R V 2
u Vc

Min. Min.
d Stirrups No stirrups No stirrups Stirrups d

Figure 2.11. Shear Diagram and Spacing of Stirrups in a Beam

To resist splitting due to diagonal tension, steel reinforcements known as stirrups

are provided to prevent its occurrence, especially if they are closely spaced with each other,
as shown in Figure 2.7.

26
 According to Section 411.2 of NSCP 2010, design of cross sections subject to shear
shall be:

Vu Vn . . (Eq. 2.41)

where Vu is a factored shear force, = 0.75, and Vn is the nominal shear strength computed
by:

Vn = Vc + Vs (Eq. 2.42)

In shear strength provided by concrete (Vc ) for nonprestressed members, there are
two ways in performing the calculation: Simplified and Detailed. By simplified calculation,
members subject to shear and flexure only is calculated by:

Vc = 0.17 fc bw d . . (Eq. 2.43)

For members subject to axial compression:

Nu
Vc = 0.17 (1 + ) fc bw d (Eq. 2.44)
14Ag

where Nu is the factored axial load normal to cross section and Ag is the gross area of
section.
On the other hand, shear strength shall also be computed by a more detailed
calculation. For members subject to shear and flexure only:

Vu d
Vc = 0.17 fc + 17w b d (Eq. 2.45)
Mu w

where Mu is the factored moment and Vc shall not be greater than 0.29fc bw d. When
Vu d
computing Vc , shall not be taken greater than 1.0. Meanwhile, for members subject to
Mu

axial compression, Eq. 2.43 may be used to compute Vc , with Mm substituted for Mu and
Vu d
is not limited to 1.0.
Mu

27
Mm is calculated by:

4h d
Mm = Mu Nu . . (Eq. 2.46)
8

However, Vc shall not be taken greater than:

0.29Nu
Vc = 1+ fc bw d (Eq. 2.47)
Ag

Nu Nu

Figure 2.12. Beam Subjected to Axial Compression

For the shear strength provided by the reinforcement, Vs shall be calculated by the

following but shall not be taken greater than 0.66fc bw d:

Vs = Av fyt n . (Eq. 2.48)

Av fyt d
Vs = . . (Eq. 2.49)
s

The spacing s of the shear reinforcement placed perpendicular to axis of members

shall be given by the following:

Table 2.12. Spacing Limits of Shear Reinforcements

Condition Spacing Limits
d
or 600 (nonprestressed)
2
Vs < 0.33fc bw d
3h
or 600 (prestressed)
4
d
or 300 (nonprestressed)
4
Vs > 0.33fc bw d
3h
or 300 (prestressed)
8

28
 Where shear reinforcement is required, the minimum area of shear reinforcement
shall be computed by:

bw s bw s
Av min = 0.062 fc 0.35 (Eq. 2.50)
fyt fyt

The value of the modification factor is taken as follows:

Table 2.13. Values of Modification Factor

Modification Factor Type of Material
0.85 Sand Lightweight Concrete
0.75 All Lightweight Concrete
1.00 Normal weight Concrete
fct Average splitting tensile strength of
1.0
0.56 fc Lightweight Concrete fct

29
 Calculate for the
factored shear force
at critical sections

Shear Strength
provided by concrete,
1
Vc = 6 f c bw d

No stirrup is NO 1
Vu > Vc
needed. 2 Spacing
Requirements
YES fyt Av min
s=
0.35bw
NO
Vu > Vc fyt Av min
s=
YES 0.062 f c bw
Vu
Vs = Vc d
s= or 600mm
2

NO 2 Choose
Adjust beam size Vs f b d smallest
3 c w
s-value

YES

A v fy d
s=
Vs

2 If s = 25mm 2
If Vs > 3 f c bw d If Vs < 3 f c bw d

d Increase the value of Av by either d

Smax = or 300mm Smax = or 600mm
4 bigger bar size or adding more shear 2
area
Choose smallest
s-value

Figure 2.13. Process Flowchart for the Analysis of Shear Strength

30
2.10. Analysis of Torsion in Concrete
Concrete members that were curved in plans, support cantilevers, slabs (act as a
spandrel), or are part of a spiral stairway are possibly exposed to torsional moments. This
moment yields a compound action, where warping takes place as soon as the member cross
section is twisted. Torsional shear is produced in the faces of the member and similar to
cracks produced by flexural shear, it will also generate diagonal tension cracks.
Before adding torsional reinforcements on longitudinal reinforcements, it must be
examined first if torsion reinforcement is needed by comparing if actual torsion Tu less than
to:

f c (Acp )2
. . (Eq. 2.51)
12 Pcp

where Acp is the area enclosed by the outside perimeter of the concrete section, Pcp is the
outside perimeter of the concrete cross section, = 0.75, and is modification factor,
which can be found at Table 2.10.
For a statically indeterminate structure, the cracking torque for a non-prestressed
member is given by:

f c (Acp )2
(Eq. 2.52)
3 Pcp

To minimize cracking and to avoid early crushing of concrete caused by inclined

compressive stresses brought by shear and torsion, the size of cross section must be limited
to the following below.
For solid sections:

2 2
Vu Tu Ph Vc 2
+( 2 ) [b d + 3 f c ] (Eq. 2.53)
bw d 1.7Aoh w

For hollow sections:

2 2
Vu Tu Ph Vc 2
+( 2 ) [b d + 3 f c ] (Eq. 2.54)
bw d 1.7Aoh w

31
The required nominal torsion spacings is calculated by:

2Ao At fyt
Tn = cot . (Eq. 2.55)
s

When additional longitudinal reinforcement is needed, the area Al shall not be less
than the equation below.

At fyt
Al = Ph cot 2 . (Eq. 2.56)
s fy

Eq. 2.54 shall not be less than:

5f c (Acp )2 At fyt
= Ph . (Eq. 2.57)
12 fy s fy

To determine the spacing of transverse torsional reinforcement, use Eq. 2.55.

Av + At Av At
Total = + 2 . . (Eq. 2.58)
s s s

Maximum spacing of transverse torsional reinforcement is given by:

Ph
Max S = , 300mm (Eq. 2.59)
8 min

The minimum area of transverse closed stirrups is computed by:

bw s 0.35bw s
Av + 2At = 0.062fc (Eq. 2.60)
fyt fyt

32
 f c (Acp )2
Tc =
12 Pcp

Torsion NO
Reinforcement is not Tu > Tc
needed
YES

Check for the Crushing of Concrete:

2 2
Vu Tu Ph Vc 2
+( 2 ) [b d + 3 f c ]
bw d 1.7Aoh w

Tn At
Solve s =
2Ao At fyt cot s

Ph
S= , 300mm, s
8 min

At fyt
Al = Ph cot 2
s fy

5f c (Acp )2 At fyt
Al min = Ph
12 fy s fy

As
N=
s

Figure 2.14. Process Flowchart for the Analysis of Torsion

33
2.11. Analysis of Concrete Columns
In general, columns are defined as members used to counter axial compressive
loads. Columns are mainly classified as short or long columns. A column is classified as
short column if the height is less than the three times its least lateral dimension and fails
due to yielding of the steel bars. Otherwise, the column is a long column, which fails by
lateral buckling.

Main
Ties Longitudinal
Bars

t
b

Figure 2.15. Tied Column

For a column subjected to purely axial load, the nominal load Pn that a column can
carry can be solved by:

Pn = 0.85f c Ag Ast + fy Ast (Eq. 2.61)

Employing the NSCP 2010 reduction factor for tied columns ( = 0.65), Pn or
the axial load capacity of the tied column is given by:

Pn = 0.80[0.85f c Ag Ast + fy Ast ] (Eq. 2.62)

For tied columns, NSCP 2010 set limits of reinforcement, which as follows,
a. Ast shall not be less than 0.01Ag nor 0.08Ag
b. The minimum number of longitudinal bars is four (4) for bars with rectangular or
circular ties, and 3 for bars within triangular ties.

34
 Based on NSCP 2010, the requirements for sizes and spacing of Main Bars and Ties
is given by the following:
a. Clear distance between longitudinal bars shall between 1.5db and 40mm.
b. For 32 mm bars and below, use 10 mm ties and 12 mm ties for 36mm, 42mm,
58mm, and bundled longitudinal bars.
c. Vertical Spacing is given by:
S = (16 db , 48 dt , least dimension of column)min
d. Lateral supports provided by the corner of the tie shall have an included angle of
not more than 135 and bars shall have a maximum spacing of 150 mm clear on
each side along the tie.

35
 Pu = 1.2DL + 1.6LL

Find Ag using:
= . [. + ]
Ast
(Assume value of steel ratio Ag
, ranges from
0.01 to 0.08)

Ag = b2 (Square column)
Ag = 2b + 2h (Rectangular Column)

Ast = x Ag , 0.01 < x < 0.08

Ast
N=
Abar

Required Spacing of Ties (use smallest):

16 db
S={ 48 dt
least dimension of column

Figure 2.16. Process Flowchart for the Analysis of Columns with Axial Loads

36
 Chapter 3
METHODOLOGY

This chapter provides a systematic, academic analysis of the procedures applied to

this paper. It comprises the intellectual analysis of the body of methods and principles
associated. Typically, it encompasses concepts about the standard rules and regulations
implemented by the National Structural Code of the Philippines in the Volume I issue of
Book of Standards.

