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INTRODUCTION:
The criminalist and investigator could not rely on their memories in which
photograph would serve as a sort of artificial memory for them. Remembering all the
things they had examined or investigated would be impossible after several years
before the case is presented in court. They need and preserved the things they had
examined and investigated for future references and court presentation.
Photography can be used for identification, record, preservation and substitution
of evidence of a crime. It can discover things which could not be seen by the naked eye
as photography extends mans visual limitation take for instance an obliterated writings,
written words under super imposed ink which on the same in color to the eye could be
separated and shown singly by infrared photography. Object hidden in boxes and other
container may be detected and identified by X-ray photography. The writing chemically
erased can be restored by ultra-violet photography.
Photography is one of the fastest mean of preserving the physical appearance of
an object or evidence such injuries sustain by victim or suspect which may change as
time goes by. It also help the Judges and lawyers to easily appreciate how the crime
look like without going to the crime scene which may have different view as compared
to the time the incident happened. It help illustrate how an object look like without
having going to explain by eye witnesses on how it look like as to the color, shape,
extend of damage, size etc.
SESSIONS:
1. Definition of Terms
Photography Is derived from the Greek words, photos- which means light and
graphy which means to draw.
It is defined as a science or an art of process of producing images of
objects by the action of light on sensitized surface with the aid of an image-forming
device known as camera and its accessories and the chemical process involved therein.
Forensic is derived from the word forum- which means place for legal debate.
Forensic Photography deals with the study of notion of photography, its
application to law enforcement work and the preparation of photographs for court
presentation.
Photograph is the mechanical result of photography. To produce a photograph,
light is needed aside from sensitized materials (film and paper).
Camera a light tight box; with a lens to form an image; with a shutter and
diaphragm to control the entry of the image; a means of holding a film to record the
image/ and a viewer or viewfinder to show the photographer what the image is.
Lens a medium or system which converges or diverges light passing thru it to
form images.
Film a cellulose tape embedded with sensitized solution capable of recording
images thru light.
Infra-Red Photography is the art or process of photographing or recording
unseen objects by the naked eye by means of infra-red light.
Ultra-Violet Photography is the art or process of photographing unseen objects
by the naked eye with the use of ultra-violet rays and filters. The main purpose of
photographing ultra-violet photography is to provide information about an object or
materials, which cannot be obtained by ordinary photo methods.
Macro Photography is photographing of object at greater that 1:1 ratio up to
nine (9) times magnification. It is the making of enlarge copies of prints such as
photographs of tampered serial number of firearms, engine number and chassis number
of motor vehicle and the like.
Micro Photography is the art or process of photographing minutes objects and
magnified by means of the microscope and enlarge from 10 times up.
Mug-shot is the process of taking photographs of the suspect/s in full length,
half body, right and left side views, and two quarter views. To unidentified cadavers,
include marks on the victims body especially tattoo/scar for identification.
Angle of view the amount of area visible when looking through a lens. Angle of
view is determined by the focal length of the lens. The angle of view for a standard 50
mm lens is approximately 47 degrees; for a 28 mm wide angle lens, it is 75 degrees; for
a 135 mm telephoto lens, it is 18 degrees.
Depth of Field the distance between the nearest and the farthest objects in
apparent sharp focus when the lens is focused at a given point.
Aperture/ f-stop a lens opening. The hole or opening in a camera lens through
which light passes to expose the film. The size of aperture is either fixed or adjustable.
Perturb size is marked in f-stops.
ASA stands for American Standard Association. An early organization or group
that determines the numerical ratings for film speed. A number which represents a films
sensitivity to light. At present, the organization which rates film speed is the ISO
(International Standard Organization).
DIN a numerical rating used to describe the emulsion speed or light sensitivity
of German made films. Deutche Industries Norm (DIN).
Single-Lens-Reflex (SLR) Camera a type of camera that allows the
photographer to see through the cameras lens when viewing through the viewfinder.
Normal Focal Length A lens which has a focal length approximately equal to
but not more than twice the length of the diagonal of the negative material. Angle of
view exceeds 75 degrees but not less than 45 degrees.
Wide Angle Lens A lens which has a focal length less than the diagonal of its
material. Angle of view exceeds 75 degrees.
