Chapter 3

1. A turbine develops 15,500 hp with a decrease in head of 37 ft and a rotational

speed of 106 RPM. What type of turbine is best suited for this application?
2 lb ft
RPM := := 62.4 g := 32.174
min 3 2
ft sec

:= 106 RPM Powergen := 15500.0 hp Z := 37.0 ft

0.5
Powergen

Ns :=
Ns = 3.328 (This is the dimensionless version.)
5

(g Z) 4
0.5
Powergen

Ncus :=


hp Ncus = 144.617 (This is the customary version.)
RPM 5
4
Z

ft

For a specific speed (customary) of 145, the Kaplan turbine is best suited.
 2. A Francis turbine is used in an installation to generate power. The power
output is 115,000 hp under a head of 480 ft. The outer radius of the rotor is 6.75 ft; the
inner radius is 5.75 ft. The rotational speed is 180 RPM, and the blade height is 1.5 ft.
The turbine efficiency is 0.95 percent. The absolute velocity leaving the rotor is in the
radial direction. Determine the angle the absolute velocity entering the rotor makes with
the radial direction.

Vr
r1r1==6.75
5.52 mft
0.732
1.5 ft m

r2 = 5.75 ft

2 lb ft
RPM := := 62.4 g := 32.174 r1 := 6.75 ft height := 1.5 ft
min 3 2
ft sec
-1
:= 180 RPM U1 := r1 U1 = 38.781 m s

Powerout 5
:= 0.95 Powerout := 115000 hp Powerin := Powerin = 1.211 10 hp

2
Area := 2 r1 height Area = 63.617 ft

With the power extracted and the available change in head known, the flow rate can be
calculated.

Powerin 3
3 ft 5
Q := Q = 2.223 10 Q = 9.977 10 gpm
lbf sec
480 ft
lb
The radial component of the absolute inlet velocity then becomes
Q ft
Vm1 := Vm1 = 34.941
Area sec

Since the exit absolute velocity is radial, Vu 2 = 0 and

Powerin ft
Powerin = mdot U1 Vu1 Vu1 := Vu1 = 121.379
Q U1 sec
From the inlet velocity triangle, Vm 1 = V 1 cos () and Vu1 = V 1 sin() so that
:= 45 deg Initial guess on
Given
Vm1 cos( )
=
Vu1 sin( )

:= Find( ) = 73.941 deg

 3. A hydroelectric facility operates with an elevation difference of 50 m with a
flow rate of 500 m3/s. If the rotational speed is 90 RPM, determine the most suitable
type of turbine and estimate the power output of the arrangement.
2 kg m
RPM := := 1000 g := 9.806
min 3 2
m sec
3
m
:= 90.0 RPM Z := 50.0 m Q := 500
sec
A reasonable efficiency for virtually any hydropower device is 0.90. The power output,
neglecting major and minor losses, can be estimated as
5
:= 0.90 Powergen := Q Z g Powergen = 2.206 10 kW

0.5
Powergen

Ns :=
Ns = 1.919 (This is the dimensionless version.)
5

(g Z) 4
0.5
Powergen

Ncus :=


hp Ncus = 83.388 (This is the customary version.)
RPM 5
4
Z

ft

For a specific speed (customary) of 83, either the Francis or Kaplan turbine is best suited. The
estimate of an efficiency of 0.90 is congruent with Figure 3.9.
 4. A Pelton wheel, located at an elevation of 200 m, is used to extract power from
a reservoir at an elevation of 800 m. A penstock 1500-m long and 0.8 m in diameter
connects the reservoir with the nozzle of the Pelton wheel. Minor losses are K = 3 and
C = 1500. The Pelton wheel is 3 m in diameter, and the nozzle exit is 0.2 m in diameter.
Determine the maximum power output of the Pelton wheel. Is a Pelton wheel the
appropriate turbine type for this application?
ORIGIN 1 Set origin for counters to 1 from the default value of 0.
Input the pipe geometry:
Diameter in mm Length in m Roughness in mm:
0.8 m 750 m 0.046 mm (commercial pipe)
D := L := :=
0.8 750 0.046
Input the system boundary (initial and end) conditions:
Pressures in Pa Elevations in m:
Pa 0 Za 800 Dnoz := 0.20 m
:= Pa := m
Pb 0 Zb 200
Input the loss coefficients:
4
D1 This accounts for the nozzle exit kinetic energy
Kvalue := Kvalue = 256
in terms of the pipe fluid velocity.
Dnoz
K factor Equivalent length Number of pipes