3.1. Stages in Building Construction

In order to come up with the design of the project, periodic meetings between all
members of the team were executed. Necessary data were gathered from Andres Bonifacio
Avenue, Brgy. Tibanga, Iligan City in order to meet the established requirements by the
instructor.
Consultation of the draft plan with the instructor is executed to accumulate to a
common understanding of the successes and challenges experienced by the members. This
is best accomplished if open communication and a spirit of collaboration is established and
maintained throughout the project between all members and the instructor.
After obtaining the necessary information needed for the project, a five-storey hotel
was which will cater to the increasing populations and demands.
The following stages were followed prior to completion of the project:

DESIGN STAGE

PRE-CONSTRUCTION STAGE

PROCUREMENT STAGE

CONSTRUCTION STAGE

COMMISIONING STAGE

OWNER OCCUPANCY STAGE

PROJECT CLOSE OUT

Figure 3.1 Flow Chart of Project

37
3.1.1. Design Stage
This signifies the first stage of a construction project. Its completion indicates the
beginning of the bidding process. In this stage, the owner chooses a contractor based on
completed designs and builds contract thru bidding.
In this stage, the engineer or architect first conducts a feasibility study of the design
based on codes and regulations of the building as well as amount of space, the size of
building and so as the number of rooms. This will then be the basis for the type of equipment
and materials needed and their cost. The schematic designs or sketches will then be created.

3.1.2. Pre Construction Stage

In this stage, the bidding process is already done with and the owner has chosen a
contractor. The contractor is paired with the project team, which includes the contract
administrator, superintendent, project manager, and field manager.
The team will then prepare the site for construction by conducting site
examinations, testing the soil and identifying any possible unforeseen situations.

3.1.3. Procurement Stage

This is the stage where the team purchases the required equipments, materials and
labor. During this stage the project team buys everything that is needed to complete the
project. The complexity of this stage depends on the size of the project and the company.
Most large construction companies have procurement departments that purchase labor and
materials for hundreds of projects at once. On the other hand, for smaller projects, the
superintendent may buy small quantities of materials from local building supplies or hire
local laborers.

3.1.4. Construction Stage

This is the stage where the superintendent will arrange a preconstruction meeting
with the subcontractors and material suppliers to set the ground rules for working together.
The team must get ready to start construction, completing activities like establishing safety
programs, securing the site, setting up temporary storage facilities, and developing material
and handling plan. When everything is settled, the team begins construction.

38
3.1.5. Commissioning Stage
After the construction stage, the commissioning stage starts. This stage is composed
of two parts. First, the testing of the systems and equipment to make sure everything is
working correctly and is safe before turning over the building to the owner. Second is the
training of the owners personnel to operate and maintain the systems of the new building.

3.1.6. Owner Occupancy Stage

This stage begins the warranty period where in the owner is given the time to ensure
that all the equipment, materials and building quality meet the expectations included in the
contract. There are two types of warranties, the implied warranty which is established or
required by the law and the express warranty which is written and included in the contract.

3.1.7. Project Closeout

This is the final stage of the project. The team formally completes all the remaining
contractual agreement to end the project. In this stage, a project punch list of any tasks that
didnt get accomplished may be created. They can also conduct a post project review,
document lessons learned, archive project documents, or prepare a completion report.

3.2. Project Planning Flow Chart

Figure 3.2. Flow Chart

The basic theories in planning a hotel is for the architects and engineers to know
exactly how a hotel operates. Every type of buildings must function smoothly to achieve
the end result that the owner and guests are seeking for. Thus, in planning a hotel, a process
flow chart was followed before a construction commences.

39
3.3. Project Considerations
In constructing the hotel, there are certain considerations needed to be addressed in
order to establish space allocations and knowing their relationships as to functions, analyze
the specific needs of the client and prepare preliminary architectural design.
First, the location of the hotel must be strategically located nearby commercial
establishments, tourist destinations, government institutions, and the public transport.
Second, a site investigation must be done in order to identify the possible exposure of the
hotel against natural and man-made disturbances. Then, a comprehensive study is
conducted for planning hotel traffic circulation, traditions, security, and accessibility before
designing is commenced.

3.4. Planning and Designing

In planning and designing a building, all specifications and standards shall conform
to all existing codes such as Book of Standards of National Structural Code of the
Philippines 2010, National Building Code of the Philippines, National Plumbing Code of
the Philippines and other governing applicable codes in the Philippines.

3.4.1. Architectural Design

Architectural design consists of Location Plan and Site Development Plan,
Perspective, Floor Plans, Elevation Plans, Foundation Plans, Reflected Ceiling Plan, Roof
Framing Plan, and Schedule of Doors and Windows.

3.4.1a. Location Plan and Site Development Plan

Location Plan and Site Development Plan are both significant in the planning
process of the hotel building. These two terms are sometimes used interchangeably but has
a different purpose.
A site development plan is a drawing depicting the location of a planned or an
existing development. Some of the important elements of a location plan are property
boundaries, land topography, vegetation, landmarks, proposed and/or existing structures
and roadways. It must show technical description, boundaries, orientation and position of
proposed non-architectural horizontal structure such as: sewerage treatment plan (STP),
silos, elevated tanks, towers, fences, etc. building/structure in relation to the lot, existing or
proposed access road and driveways and existing public utilities/services. Existing

40
buildings within and adjoining the lot shall be hatched and distances between the proposed
and existing buildings shall be indicated.
On the other hand, a location plan provides information where proposed
development will be carried out. A large area is quite shown around the development site,
which is within a 2.00 kilometer radius for commercial, industrial, and institutional
complex and within a half-kilometer radius for residential buildings, at any convenient
scale showing prominent landmarks or major thoroughfares for easy reference.
Drawings of location and site plan are available at Appendices section of this paper.

3.4.1b. Perspective
Perspective in building plan drawing is an approximate representation on a flat
surface of an image as it is perceived by the eye. All perspectives are need to be drawn at
a convenient scale and taken from a vantage point (birds eye view or eye level).

3.4.1c. Floor Plans

A floor plan is the most essential architectural plan, in which a view from above is
showing the arrangement of spaces in building in at a particular level of a building. The
specification requires that all floor plans are drawn to scale of not less than 1:100 that shows
gridlines and complete identification of rooms or functional spaces.

3.4.1d. Elevation Plans

An elevation is a view of a building perceived from one side, which is a flat
illustration of one faade. All architectural plans must have at least four (4) views, namely:
front, rear, left, and right elevation views. same scale as floor plans showing: gridlines;
natural ground to finish grade elevations, floor to floor heights, door and window marks,
type of material and exterior finishes, adjoining existing structures, if any, shown in single
hatched lines.

3.4.1e. Foundation Plans

Foundation refers to all the portions of the building or structure below the footing,
the earth upon which the structure rests. All foundation plans shall be of the suitable type,
of appropriate size, and capacity in order to safely withstand the superimposed loads under
seismic or any conditions of external forces that may affect the safety or stability of the

41
structure. Foundations Plans and their corresponding details are drawn at scale of not fewer
than 1:100. It shall be the responsibility of the architect and/or engineer to adopt the type
and design of the same in accordance with the standards.

3.4.1f. Reflected Ceiling Plan

A reflected ceiling plan displays the items that are located on the ceiling of a room
or space. It is referred to as a reflected ceiling plan since it is drawn to display a view of the
ceiling. Reflected ceiling plan must show the following: design, location, finishes and
specifications of materials, lighting fixtures, diffusers, decorations, air conditioning
exhaust and return grills, sprinkle nozzles. If possible, drawing shall be at scale of at least
1:100.

3.4.1g. Roof Framing Plan

A roof plan is used to show the shape of the roof. The roof framing plan is related
to the roof plan but in addition to presenting the shape of the structure and the sketch of the
roof, it also shows the size and direction of the framing members use to frame the roof. All
Roof Framing Plans and their details at scale of not less than 1:100.

3.4.1h. Schedule of Doors and Windows

Architectural plans contain various types of doors and windows that comes with a
different sizes. For the ease of locating these doors and windows, they are organized in
schedules. All doors and windows shall be properly labelled reflecting the direction of
opening showing their types, designations and marks, dimensions, materials, and number
of sets; and their details are scale of not less than 1:100.

3.4.1i. Longitudinal and Transverse Sections

Under the National Building Code of the Philippines, the Longitudinal and
Transverse Sections drawings of building shall be drawn to scale of at least 1:100 showing
the inter-floor relations in the building. Sections shall be longitudinally and transversely
cut through the building length or width other than particularly detailed section.

42
3.4.2 Structural Design Details
For this project, the structural design details consists of Design and Schedule of
Beams, Columns, Slabs, and Footing, as well as Load Passing from slab to footing.

3.4.2a General Assumptions:

All designs criteria shall be in accordance to NSCP 2010 Code Specifications.
Design of hooks are excluded in this project.

Loads and Load Distribution:

All slabs undertake only superimposed dead load, superimposed live load, and self-
weight. Wind, Earthquake, and other lateral loads are neglected.
o Live Load Pressure on Hotel Structure (including restaurant), WLL: 5 kPa
o Dead Load Pressure on Hotel Structure, WDL: 5 kPa

Concrete:
The structure itself utilizes normal weight concrete with modification value, equal
to 1.0.
All slabs are exhibited as precast reinforced concrete structure.
Compressive Strength of concrete is given as fc= 28 MPa
Tensile Strength of concrete is disregarded in the design.
Unit Weight of concrete is 24kN/m3

Steel Reinforcement
All steel bars are grooved type.
Yield strength of main reinforcement is fy=350 MPa
Yield strength of shrinkage and temperature reinforcement is fys=275 MPa
Yield strength of stirrups is fyt=275 MPa

Beams
Assumptions are made for the dimensions of the beams.
All beams are straight members and rectangular in cross-sections.
All beams are demonstrated as simply supported structure.
Concrete cover measured from the centroid of the bar to the outer fiber is 20 mm.

43
 All beam design has least requirement of top two bars meant for the placement of
stirrups.
The shear and moment diagrams are plotted using GRASP Program.

Slabs
A one (1) meter width strip is considered for all floors All floors are designed as
One-Way Slab by considering
The slab is not monolithically fastened to the beam.
The slab thickness is based from the maximum value required by the code.
Concrete cover measured from the centroid of the bar to the outer fiber is 20 mm.

3.4.2b. Beam Design and Schedule of Beams

Reinforcement are provided to resist tensile stresses due to bending and shear in
beams for singly reinforced sections. But when depth of section is restricted due to reasons
such as architectural reasons, or basement floors, the beam section is designed as doubly
reinforced to resist tensile as well as compressive stresses and are provided with
reinforcement in compression face.
In practice, for singly reinforced beams, two additional bars are provided in
compression face of the beam so that stirrups can be tied with bars.
When the width of beam is insufficient for number of bars to be provided, keeping
minimum clear distance bars based on maximum size of aggregate as per standard code
guidelines, the reinforcement can be provided in layers in both tension and compression
face of the beam. These reinforcement are provided as straight bars in both zones.
When a beam is designed with slab, called slab beam or T-beam, reinforcements
are provided as shown in figure below. The beam is generally designed as simple beam but
additional reinforcement are provided on top with slab to make it behave like a T-beam.
An in-depth evaluation using the Graphical Rapid Analysis of Structures Program
(GRASP) shall be done for beam loads, in which also the uniform slab loadings are passed
on. Output values such as ultimate moment, critical shear, and its corresponding reactions
are generated and to be used in the design procedure. Design must conform to the standards
set by NSCP 2010. In calculating the required steel area, number of bars, as well as the
design type of beam, the Process Flowchart in Figure 2.4 must be used.

44
 A beam schedule is used to effectively organize the data. The schedule may contain
deeper information that can be shown on actual drawings, but not as important as in
specifications. Schedules must be clear and readable. All schedules must be typically drawn
in gridlines spaced 3/16 or inches away, but not below 3/16. The height of lettering is
either 3/32 or 1/8 inches for readability. For full set of drawings, see the Appendices Section
of this paper.

3.4.2c. Load Passing

The load passing is a procedure in which each consecutive load will pass through
connected members. The passing begins at the highest point of the structure working all the
way down to the footing system, ultimately transferring the total load of the structure to the
foundation. Eventually, the lowest structural member must be strong enough to be able to
support all members above it. This is why engineers often design the uppermost members
first and progressively work their way down the structure following the load path
Load passing has different components:
a. The roof has a load path that flows down through the walls to the foundation.
b. The wall load path flows down through the floor to the foundation.
c. The floor load path flows down through the footing to the foundation.
d. The footing load path flows down through to the foundation.
e. The foundation supports the footings.
A load distribution plan is drawn to determine the designed uniform loading that a
beam can bear, as shown in the NSCP 2010 Book of Standards Volume I. Section 4.1.1
which discusses the assumptions in load distribution, which is applied in the design. Details
are provided at Appendices section. It is assumed that all slabs undertake only
superimposed dead load, superimposed live load, and self-weight. Wind, Earthquake, and
other lateral loads are neglected.

3.4.2d. Design and Schedule of Columns

The columns are one of the most critical part of the building because the failure of
a column, especially a column lower in the building, could have devastating consequences.
The failure of a column could result in the failure of a large portion, if not all, of the
building. Columns are deemed more important in the design of building than the design of

45
the beams or the floor systems because if a beam or floor collapses, the damage may be
contained to a much smaller area than if a column fails. This is called the strong column,
weak beam design theory. First the maximum axial and moment loads that each column
could experience were found. These loads were divided into the dead loads (i.e. mechanical
equipment, roofing material, slab self-weight, column self-weight, and T-beam self-weight)
and the live loads (i.e. the partitions, general live load, and snow). The top and bottom of
each column were analyzed by looking at two different loading conditions. Both conditions
include the entire dead load of the structure. However, the loading conditions vary based
on which bays the live load is applied.
Column schedules are tables that show such items as column sizes, column location
on the grid system, floor-to-floor elevation, and others. All column details shall be in
accordance with the implementing rules and regulations of National Structural Code of the
Philippines. Figure 2.10 is utilized for the calculation of the minimum length of a side,
spacing of ties and number of bars to be incorporated in the column.

3.4.2e. Slab Design and Schedule of Slabs

The slabs are designed with steel reinforcements which is parallel to the numerical
grid lines since the hotel floor system is a one-way slab. For a one-way slabs, bending will
take place between the two supporting beams in a parabolic shape, with the largest moments
at the top of the slab near the supports and at the bottom of the slabs at the mid-spans. Steel
reinforcements were also added in the transverse direction to act as a resistance to the
shrinkage and temperature cracks at the tension area.
The first step in the slab design was to find the final spacing of main reinforcements
using the Excel Program. The steel required was calculated along with the minimum steel
requirement in accordance with NSCP 2010 Book of Standards.
The design of the transverse steel reinforcements was then finalized. In the
transverse direction of the main longitudinal steel, there is a minimum amount of steel
required. The calculation of spacing of both main reinforcements and Shrinkage and
Temperature Reinforcements are guided by the process flowchart in Figure 2.6.

46
3.4.2f. Footing Design and Schedule of Footing
Footings are vital part of a foundation. They are typically made of concrete with
steel reinforcements that has been poured into an excavated trench. The significance of
footings is to provide support on the foundation and prevent settling. Footings are
particularly important in areas with troublesome soils.
The construction of footings is best left to the pros that can assess the soil conditions
and decide on the appropriate depth and width for the footings as well as the suitable
settlement. The measurements of footings also depend on the size and type of structure that
will be built. Placement of footings is essential to provide the support for the foundation
and to the structure as a whole.
The sizes of the footings are shown on the foundation plan or on a detail of the
foundation plan. In drawing a footing plan, proper labelling must be observed, such as
measurements of footing thickness and depth of footing below grade. Details must at a scale
of not less than 1:100 that shows gridlines and complete identification.

3.4.3. Plumbing Design

All plumbing design works shall comply with the pertinent provision of the
Plumbing Code of the concerned city, the Code of Sanitation of the Philippines, and the
National Plumbing Code of the Philippines.
For drawings, all plumbing installations, additions and/or alterations involving hot
and cold water supply, fixtures, sewage drainage and vent system, storm drainage and
sewerage system within or adjacent to the building shall illustrate the following:
a) Plumbing Plans, Layouts and details, of minimum scale 1:50
b) Legend and General Notes
c) Isometric drawings of the systems
d) Design analysis and technical specifications
e) Cost Estimates

3.4.4. Electrical Design

All works to be done in relation to electrical design shall be in accordance with the
latest edition of Philippine Electrical Code (PEC), National Building Code, Regulation of

47
a concerned locality, utility provider, manufacturer standards, and other governing
applicable codes in the Philippines.
All Electrical Plans and technical specifications shall contain the following:
a) Locations and Site Plans
b) Legend or Symbols
c) General Notes and Specifications
d) Electrical Layout
e) Schedule of Loads, Transformers, Generating/UPS Units (Total kVA for each of
the preceding items shall be indicated in the schedule)
f) Design Analysis
g) Single Line Diagram or Riser Diagram

3.5. Cost Analysis

In an effort approximate the incurred costs as well as the net operation income of
the hotel, an in-depth hotel costs analysis is performed. Using the techniques and
methodologies used by the hotel industry, the cost estimating process can be done hassle-
free. This analysis incorporates all of the projections into an overall five-year Pro Forma
Statement of Revenues and Expenses Technique for the hotel construction and operation,
followed by a projected economic analysis.
For the Cost Analysis, the following are taken into consideration: land and
development costs, room operations cost, food and beverage costs, telecommunications
costs and undisturbed costs.
For the land and development costs, there are two types: Hard and Soft Costs. Hard
costs are the direct costs of construction and include all labour and material required for
development, utilities, landscaping work, and includes furniture, fixtures, and equipment.
Soft costs include such elements as legal fees, special design consultants, management
costs, marketing and advertising, land surveys, realty taxes, etc. A contingency allowance
is included for each of hard and soft costs, which covers all estimated unforeseen
conditions.
Revenue and expenditures projections have been estimated, taking into
consideration the results of the market demand analysis and examination of the competitive
market utilizing the medium attraction scenario results.

48
 Construction Costs includes all the costs incurred in the whole duration of
construction such as labor costs, equipment and tools rentals, and masonry works. Class
A concrete mix is used. For measurements involving length such as rebars, a 6 meter
length is considered. For mass and rolls, kg is the standard unit. Equipment machineries
rentals are computed in hours. A tabulated breakdown of expenses incurred in the
construction of hotel are based on May 2016 pricing, which is shown at Appendices Section
of this paper.

3.6. Economic Analysis

Economic analysis is a process whereby the strengths and weaknesses of a business
are analyzed. Economic analysis is important in order to determine the actual condition of
a business.
Based on the inputs provided, a cash flow forecast has been prepared estimating the
probable revenue and cost streams between 2016 and 2022 (hotel operation estimated to
begin in 2017). The results are then discounted with 10% to a present-value. The company
has assumed that bank financing would be obtained to cover the project's capital shortfalls.
Also, the Net Present Value (NPV) is calculated, which will serve as an indicator of the
value of an investment, as opposed to Internal Rate of Return (IRR) which is an indicator
of the yield of investment. Net Present Value is the sum of all the discounted cash inflows
as well as cash outflows.

49
 Chapter 4
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

This chapter provides the results obtained in this project associated with a
systematic, academic analysis of the procedures applied to this paper. Typically, it
encompasses concepts about the standard rules and regulations implemented by the
National Structural Code of the Philippines in the Volume I issue of Book of Standards.

4.1. Project Consideration

Discussed in the succeeding sections are the project considerations for a five-storey
hotel.

4.1.1. Site Investigation

293 AZI

Figure 4.1. Location and Orientation of the Hotel

The 350-square meter Almond Luxe Hotel, world class, state-of-the-art hotel is
situated on a 600-square meter lot located at Andres Bonifacio Avenue, Brgy. Tibanga,
Iligan City with coordinates 814'12.3"N, 12414'38.0"E. The building is oriented with a
bearing of 293, in which the hotels faade is facing the National Highway. This hotel is
oriented that will showcase the hotel guests with its extremely breath-taking views of the
metropolis as well as the sunrise and sunset.
Elevated by 4.898 meters above sea level, the hotel is safe against the increasing
sea levels. Moreover, the hotel ground floor is elevated by 0.50 meter, measured with
respect to the highway, which gives the structure the ability to avert flooding during rainy
days.

50
 SUNSET SUNRISE

Figure 4.2. Sun Orientation of the Building

4.1.2. Location Considerations

Strategically and conveniently located at the heart of the bustling metropolis of the
City of Majestic Waterfalls, Almond Luxe Hotel is surely the best place to enjoy and relax
for people from different walks of life: family, professionals, and tourists.
Waterfalling and Resort Hopping have been made so easy with just 5 minute ride
to Iligan North Bus Terminal. Tourists are highly encouraged to stay and spend the rest of
time exploring the best of Iligan City.

Figure 4.3. Iligan City Main Attractions

51
 Convenience Stores are just few walks away from the hotel, which will cater the
basic necessities 24 hours, 7 days a week. Also located within the vicinity are major fast-
food chains, bars, and fine dining restaurants that will provide a wide range of food choices.
For shopping, Gaisano Mall Iligan, Unitop, Trendline, Novo, and Night Markets
are just one ride access using jeepneys and taxicabs.
A minute ride from the hotel, or just few meters away is where the MSU-IIT can be
found. Being the leading university in the Southern Philippines, MSU-IIT is always visited
by scientists and professionals who conduct scientific researches and extension works,
which makes the hotel an ideal place to stay while doing business with MSU-IIT.
In case of health concerns, Mindanao Sanitarium and Hospital can be visited
immediately without hassle.
The hotel is alongside the national highway, which makes it accessible by hotel
clients. Facing the hotel, SBG Mart is located at the right side and on the other side is the
PLDT Tower. That is why, the hotel ensures that silence, comfortability, and safety are
experienced by the guests.

4.1.3. Design Considerations

The following must be considered in the design of the hotel building:
1. The owner of a hotel has but one objective To realize a satisfying financial return on
his investment
2. The Guest on the other hand, must feel completely comfortable from the moment he
enters the doorway, check-in, goes to the room, avail himself of the foods and
beverages available and spend a comfortable night in a well-appointed clean room.
The guest must find his every wants courteously and efficiently attended to.
3. The physical conditions of the environment contribute to the guests comfort like colors,
dcor, lighting, proper air temperature, comfortable furnishing and above all a
pleasant and relaxed atmosphere.
4. Hotel planning is divided into two categories of service: The front of the house and the
back of the house.
5. The front of the House comprises every area that the guest will see like the lobbies,
dining space, rest rooms, passenger elevators, corridors, hotel rooms etc. These

52
 places must be handled and planned with one objective the convenience and
continued approbation of the guest.
6. The guest or the paying customer sees only the front of the house and his only desire is
a wish fulfillment, an ego builder, a status symbol and most of all a pleasant and
satisfying place where he spend the night or weeks.
7. The Back of the House or general services is the most critical part of the plan. This is the
area that absorbs all orders and demands making everything possible.

4.2. Structural Design Calculations

4.2.1. Values Obtained from Excel Program

For convenience and efficiency, various Excel program is utilized for designing of
beams, t-beams, slab, column, loads, stirrups, and torsion. These user-friendly programs
will help generate with different structural details in accordance with standard practices
provided by 2010 NSCP Book of Standards. Calculations are made for every designation
and illustrated at the succeeding tables.

4.2.1a. Beam Schedule

In referenced to NSCP 2010 Book of Standards Volume I, all the basic standards
and specifications to be employed in the beam schedule of the building shall be determined
using an Excel Program. Assumptions stated at Section 4.1.4 are considered. A sample of
the Excel Program can be found at Appendices section of this paper.
An itemization of the result obtained from the program can be found at Appendices
Section of this paper, which illustrates the values rendered by the program, which is
applicable on each of the beam in every floor of the building. A designation is assigned on
respective beam, which consists of compressive and yield strengths, ultimate moment,
rebar size, width, depth, covering, and effective depth of the beam as input values and type
of beam design, steel area and number of bars as output values of the programs.
A mean average of 4 bars are intended to serve as reinforcements on every beam.
Moreover, 12 beams are designed as singly reinforced while 10 beams are doubly
reinforced beams.

53
4.2.1b. Beam Loading
An Excel Program is designed to determine the designed uniform loading that a
beam can bear, guided by the NSCP 2010 Book of Standards Volume I. Section 4.1.1
discusses about the assumptions in load distribution, which is applied in the program. A
summary of results generated by the program is provided at Appendices Section of this
paper.
The tabulation shows the properties needed in the determination of maximum
loading that a beam can handle. Loading includes the weight of the beam itself as well as
the load passed on it from the slab. By imputing the required properties to the program,
loading will be computed automatically by the Excel Program.

4.2.1c. Stirrup Schedule

To quantify how many stirrups and how far should each of them be spaced, an Excel
Program is specifically designed for that purpose. All the formulas used in the program are
based from the Book of Standards of NSCP 2010. A summary of the results can be found
at Appendices Section of this paper, which shows the cumulative results from the automatic
computation of the Excel Program, where the dimensions of the beam, yield strength and
size of reinforcement, factored shear and shear strength of the concrete serve as the input
variables while on the other hand, the spacing between stirrups is the output value.

4.2.1d. Column Schedule

In designing a column detail for a certain structure, the number and spacing of
reinforcing bars in addition to values of least dimension of the column are very significant
features as they determines the strength and quality of the column itself and conforms to
the existing structural codes in the Philippines.
In this regards, an Excel program is created which can automatically calculate for
the values of the number and spacing of bars as well as the minimum length of a side of
column with the values of yield and compressive strengths, steel and concrete
measurements, and the applied axial loading on the column as the input attributes of the
program. The summary of the results are illustrated at the Appendices Section of this paper.

54
4.2.1e. Slab Schedule
With a known uniform service live and dead loads applied on the slab, the final
spacing of main reinforcements as well as for the shrinkage and temperature bars can be
obtained by designing an Excel Program tailored for calculating these properties. Input
variables such as yield and compressive strengths, uniform service dead and live loads and
length of spa are needed for the computation as shown in Table 4.2.5.

4.2.2. Graphical Solution using GRASP Program

To accumulate for the beam reactions, critical shear and moments, a program
known as GRASP is utilized. To use the GRASP, a beam span is drawn, with loadings and
supports associated on it, and the structure is then assessed by the application automatically
and certain properties buttons are selected which will display the diagram accompanied
with its corresponding values.

Figure 4.4. GRASP Result Diagram

The figures of graphical solutions using GRASP Software for the hotel building are
made available at the appendices section of this paper. A tabulated summary of the results
is shown below.
There are total of 22 beams which is applicable on every floor of the hotel building.
The value of critical shear will determine the required shear reinforcement on each of the
beams. The reactions at the supports are very significant, such that it will used for the design
of the columns that can endure all the loadings applied on the building itself. Refer to
Appendix A for the figures and summary of the GRASP Results.

4.3. Cost Estimation

A cost estimation technique used by the hotel business sector is utilized in this
paper.

55
4.3.1. Projected Land and Development Costs
All costs provided are based on May 2016 Pricing. In the absence of an assessor,
the land cost for the 600 square meter site has been assumed to be 3,501,000. This is based
on the 2016 assessed value of the land (5835.00 per square meter). It is noted that the
client would be well served to appoint a qualified appraiser.
Combined hard and soft costs of development have been estimated at approximately
52,548,675.19. In addition, the company has also included a contingency allowance at 5%
for each of hard and soft costs, which covers all estimated unforeseen conditions.
Based on the cost estimations, the total project cost per gross floor area of hotel
space works out to 53,072.32.

Table 4.1. Land and Development Cost

Particulars Amount
Assumed Total Land Cost 3,501,000.00
Hard Costs 51,717,400.47
Soft Costs 831,274.72

TOTAL LAND AND DEVELOPMENT COSTS 56,049,675.19

4.3.2. Projected Revenues and Expenditures

The following presents the 6- year projected operating report for the proposed 15-
room hotel. Revenue and expenditures projections have been estimated, taking into
consideration the results of the market demand analysis and examination of the competitive
market utilizing the medium attraction scenario results. All projections make provisions for
an inflationary increase of 2% unless otherwise indicated.

Table 4.2. Hotel Operations Cost Analysis

Net Percent of
Total Revenues Total Operation
Year Operating Gross
() Expenses ()
Income () Revenue
2017 12,304,296.00 2,699,021.70 7,328,979.54 59.56%
2018 12,968,727.98 2,844,768.87 7,724,744.44 59.56%
2019 13,654,815.53 2,995,266.32 8,133,408.33 59.56%
2020 14,363,159.08 3,150,645.76 8,555,328.89 59.56%
2021 15,094,374.46 3,311,042.27 8,990,872.91 59.56%
2022 15,849,093.18 3,476,594.39 9,440,416.55 59.56%

56
4.3.3 Rooms
Based on an examination of competitive hotel facilities, the company has provided
an estimate of the average daily room rate that each type of hotel unit could likely capture.
The weighted average calculates to 2,745.60 (2016 value). Projections assume that the
rate will increase by 2.0% per annum. Assuming that the first full year of hotel operation
begins in 2017, the average daily room rate is projected to be 2,800.51.
Operating costs include wages and salaries, laundry and dry cleaning, guest
supplies, cleaning supplies and reservation expenses. Based on comparable hotels, the
expense has been estimated at 20% of total room revenue.
Please refer to Appendices for the projected room revenue, derived from the
expected occupancy levels and room rates.

4.3.4 Food & Beverage

For purposes of the hotel, the company has projected food and beverage revenues
to include a cafeteria/restaurant, room service, and banquets or meetings, which includes
meeting room rental, audio-visual rental and food and beverage revenue. Based on a review
of historical operating performance for comparable hotels, food and beverage revenues are
projected at 250.00 per occupied room in 2017, increasing 2.0% per annum, reaching
281.54 per occupied room in 2022.
Food and beverage departmental expenses include cost of goods sold, labour and
additional operating costs. Expenses have been forecasted at 70% of gross food and
beverage revenue in 2016.