Long or Telephoto Lens A lens which has a focal length equal to more than
twice the diagonal of the negative material. Angle of view less than 45 degrees.
Zoom Lens Lenses which allow the user to continuously vary the focal length
without changing the focus.
2. Elements of Photography
a Object - The subject of the picture and can be anything under the sun.
b Light - May be from many different sources, principally daylight, but there are many
sources of artificial light which can be used.
c Camera - See definition
d Sensitized Materials - Its either be film and paper. In the film type camera it is always
film, now on digital, its electronic memory.
e Chemical Process - The chemical involved to process a film now on digital, can be
printed directly on photo paper or ordinary paper.
b Preservation of evidence
Preserve from necessary handling which might cause the evidence to
deteriorate or otherwise become altered.
c Description of the Crime Scene
It proves statements. In some instances, investigators are compelled to
reconstruct or describe in court the details of the crime scene they have investigated
several months ago but with the bulk of cases they have handled perhaps they may not
exactly recall. With the aid of photographs, investigators will not find hard time to
describe things in details. It provides a second look and often reveals detail that is not
apparent during the physical examination. It records all things that an investigator may
fail to notice.
Take necessary extreme close-up shot on the subject to show the extent of
damage, objects that is small in size such as fingerprints, shoe print, tool marks, fibers,
hair, injury, blood splatter, documents, tools, etc. Always take a second photograph with
a scale to show the actual size of the object and the camera must always be parallel to
the film plane (use tripod and a measuring scale/device to be more accurate ).
Shutter Speed B, 1, 2, 4, 8, 15, 30, 60, 125, 250, 500, 1000, 2000
Number 1 stands for a whole second and the others are fraction of a second.
The shutter speed of 125 is capable of stopping the movement of the subject.
Note: Use a shutter speed faster than 1/30 of a second for all hand held
photographs. The camera must be supported with tripod, etc. for shutter speeds of 1/30
of a second or slower. A body move and camera shake when pressing the shutter
release button may register in the photographs.
c The lens opening or f-stop. The size of the lens opening in your camera is the other
factor that determines the amount of light that reaches the film. The indicator on the
camera for the degree of light passing through the camera lens is called the f number.
The smaller the f number the bigger the opening and vice versa. Much like fast films
and slow films, there are fast and slow lenses. A fast lens, for instance, is one that
transmits more light. The user should be cautious, however, since fast lenses do not
produce the sharpest images. The aperture affects the depth of field on the image, the
higher the number, the smaller the lens opening, the smaller the lens opening, the
greater depth of field.
Standard F-stop of cameras f/1.4, f/2.8, f/4, f/5.6, f/8, f/11,
f/16, f/22
e Your final step in available light photography is to compose your shot and focus. You
must control your breath before pressing the shutter release button.
Split Method
Object Out of focus Sharp focus Microprism Ground Screen
SUMMARY:
Forensic Photography is a very broad topic but this module only includes those
topics that are useful to field investigator and is helpful in the investigation of crimes. In
this topic, we learn the different definition of terms use in this lesson, the uses and
importance of photography in crime investigation. The different procedures and
techniques on how to take photograph of a crime scene and physical evidence, the
effect of light on the photograph as well as the use of artificial light to help obtain good
photograph in various condition. The requirement for the admissibility of the
photographic evidence in court, the forms or documents required to ensure authenticity
of the photographs taken from a crime scene. The students will be able to operate the
SLR camera and know the different processes involve to produce a good photograph.
The students are required to have a hands-on practice on how to operate the
camera (SLR). Will be given a scenario and make the practical exercises applying the
different methods and techniques in taking photographs of a room and critiques follows
after showing the results. Test questioned of 5 to 10 will be given to measure the level of
knowledge gained by the students.
Republic of the Philippines
Department of the Interior and Local Government
National Police Commission
PHILIPPINE NATIONAL POLICE
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Date
FRAME SHUTTER
APERTURE SUBJECT LIGHTING REMARKS
NR SPEED
TIME BESTARTED:
PHOTOGRAPHER: TIME ENDED:
INCIDENT: WHEATHER CONDITION:
OFFICER ON CASE: LIGHTNING CONDITION:
REQUESTING PARTY: DISPOSITION:
PLACE OF INIDENT: