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R = 0.316 Ω/km
L = 2.0 mH/km
C = 0.26 µF/km
G = 0 (negligible)
R T = 0.316 × 75Ω
= 23.7 Ω
CT = 0.256×75 µF
= 19.2 µF
I1 I2
Yc
V1 V2
Ya Yb
Zc = 23.7 + j (2π×50)×0.15
= 23.7 + j 47.124 Ω
Yc = 1/ ZC
= 1/ (23.7 + j 47.124)
= (0.00852 - j 0.0169) S
Za = Zb = 1/ j (2π×50)×(19.2×10-6)×(1/2)
= (-j 331.565) Ω
Ya = Yb = 1/ (-j 331.565)
= j 0.003016 S
Yb + Yc
A=
Yc
A = [ j 0.003016 + ( 0.00852 − j 0.0169 ) ] ÷ ( 0.00852 − j 0.0169 )
A = 0.85787 + j 0.07148
A = 0.861∠4.763°
1
B=
Yc
B = [1 ÷ ( 0.00852 − j 0.0169) ]
B = 52.748∠63.3°
Ya Yb + Yb Yc + Yc Ya
C=
Yc
C = [ ( Ya ⋅ Ya ) + ( Ya + Ya ) ⋅ Yc] ÷ Yc
C = [ ( Ya. ⋅ Ya ÷ Yc) + 2 ⋅ Ya]
But , Ya = Yb = j 0.003016,
C = [ ( 0.003016 j ) ⋅ ( 0.003016 j ) ÷ ( 0.00852 − j 0.0169 ) ] + 2 × ( 0.003016 j )
C = 0.0056 − 0.0002156 j
C = 0.00561∠92.20
71 × 1000
= ∠ − 90°
1.4 × 200
= 253.57∠ − 90°
P = VICosφ
15 = 15 × 1 × Cosφ
1 = Cosφ
φ = 0°
VS
ZS/C =
IS VR =0
15 × 1000
= ∠0°
1 × 200
= 75∠0°
A B
Zo / c − Zs / c = −
C D
A⋅ D − B ⋅C
Zo / c − Zs / c =
C⋅D
1
Zo / c − Zs / c =
( A ÷ Zo / c ) ⋅ D
Zo / c
Zo / c − Zs / c =
A⋅ D
Zo / c
A⋅ A =
Zo / c − Zs / c
Zo / c
A=
Zo / c − Zs / c
B = D × ZS/C
B = 0.8785∠0° × 75∠90°
B = 65.887∠90°
A
C=
Zo / c
0.8785∠0°
C=
253.57∠ − 90°
C = 0.00346∠90°
VrVs AVrVr
∠(θ − β ) = ∠( α − β ) + VrIr ∠( − ϕ )
B B
Vr Vs A Vr Vr
∠(θ − β ) = ∠( α − β ) + Vr Ir ∠( − ϕ )
B B
Now,
A = 0.8785∠0°
B = 65.887∠90°
Vr = 76.00∠0°
Vs = Vs ∠θ
Vr Vs A Vr Vr Pr
Vr Vs Ir Vr Ir Pr ϕ = Cos −1
B B Vr ⋅ Ir
76.00 118 5.00 136.1118 380.00 77.0139 370 13.17
76.00 95 2.20 109.5816 167.20 77.0139 160 16.86
76.00 78 0.80 89.9722 60.80 77.0139 60 9.30
76.00 75 0.48 86.5118 36.48 77.0139 40
Pr Theoretical Vs Practical Vs
370
160
60
40
DISCUSSION:
Reasons for not giving identical diagram for the theoretical and observed.
For the receiving end,
1) Due to the variations of the values of A, B, C, D parameters. Because we plot the circle
diagrams using these A, B, C, D parameters.
2) Resistances at the connections and wires are neglected and also we use a 1.5 Ω resistor as
the average resistance. For the high accuracy we must consider the resistances of wires and
connecting points.
3) Some of the values we calculate approximately to the first decimal point. There fore
accuracy is reduced when we are plotting the diagrams.
There are three types of power circle diagrams. Their names are “Receiving end circle
diagram”, “Sending end circle diagram” and “Universal circle diagram”. Importance of these diagrams
as follow,
1) Power circle diagrams are used to analyze what happen to the power delivered with
variation of various parameters of the transmission line.
2) To determine active and reactive power at the receiving end for any load angle from the
receiving end circle diagram.
3) We can get the power at either receiving end or sending end for any given values of
transmission line parameters and voltages and currents at the sending and the receiving end.
4) The power flow at any point along transmission line can always be found if the voltage,
current and power factor are known or can be calculated.