4.3.5. Telecommunications
Telecommunications revenues are projected to have an estimated revenue of
150.00 per occupied room in 2017, and increasing in accordance with inflation and the
number of occupied room nights in the succeeding years. Expenses include equipment
rental and cost of sales, with expenses projected at 70% of revenues.

4.3.6. Income Generating Services

This includes fax and copies revenue, laundry revenue, pet revenue, no show and
cancellation revenue, commission income from vending machines, and other miscellaneous

57
revenue. Net revenues are projected at 600.00 per occupied room in 2017, increasing on
an annualized basis with inflation and the number of occupied room nights.

4.3.7. Undistributed Expenses

Undistributed expenses comprises administration and other general expenses
(salary and benefits of administrative and office staff, office supplies, accounting and legal
expenses, and other office related expenses), marketing and guest entertainment (salary and
benefits of sales and marketing staff, guest entertainment, advertising, plus other
expenditures related with sales and promotion), property operation and maintenance (wages
and benefits for additional maintenance personnel, repairs, gardening and landscaping,
expenses to upkeep public areas, all guest units, pool area, etc.), and energy (cost of power,
heat, light, water and sewage). Such undistributed expenses have been projected at 10% of
total annual revenue.

4.3.8. Fixed Expenses

The company has projected fixed charges to cover 8.5% of total revenues. Fixed
charges include property and business taxes, insurance, and management fees.

4.4. Economic Analysis

To accumulate for the companys economic growth, a comprehensive
Based on the inputs provided, a cash flow forecast has been prepared estimating the
probable revenue and cost streams between 2016 and 2022 (hotel operation estimated to
begin in 2017). The results are then discounted with 10% to a present-value. The consultant
has made the following assumptions regarding the cash flow analysis.

4.4.1. Project Financing

The company has a total cash in-hand of 20,000,000.00, which thus assumed that
bank financing would be obtained to cover the project's capital shortfalls. The loan interest
is assumed to be 4.0% at the BDO Unibank Inc. As such, the permanent loan is estimated
at 4.0%. It has been calculated that an annual payment of 7,966,987.44 is required to pay
off the loan within a 5-year amortization period.

58
 Figure 4.5. Loan Amortization Graph and Payment Breakdown Graph

4.4.2. Project Performance

The net present value (NPV) is an assessment centered on a project's cash flows and
initial investment. NPV can be described as an indicator of the value of an investment, as
opposed to IRR which is an indicator of the yield of investment.
For a real estate development, NPV is the sum of all the discounted cash inflows as
well as cash outflows. Accounting for the assumptions enumerated, the hotels NPV is
projected to be 382,748.73.
Considering that this base case scenario yields a positive NPV, the hotel complex
is demonstrating that the investment proposal is considered to be acceptable.

Table 4.3. Projected Economic Analysis

Cash Inflows Cash Outflows Net Cash Present Value
Year
() () Flows () at 10% ()
2016 (0) 56,050,000.00 56,049,675.19 324.81 324.81
2017 (1) 7,328,979.54 7,966,987.44 -638,007.90 -580,007.18
2018 (2) 7,724,744.44 7,966,987.44 -242,243.00 -200,200.83
2019 (3) 8,133,408.33 7,966,987.44 166,420.89 125,034.48
2020 (4) 8,555,328.89 7,966,987.44 588,341.45 401,845.13
2021(5) 8,990,872.91 7,966,987.44 1,023,885.47 635,752.32
2022 9,440,416.55 0.00 9,440,416.55
Total Cash flows (excluding 2022) 898,721.72
Net Present Value 382,748.73

59
 Chapter 5
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

5.1. Conclusion
Experience, Effective and Efficient.
The Blueprint Company, underlined with the vision of bringing itself into greater
heights in the field of engineering constructions and economics has come into shaped. The
notion of a picturesque and sublime ambition is ready to take off as we land to an effulgent
rise. The company executes competitive marketing strategies and capitalizes capabilities as
the core values in climbing the ladder of success. In the midst of development and progress,
the ability to connect and respond to the changing needs of the people is a key essential
while regarding them not just mere customers but also allied partners in building the future.
The company set out organizational capabilities includes learning, collaborations,
innovation and abilities. These capabilities are the fundamental factors to come up with
coherent ideas and strategies and a good outcome in investments for structured designs of
constructions- critically furnished and refined. This has given the company an edge in the
arena of constructions and elevates it through innovations and efficiency.
The proposed five-storey hotel encompasses sophisticated and spectacular designs
that celebrates grandeur and majesty that pushes engineering at its limits. This time, the
company plans of making the hotel a superb landmark located within the heart of the citys
urbanized and developed region. This attracts more businesses and enthralls opportunities.
It is a multi-million project that offers multi-functional services that have world class
amenities and facilities. Through our reliable business partners and a wide variety of
planning and development, the company can undertake the construction of the proposed
hotel.
The company is composed of experienced team characterized with expertise, talents
and collaborative skills. The design of the proposed five-storey hotel follows the minimum
requirements in accordance with the National Structural Code of the Philippines and the
National Building Code of the Philippines. In-depth knowledge in structural analysis,
design and methods of engineering constructions are crucial tools following the standards
and required components for building constructions and managements. Integrating these
tools are necessary to evade the ultimate threat in engineering- that is, failure.

60
5.2. Recommendations
In order for a company to succeed in the coming years, the following
recommendations must be taken into account:
1. Analyze the entire construction process.
A construction company should analyze each stage of its process to identify
the barriers to improving productivity.
2. Make a better planning.
Better planning will alleviate the impact of work changes and also
eliminate the unnecessary waits that result from imprecise planning. Also, develop
a measurement for determining how accurate the current planning process is.
3. Provide seminars and on-the-job trainings.
An important key to enhance productivity is to train the engineering staff,
especially construction supervisors, whose knowledge and skills can make or break
in project management. The employees are more productive as soon as they have
discover ideas and successfully master a new skill. Supervisor training should be
specifically related to how to improve productivity at the job site. Supervisors must
be trained to look at the job not on a day-to-day basis, but as a work process with
many discrete steps that must be completed over an extended, if limited, period of
time.
4. Employ new technologies.
State-of-the-art technologies such as scheduling software and more effective
construction tools and equipment can yield an instant return on investment in
improved productivity. In implementing new technology, construction companies
should learn from the errors made in other industries.
5. Communicating with the workers.
The company should communicate clearly that recommendations are
welcomed and should apply some type of reward system for proposals that upturn
productivity.

61
 APPENDIX A
GRASP Results Summary

Table A.1. Tabulated Results using GRASP Software

Ultimate Critical Reactions at the Supports
Beam
Moment, Mu Shear, Vu
Designation Left (kN) Right (kN)
(kN-m) (kN)
B-1 364.74 288.64 368.06 368.06
B-2 91.77 80.92 126.35 126.35
B-3 364.74 288.64 368.06 368.06
B-4 91.77 80.92 126.35 126.35
B-5 91.77 80.92 126.35 126.35
B-6 596.89 436.36 535.58 535.58
B-7 596.89 436.36 535.58 535.58
B-8 596.89 436.36 535.58 535.58
B-9 91.77 80.92 126.35 126.35
B - 10 91.77 80.92 126.35 126.35
B - 11 91.77 80.92 126.35 126.35
B - 12 91.77 80.92 126.35 126.35
B - 13 43.59 41.68 72.75 72.75
B - 14 596.89 436.36 535.58 535.58
B - 15 596.89 436.36 535.58 535.58
B - 16 596.89 436.36 535.58 535.58
B - 17 596.89 436.36 535.58 535.58
B - 18 596.89 436.36 535.58 535.58
B - 19 91.77 80.92 126.35 126.35
B - 20 52.40 48.8 74.00 74.00
B - 21 52.40 48.8 74.00 74.00
B - 22 52.40 48.8 74.00 74.00

62
 APPENDIX A (contd)

GRASP Output for Beam Type 1: For Beams 1 & 3

Figure A.1. Beam Type 1 Reactions

RL = 368.88 kN RR =368.88 kN

Figure A.2. Beam Type 1 Critical Shear

Vu = 368.1 kN

Figure A.3. Beam Type 1 Actual Moment

Mu = 208 kN-m

63
 APPENDIX A (contd)

GRASP Output for Beam Type 2: For Beams 2,4,5,9,10,11,12 & 19

Figure A.4. Beam Type 2 Reactions

RL =126.35 kN RR =126.35 kN

Figure A.5. Beam Type 2 Critical Shear

Vu = 126.3 kN

Figure A.6. Beam Type 2 Actual Moment

Mu = 53.8 kN-m

64
 APPENDIX A (contd)

GRASP Output for Beam Type 3: For Beams 6, 7, 8, 14, 15, 16, 17 & 18

Figure A.7. Beam Type 3 Reactions

RL = 535.58 kN RR = 534.53 kN

Figure A.8. Beam Type 3 Critical Shear

Vu = 534.5 kN

Figure A.9. Beam Type 3 Actual Moment

Mu = 333.6 kN-m

65
 APPENDIX A (cond)

GRASP Output for Beam Type 4: For Beam 13

Figure A.10. Beam Type 4 Reactions

RL = 72.75 kN RR = 72.75 kN

Figure A.11. Beam Type 4 Critical Shear

Vu = 72 kN

Figure A.12. Beam Type 4 Actual Moment

Mu = 25.4 kN-m

66
 APPENDIX A (cond)

GRASP Output for Beam Type 5: For Beams 20, 21 & 22

Figure A.13. Beam Type 5 Reactions

RL = 74 kN RR = 74 kN

Figure A.14. Beam Type 5 Critical Shear

Vu = 74 kN

Figure A.15. Beam Type 5 Actual Moment

Mu = 30.1 kN-m

67
 APPENDIX B
Values Obtained from Excel Program

Table B.1. Slab Schedule Applicable on Every Floor

PROPERTIES Unit S-1 S-2 S-3 S-4
Service Live Load, kPa 5 5 5 5
Service Dead Load, kPa 5 5 5 5
3
Unit Weight of Concrete - kN/m 24 24 24 24
Yield Strength - MPa 350 350 350 350
Compressive Strength - MPa 28 28 28 28
Width- b mm 1000 1000 1000 1000
Cover - c mm 20 20 20 20
S & T Bar Size mm 12 12 12 12
Main Reinforcement Bar Size mm 16 16 16 16
Span mm 4930 3610 4930 4930
Final Main Rebar Spacing mm 165 220 165 165
Final S & T Spacing mm 255 350 255 255

PROPERTIES Unit S-5 S-6 S-7 S-8

Service Live Load, kPa 5 5 5 5
Service Dead Load, kPa 5 5 5 5
Unit Weight of Concrete - kN/m3 24 24 24 24
Yield Strength - MPa 350 350 350 350
Compressive Strength - MPa 28 28 28 28
Width- b mm 1000 1000 1000 1000
Cover - c mm 20 20 20 20
S & T Bar Size mm 12 12 12 12
Main Reinforcement Bar Size mm 16 16 16 16
Span mm 5590 5590 5590 5590
Final Main Rebar Spacing mm 145 145 145 145
Final S & T Spacing mm 225 225 225 225

PROPERTIES Unit S-9 S-10 S-11 S-12

Service Live Load, kPa 5 5 5 5
Service Dead Load, kPa 5 5 5 5
Unit Weight of Concrete - kN/m3 24 24 24 24
Yield Strength - MPa 350 350 350 350
Compressive Strength - MPa 28 28 28 28
Width- b mm 1000 1000 1000 1000

68
 APPENDIX B (contd)

Table B.1. (contd)

Cover - c mm 20 20 20 20
S & T Bar Size mm 12 12 12 12
Main Reinforcement Bar Size mm 16 16 16 16
Span mm 3000 5590 5590 5590
Final Main Rebar Spacing mm 260 145 145 145
Final S & T Spacing mm 415 225 225 225

PROPERTIES Unit S-13 S-14 S-15 S-16

Service Live Load, kPa 5 5 5 5
Service Dead Load, kPa 5 5 5 5
Unit Weight of Concrete - kN/m3 24 24 24 24
Yield Strength - MPa 350 350 350 350
Compressive Strength - MPa 28 28 28 28
Width- b mm 1000 1000 1000 1000
Cover - c mm 20 20 20 20
S & T Bar Size mm 12 12 12 12
Main Reinforcement Bar Size mm 16 16 16 16
Span mm 5590 5590 5590 3610
Final Main Rebar Spacing mm 145 145 145 220
Final S & T Spacing mm 225 225 225 350

Table B.2. Beam Schedule Applicable on Every Floor

Properties Units B-1 B-2 B-3 B-4 B-5
f'c MPa 28 28 28 28 28
fy MPa 350 350 350 350 350
Mu N-mm 365,000,000 92,000,000 365,000,000 92,000,000 92,000,000
b mm 250 250 250 250 250
d mm 360 360 360 360 360
d' mm 40 40 40 40 40
Bar Size 28 16 28 16 16
Design as - Doubly Singly Doubly Singly Singly
As mm2 3,871.09 873.64 3,871.09 873.64 873.64
Number of bars pcs 6 4 6 4 4

Properties Units B-6 B-7 B-8 B-9 B-10

f'c MPa 28 28 28 28 28
fy MPa 350 350 350 350 350

69
 APPENDIX B (contd)

Table B.2. (contd)

Mu N-mm 597,000,000 597,000,000 597,000,000 92,000,000 92,000,000
b mm 250 250 250 250 250
d mm 360 360 360 360 360
d' mm 40 40 40 40 40
Bar Size 36 36 36 16 16
Design as - Doubly Doubly Doubly Singly Singly
As mm2 6,172.68 6,172.68 6,172.68 873.64 873.64
Number of bars pcs 6 6 6 4 4

Properties Units B-11 B-12 B-13 B-14 B-15

f'c MPa 28 28 28 28 28
fy MPa 350 350 350 350 350
Mu N-mm 92,000,000 92,000,000 44,000,000 597,000,000 597,000,000
b mm 250 250 250 250 250
d mm 360 360 360 360 360
d' mm 40 40 40 40 40
Bar Size 16 16 16 36 36
Design as - Singly Singly Singly Doubly Doubly
As mm2 873.64 873.64 401.15 6,172.68 6,172.68
Number of bars pcs 4 4 2 6 6

Properties Units B-16 B-17 B-18 B-19 B-20

f'c MPa 28 28 28 28 28
fy MPa 350 350 350 350 350
597,000,00
Mu N-mm 597,000,000
0
597,000,000 92,000,000 53,000,000

b mm 250 250 250 250 250

d mm 360 360 360 360 360
d' mm 40 40 40 40 40
Bar Size 36 36 36 16 16
Design as - Doubly Doubly Doubly Singly Singly
As mm2 6,172.68 6,172.68 6,172.68 873.64 486.73
Number of bars N pcs 6 6 6 4 2

70
 APPENDIX B (contd)
Table B.2. (contd)
Properties Units B-21 B-22
f'c MPa 28 28
fy MPa 350 350
Mu N-mm 53,000,000 53,000,000
b mm 250 250
d mm 360 360
d' mm 40 40
Bar Size 16 16
Design as - Singly Singly
2
As mm 487.73 488.73
Number of bars N pcs 2 2
Number of bars N pcs 6 6

Table B.3. Stirrup Schedule Applicable on Every Floor

Properties Unit B1-1 B1-2 B1-3 B1-4
Factored Shear, kN 288.64 80.92 288.64 80.92
Beam Width, mm 300 300 300 300
Effective Depth, d mm 360 360 360 360
Total Depth, h mm 400 400 400 400
Bar Size mm 12 12 12 12
Compressive Strength, MPa 28 28 28 28
Yield Strength of Tie , MPa 275 275 275 275
Modification Factor, 1 1 1 1
Shear Area, mm2 226.1947 226.1947 226.1947 226.1947
Shear Strength of Concrete, kN 95.24705 95.24705 95.24705 95.24705
0.75 0.75 0.75 0.75
Final Spacing mm 90 180 90 180

Properties Unit B1-5 B1-6 B1-7 B1-8

Factored Shear, kN 80.92 436.36 436.36 436.36
Beam Width, mm 300 300 300 300
Effective Depth, d mm 360 360 360 360
Total Depth, h mm 400 400 400 400
Bar Size mm 12 12 12 12
Compressive Strength, MPa 28 28 28 28
Yield Strength of Tie , MPa 275 275 275 275
Modification Factor, 1 1 1 1

71
 APPENDIX B (contd)

Table B.3. (contd)

Shear Area, mm2 226.1947 226.1947 226.1947 226.1947
Shear Strength of Concrete, kN 95.24705 95.24705 95.24705 95.24705
0.75 0.75 0.75 0.75
Final Spacing mm 180 90 90 90

Properties Unit B1-9 B1-10 B1-11 B1-12

Factored Shear, kN 80.92 80.92 80.92 80.92
Beam Width, mm 300 300 300 300
Effective Depth, d mm 360 360 360 360
Total Depth, h mm 400 400 400 400
Bar Size mm 12 12 12 12
Compressive Strength, MPa 28 28 28 28
Yield Strength of Tie , MPa 275 275 275 275
Modification Factor, 1 1 1 1
Shear Area, mm2 226.1947 226.1947 226.1947 226.1947
Shear Strength of Concrete, kN 95.24705 95.24705 95.24705 95.24705
0.75 0.75 0.75 0.75
Final Spacing mm 180 180 180 180

Properties Unit B1-13 B1-14 B1-15 B1-16

Factored Shear, kN 41.68 436.36 436.36 436.36
Beam Width, mm 300 300 300 300
Effective Depth, d mm 360 360 360 360
Total Depth, h mm 400 400 400 400
Bar Size mm 12 12 12 12
Compressive Strength, MPa 28 28 28 28
Yield Strength of Tie , MPa 275 275 275 275
Modification Factor, 1 1 1 1
Shear Area, mm2 226.1947 226.1947 226.1947 226.1947
Shear Strength of Concrete, kN 95.24705 95.24705 95.24705 95.24705
0.75 0.75 0.75 0.75
Final Spacing mm N/A 90 90 90

Properties Unit B1-17 B1-18 B1-19 B1-20

Factored Shear, kN 436.36 436.36 80.92 48.8
Beam Width, mm 300 300 300 300
Effective Depth, d mm 360 360 360 360

72
 APPENDIX B (contd)

Table B.3. (contd)

Total Depth, h mm 400 400 400 400
Bar Size mm 12 12 12 12
Compressive Strength, MPa 28 28 28 28
Yield Strength of Tie , MPa 275 275 275 275
Modification Factor, 1 1 1 1
Shear Area, mm2 226.1947 226.1947 226.1947 226.1947
Shear Strength of Concrete, kN 95.24705 95.24705 95.24705 95.24705
0.75 0.75 0.75 0.75
Final Spacing mm 90 90 180 N/A

Table B.4. Column Schedule Applicable on Every Floor

Properties Unit C-A1 C-B1 C-C1 C-D1
Axial Loading, kN 662 736 683 683
Reduction Factor, 0.65 0.65 0.65 0.65
Longitudinal Bar Size mm 32 36 36 36
Tie Bar Size mm 10 10 10 10
Compressive Strength - MPa 28 28 28 28
Yield Strength of Main Bar, MPa 400 400 400 400
Cover, c mm 40 40 40 40
kN 1204.84 1339.52 1243.06 1243.06
mm 2
49,965.50 55,550.76 51,550.50 51,550.50
mm2 2,997.93 3,333.05 3,093.03 3,093.03
Number of Bars 4 4 4 4
Length of one Side, s mm 225 240 230 230
Vertical Spacing of Ties mm 225 240 230 230

Properties Unit C-E1 C-A2 C-B2 C-C2

Axial Loading, kN 609 662 1324 1324
Reduction Factor, 0.65 0.65 0.65 0.65
Longitudinal Bar Size mm 32 32 36 36
Tie Bar Size mm 10 10 10 10
Compressive Strength - MPa 28 28 28 28
Yield Strength of Main Bar, MPa 400 400 400 400
Cover, c mm 40 40 40 40
kN
mm2 1108.38 1204.84 2409.68 2409.68

73
 APPENDIX B (contd)

Table B.4. (contd)

mm2 45,965.24 49,965.50 99,930.99 99,930.99
Number of Bars 2,757.91 2,997.93 5,995.86 5,995.86
Length of One Side, s mm 4 4 6 6
Vertical Spacing of Ties mm 215 225 320 320

Properties Unit C-D2 C-E2 C-F2 C-B3

Axial Loading, kN 1324 200 73 1030
Reduction Factor, 0.65 0.65 0.65 0.65
Longitudinal Bar Size mm 36 16 10 36
Tie Bar Size mm 10 10 10 10
Compressive Strength - MPa 28 28 28 28
Yield Strength of Main Bar, MPa 400 400 400 400
Cover, c mm 40 40 40 40
kN
mm2 2409.68 364 132.86 1874.6
mm2 99,930.99 15,095.32 5,509.79 77,740.88
Number of Bars 5,995.86 905.72 330.59 4,664.45
Length of One Side, s mm 6 5 5 5
Vertical Spacing of Ties mm 320 125 75 280

Properties Unit C-C3 C-D3 C-B4 C-C4

Axial Loading, kN 1157 662 494 494
Reduction Factor, 0.65 0.65 0.65 0.65
Longitudinal Bar Size mm 36 32 28 28
Tie Bar Size mm 10 10 10 10
Compressive Strength - MPa 28 28 28 28
Yield Strength of Main Bar, MPa 400 400 400 400
Cover, c mm 40 40 40 40
kN
mm2 2105.74 1204.84 899.08 899.08
mm2 87,326.40 49,965.50 37,285.43 37,285.43
Number of Bars 5,239.58 2,997.93 2,237.13 2,237.13
Length of One Side, s mm 6 4 4 4
Vertical Spacing of Ties mm 300 225 195 195

74
 APPENDIX B (contd)

Table B.4. (contd)

Properties Unit B1-21 B1-22
Factored Shear, kN 48.8 48.8
Beam Width, mm 300 300
Effective Depth, d mm 360 360
Total Depth, h mm 400 400
Bar Size mm 12 12
Compressive Strength, MPa 28 28
Yield Strength of Tie , MPa 275 275
Modification Factor, 1 1
Shear Area, mm2 226.1947 226.1947
Shear Strength of Concrete, kN 95.24705 95.24705
0.75 0.75
Final Spacing mm N/A N/A

Table B.5. Beam Loading Applicable on Every Floor

Slab Number S1-1 S1-2 S1-3
Properties Unit S1-1R S1-2B S1-3L S1-3T
Superimposed Dead Load kPa 5 5 5 5
Superimposed Live Load kPa 5 5 5 5
Slab Thickness mm 250 250 250 250
3
Unit Weight Concrete kN/m 24 24 24 24
Beam Width mm 300 300 300 300
Beam Height mm 400 400 400 400
Span m 4.93 3.61 4.93 3.61
Weight of Slab kPa 6 6 6 6
Weight of Beam kPa 2.88 2.88 2.88 2.88
WBEAM kN/m 3.456 3.456 3.456 3.456
WDL TOTAL kPa 11 11 11 11
Wu kPa 21.2 21.2 21.2 21.2
Wu BEAM kN 17.04 12.47616 17.03808 12.47616
Wu LOADING kN 104.287 58.01168 104.287 58.01168

Slab Number S1-3 S1-4

Properties Unit S1-3B S1-3R S1-4L S1-4B
Superimposed Dead Load kPa 5 5 5 5

75
 APPENDIX B (contd)

Table B.4. (contd)

Superimposed Live Load kPa 5 5 5 5
Slab Thickness mm 250 250 250 250
Unit Weight Concrete kN/m3 24 24 24 24
Beam Width mm 300 300 300 300
Beam Height mm 400 400 400 400
Span m 3.61 4.93 4.93 3.61
Weight of Slab kPa 6 6 6 6
Weight of Beam kPa 2.88 2.88 2.88 2.88
WBEAM kN/m 3.456 3.456 3.456 3.456
WDL TOTAL kPa 11 11 11 11
Wu kPa 21.2 21.2 21.2 21.2
Wu BEAM kN 12.47616 17.03808 17.03808 12.47616
Wu LOADING kN 58.01168 104.287 104.287 58.01168

Slab Number S1-5 S1-6

Properties Unit S1-5B S1-5R S1-6L S1-6T
Superimposed Dead Load kPa 5 5 5 5
Superimposed Live Load kPa 5 5 5 5
Slab Thickness mm 250 250 250 250
3
Unit Weight Concrete kN/m 24 24 24 24
Beam Width mm 300 300 300 300
Beam Height mm 400 400 400 400
Span m 3.61 5.59 5.59 3.61
Weight of Slab kPa 6 6 6 6
Weight of Beam kPa 2.88 2.88 2.88 2.88
WBEAM kN/m 3.456 3.456 3.456 3.456
WDL TOTAL kPa 11 11 11 11
Wu kPa 21.2 21.2 21.2 21.2
Wu BEAM kN 12.47616 19.31904 19.31904 12.47616
Wu LOADING kN 58.01168 127.4438 127.4438 58.01168

76
 APPENDIX B (contd)

Table B.4. (contd)

Slab Number S1-6 S1-7
Properties Unit S1-6B S1-6R S1-7L S1-7T
Superimposed Dead Load kPa 5 5 5 5
Superimposed Live Load kPa 5 5 5 5
Slab Thickness mm 250 250 250 250
Unit Weight Concrete kN/m3 24 24 24 24
Beam Width mm 300 300 300 300
Beam Height mm 400 400 400 400
Span m 3.61 5.59 5.59 3.61
Weight of Slab kPa 6 6 6 6
Weight of Beam kPa 2.88 2.88 2.88 2.88
WBEAM kN/m 3.456 3.456 3.456 3.456
WDL TOTAL kPa 11 11 11 11
Wu kPa 21.2 21.2 21.2 21.2
Wu BEAM kN 12.47616 19.31904 19.31904 12.47616
Wu LOADING kN 58.01168 127.4438 127.4438 58.01168

Slab Number S1-7 S1-8

Properties Unit S1-7B S1-7R S1-8L S1-8B
Superimposed Dead Load kPa 5 5 5 5
Superimposed Live Load kPa 5 5 5 5
Slab Thickness mm 250 250 250 250
Unit Weight Concrete kN/m3 24 24 24 24
Beam Width mm 300 300 300 300
Beam Height mm 400 400 400 400
Span m 3.61 5.59 5.59 3.61
Weight of Slab kPa 6 6 6 6
Weight of Beam kPa 2.88 2.88 2.88 2.88
WBEAM kN/m 3.456 3.456 3.456 3.456
WDL TOTAL kPa 11 11 11 11
Wu kPa 21.2 21.2 21.2 21.2

77
 APPENDIX B (contd)

Table B.4. (contd)

Wu BEAM kN 12.47616 19.31904 19.31904 12.47616
Wu LOADING kN 58.01168 127.4438 127.4438 58.01168

Slab Number S1-9 S1-10 S1-11

Properties Unit S1-9B S1-10R S1-11L S1-11T
Superimposed Dead Load kPa 5 5 5 5
Superimposed Live Load kPa 5 5 5 5
Slab Thickness mm 250 250 250 250
Unit Weight Concrete kN/m3 24 24 24 24
Beam Width mm 300 300 300 300
Beam Height mm 400 400 400 400
Span m 3 5.59 5.59 3.61
Weight of Slab kPa 6 6 6 6
Weight of Beam kPa 2.88 2.88 2.88 2.88
WBEAM kN/m 3.456 3.456 3.456 3.456
WDL TOTAL kPa 11 11 11 11
Wu kPa 21.2 21.2 21.2 21.2
Wu BEAM kN 10.368 19.31904 19.31904 12.47616
Wu LOADING kN 38.6476 127.4438 127.4438 58.01168

Slab Number S1-11 S1-12

Properties Unit S1-11B S1-11R S1-12L S1-12T
Superimposed Dead Load kPa 5 5 5 5
Superimposed Live Load kPa 5 5 5 5
Slab Thickness mm 250 250 250 250
Unit Weight Concrete kN/m3 24 24 24 24
Beam Width mm 300 300 300 300
Beam Height mm 400 400 400 400
Span m 3.61 5.59 5.59 3.61
Weight of Slab kPa 6 6 6 6
Weight of Beam kPa 2.88 2.88 2.88 2.88

78
 APPENDIX B (contd)

Table B.4. (contd)

WBEAM kN/m 3.456 3.456 3.456 3.456
WDL TOTAL kPa 11 11 11 11
Wu kPa 21.2 21.2 21.2 21.2
Wu BEAM kN 12.47616 19.31904 19.31904 12.47616
Wu LOADING kN 58.01168 127.4438 127.4438 58.01168

Slab Number S1-12 S1-13

Properties Unit S1-12B S1-12R S1-13T S1-13L
Superimposed Dead Load kPa 5 5 5 5
Superimposed Live Load kPa 5 5 5 5
Slab Thickness mm 250 250 250 250
Unit Weight Concrete kN/m3 24 24 24 24
Beam Width mm 300 300 300 300
Beam Height mm 400 400 400 400
Span m 3.61 5.59 3.61 5.59
Weight of Slab kPa 6 6 6 6
Weight of Beam kPa 2.88 2.88 2.88 2.88
WBEAM kN/m 3.456 3.456 3.456 3.456
WDL TOTAL kPa 11 11 11 11
Wu kPa 21.2 21.2 21.2 21.2
Wu BEAM kN 12.47616 19.31904 12.47616 19.31904
Wu LOADING kN 58.01168 127.4438 58.01168 127.4438

Slab Number S1-13 S1-14

Properties Unit S1-13B S1-13R S1-14L S1-14T
Superimposed Dead Load kPa 5 5 5 5
Superimposed Live Load kPa 5 5 5 5
Slab Thickness mm 250 250 250 250
Unit Weight Concrete kN/m3 24 24 24 24
Beam Width mm 300 300 300 300
Beam Height mm 400 400 400 400

79
 APPENDIX B (contd)

Table B.4. (contd)

Span m 3.61 5.59 5.59 3.61
Weight of Slab kPa 6 6 6 6
Weight of Beam kPa 2.88 2.88 2.88 2.88
WBEAM kN/m 3.456 3.456 3.456 3.456
WDL TOTAL kPa 11 11 11 11
Wu kPa 21.2 21.2 21.2 21.2
Wu BEAM kN 12.47616 19.31904 19.31904 12.47616
Wu LOADING kN 58.01168 127.4438 127.4438 58.01168

Slab Number S1-14 S1-15

Properties Unit S1-14B S1-14R S1-15L S1-15T
Superimposed Dead Load kPa 5 5 5 5
Superimposed Live Load kPa 5 5 5 5
Slab Thickness mm 250 250 250 250
Unit Weight Concrete kN/m3 24 24 24 24
Beam Width mm 300 300 300 300
Beam Height mm 400 400 400 400
Span m 3.61 5.59 5.59 3
Weight of Slab kPa 6 6 6 6
Weight of Beam kPa 2.88 2.88 2.88 2.88
WBEAM kN/m 3.456 3.456 3.456 3.456
WDL TOTAL kPa 11 11 11 11
Wu kPa 21.2 21.2 21.2 21.2
Wu BEAM kN 12.47616 19.31904 19.31904 10.368
Wu LOADING kN 58.01168 127.4438 127.4438 38.6476

80
 APPENDIX B (contd)

Table B.4. (contd)

Slab Number S1-16
Properties Unit S1-16T
Superimposed Dead Load kPa 5
Superimposed Live Load kPa 5
Slab Thickness mm 250
Unit Weight Concrete kN/m3 24
Beam Width mm 300
Beam Height mm 400
Span m 3.61
Weight of Slab kPa 6
Weight of Beam kPa 2.88
WBEAM kN/m 3.456
WDL TOTAL kPa 11
Wu kPa 21.2
Wu BEAM kN 12.47616
Wu LOADING kN 58.01168

81
 APPENDIX C
Excel Programs

Figure C.1. Beam Design Sample Blank Program

82
 APPENDIX C (contd)

Figure C.2. Column Design Sample Blank Program

Figure C.3. Load Distribution Sample Blank Program

83
 APPENDIX C (contd)

Figure C.4. Slab Design Sample Blank Program

84
 APPENDIX C (contd)

Figure C.5. Stirrup Design Sample Blank Program

Figure C.6. T-Beam Design Sample Blank Program

85
 APPENDIX D
Economic Analysis

Table D.1. Land and Development Costs

Particulars Amount
Assumed Total Land Cost 3,501,000.00
HARD COSTS
Hotel Complex Construction 49,254,667.11
Contingency (5% of Hard Costs) 2,462,733.36

TOTAL HARD COSTS 51,717,400.47

SOFT COSTS
Real Property Tax (1% of Assessed Property) 77,023.32
Legal Fees 10,000.00
Advertisement 30,000.00
Contractors Profit (8% of Construction Costs) 591,967.36
Business Permits and Taxes 45,000.00
SUB-TOTAL A 753,990.68
Financing Costs (5% of the Sub-Total A) 37,699.53

SUB-TOTAL B 791,690.21
Contingency (5% of Sub-Total B) 39,584.51

TOTAL SOFT COSTS 831,274.72

TOTAL LAND AND DEVELOPMENT COSTS 56,049,675.19

PROJECT STATISTICS
PROJECT COST PER GFA ( per sq. m.) 53,072.32

86
 APPENDIX D (contd)

Table D.2. Projected Average Daily Room Rate and Room Revenue
2017 2018 2019

Occupancy Rate 60% 62% 64%

Occupied Room Nights 3285 3395 3504

Average Daily Room Rate 2,745.60 2,800.51 2,856.52

Room Revenue 9,019,296.00 9,506,337.98 10,009,253.93

Revenue per Available Room 1,647.36 1,736.32 1,828.17

2020 2021 2022

Occupancy Rate 66% 68% 70%

Occupied Room Nights 3614 3723 3833

Average Daily Room Rate 2,913.65 2,971.93 3,031.36

Room Revenue 10,528,483.98 11,064,479.52 11,617,703.50

Revenue per Available Room 1,923.01 2,020.91 2,121.95

87
 APPENDIX D (contd)

Table D.3. Hotel Operations Cost Analysis

YEAR 2017 2018 2019 2010 2021 2022

No. of Rooms 16 16 16 16 16 16
Occupancy Rate 60% 62% 64% 66% 68% 70%
Occupied Room
3285 3395 3504 3614 3723 3833
Nights
Ave. Daily Rate 2,745.60 2,800.51 2,856.52 2,913.65 2,971.93 3,031.36
Room Revenue 9,019,296.00 9,506,337.98 10,009,253.93 10,528,483.98 11,064,479.52 11,617,703.50
REVENUES

Room Revenue 9,019,296.00 9,506,337.98 10,009,253.93 10,528,483.98 11,064,479.52 11,617,703.50

Food and Beverage 250.00 255.00 260.10 265.30 270.61 276.02
PER ANNUM 821,250.00 865,597.50 911,390.40 958,668.78 1,007,473.73 1,057,847.42
Telecom 150.00 153.00 156.06 159.18 162.36 165.61
PER ANNUM 492,750.00 519,358.50 546,834.24 575,201.27 604,484.24 634,708.45
Hotel Special Services 600.00 612.00 624.24 636.72 649.46 662.45
PER ANNUM 1,971,000.00 2,077,434.00 2,187,336.96 2,300,805.06 2,417,936.96 2,538,833.81
TOTAL REVENUES 12,304,296.00 12,968,727.98 13,654,815.53 14,363,159.08 15,094,374.46 15,849,093.18
DEPARTMENT EXPENSES

Room Service 20% 20% 20% 20% 20% 20%

PER ANNUM 1,803,859.20 1,901,267.60 2,001,850.79 2,105,696.80 2,212,895.90 2,323,540.70
Food and Beverage 70% 70% 70% 70% 70% 70%
PER ANNUM 574,875.00 605,918.25 637,973.28 671,068.14 705,231.61 740,493.19
Telecom 65% 65% 65% 65% 65% 65%
PER ANNUM 320,287.50 337,583.03 355,442.26 373,880.82 392,914.76 412,560.49
TOTAL EXPENSES 2,699,021.70 2,844,768.87 2,995,266.32 3,150,645.76 3,311,042.27 3,476,594.39
TOTAL INCOME 9,605,274.30 10,123,959.11 10,659,549.21 11,212,513.32 11,783,332.18 12,372,498.79
Undisturbed Operating
10% 10% 10% 10% 10% 10%
Expenses
AMOUNT 1,230,429.60 1,296,872.80 1,365,481.55 1,436,315.91 1,509,437.45 1,584,909.32
GROSS
OPERATING 8,374,844.70 8,827,086.31 9,294,067.65 9,776,197.41 10,273,894.74 10,787,589.47
PROFIT
Fixed Charges 8.5% 8.5% 8.5% 8.5% 8.5% 8.5%
AMOUNT 1,045,865.16 1,102,341.88 1,160,659.32 1,220,868.52 1,283,021.83 1,347,172.92
NET OPERATING
7,328,979.54 7,724,744.44 8,133,408.33 8,555,328.89 8,990,872.91 9,440,416.55
INCOME
% OF GROSS
59.56% 59.56% 59.56% 59.56% 59.56% 59.56%
REVENUE

88
 APPENDIX D (contd)

Table D.4. Projected Economic Analysis

Year 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022
Cash Inflow
Cash on Bank Account 20,000,000.00

Loan Acquisition 36,050,000.00

Net Operating Income 7,328,979.54 7,724,744.44 8,133,408.33 8,555,328.89 8,990,872.91 9,440,416.55

Total Inflow 56,050,000.00 7,328,979.54 7,724,744.44 8,133,408.33 8,555,328.89 8,990,872.91 9,440,416.55

Cash Outflows
Land Acquisition 3,501,000.00

Construction/Development 52,548,675.19

Loan Amortization (Annum)

Principal 6,645,951.38 6,916,717.71 7,198,515.44 7,491,794.10 7,797,021.34 0.00

7% Interest 1,321,036.06 1,050,269.73 768,472.00 475,193.34 169,966.10 0.00

Total Outflows 56,049,675.19 7,966,987.44 7,966,987.44 7,966,987.44 7,966,987.44 7,966,987.44 0.00

Net Cash Flow 324.81 -638,007.90 -242,243.00 166,420.89 588,341.45 1,023,885.47 9,440,416.55

Cumulative 324.81 -637,683.09 -879,926.09 -713,505.20 -125,163.75 898,721.72

DISCOUNT RATE (Recommended) 10% 10% 10% 10% 10% 10% -

Present Value (PV) 324.81 -580,007.18 -200,200.83 125,034.48 401,845.13 635,752.32 -

Net Present Value (NPV) 382,748.73

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