3 1500
K := C := N := length ( D)
Kvalue 0
Input the fluid properties:
Density in kg/m3 Kinematic Viscosity in m 2 /s
2
kg 6 m
:= 1000 := 1.14 10
3 sec
m
Input the flow rate in cms: No turbine or pump prior to penstock:
3
m m
Q := 1 Initial guess on flow rate. Ws := 0 newton
sec kg

Define constants and adjust units for consistency:

m m kg
g := 9.806 g c := 1
2 2
sec newton sec
Define the functions for Reynolds number, fully-rough friction factor, and friction factor:

4q
fT( d , ) :=
0.3086
Re( q , d ) :=
d 2
1.11

log

3.7 d
 f( q , d , ) :=
0.3086
if Re( q , d ) > 2300
2
6.9
1.11
log +
Re( q , d ) 3.7 d
64
otherwise
Re( q , d )

The generalized energy equation is:

Given

Pb Pa N 8 2 L
(
f Q, D , i ) ( )
gc
Q
i
Ws = g c + Zb Za + + K + C fT D , i
2 D 4g

i i i i
g
( i)
g D
i = 1 i

q := Find( Q)
3 -1 5 liter
q = 3.166 m s q = 1.9 10
min
Additional output of useful quantities:
4q
i := 1 .. N V( q , D) :=
2
D

D =
i (
V q,D =
i) (
Re q , D =
i ) (
f q,D ,i =
i ) (
fT D , i =
i )
0.8 m 6.299 -1 4.42106 0.011 0.011
m s
0.8 6.299 4.42106 0.011 0.011

The jet velocity is:

q -1
Vjet := Vjet = 100.786 m s
2
0.25 Dnoz

The kinetic energy available for the Pelton wheel is 0.5 V jet 2 ; the available power is the available
kinetic energy times flow rate.
2
Vjet 4
Power := q Power = 1.608 10 kW := 175 deg
2
Where is a reasonable value

2 1 cos( ) 4
Powerout := q Vjet Powerout = 1.605 10 kW
4
For maximum efficiency of a Pelton wheel, the blade speed is 0.5 of the jet speed.
-1 2
U := 0.5 Vjet U = 50.393 m s RPM :=
min
U -1
Dwheel := 3.0 m := = 33.595 s = 320.811 RPM
0.5 Dwheel
Powerout 5
Torque := Torque = 4.778 10 newton m

The head corresponding to V jet is
2
Vjet
h := h = 517.937 m
2g
The power specific speed for this example, using the head corresponding to V jet , is
0.5
Powerout

Ns :=
Ns = 0.099 (This is the dimensionless version.)
5

(g h) 4
0.5
Powerout

Ncus :=


hp Ncus = 4.314 (This is the customary version.)
5
2
min 4
h

ft
Then the efficiency is approximately 88 percent from Figure 12.32.
Powermax := Powerout 0.88
4
Powermax = 1.412 10 kW
 5. A proposed design for a hydroelectric project is based on a discharge of 0.25
m3/s through the penstock and turbine as illustrated in the figure. The minor losses are
considered negligible.
(a) Determine the power in kW that can be expected from the facility, if
the turbine efficiency is 0.85
(b) What type of turbine should be installed if the desired rotational speed
is 1200 RPM?

el = 982 m
L = 350 m
D = 300 mm

el = 915 m

Turbine

ORIGIN 1 Set origin for counters to 1 from the default value of 0.

Input the pipe geometry:
Diameter in mm Length in m Roughness in mm:
0.3 m 175 m 0.046 mm (commercial pipe)
D := L := :=
0.3 175 0.046
Input the system boundary (initial and end) conditions:
Pressures in Pa Elevations in m:
Pa 0 Za 982
:= Pa := m
Pb 0 Zb 915
Input the loss coefficients:
K factor Equivalent length Number of pipes

.78 0
K := C := N := length ( D)
1.0 0
Input the fluid properties:
Density in kg/m3 Kinematic Viscosity in m 2 /s
 2
kg 6 m
:= 1000 := 1.14 10
3 sec
m

Input the flow rate in cms: Initial guess on turbine decrease in head:
3
m m
Q := 0.25 Flow rate. Ws := 15 newton
sec kg
Define constants and adjust units for consistency:
m m kg
g := 9.806 g c := 1
2 2
sec newton sec
Define the functions for Reynolds number, fully-rough friction factor, and friction factor:

4q
fT( d , ) :=
0.3086
Re( q , d ) :=
d 2
1.11
log
3.7 d

f( q , d , ) :=
0.3086
if Re( q , d ) > 2300
2
6.9
1.11
log +
Re( q , d ) 3.7 d
64
otherwise
Re( q , d )

The generalized energy equation is:

Given

Pb Pa N 8 2 L
(
f Q, D , i ) ( )
gc
Q i
Ws = g c + Zb Za + + K + C fT D , i
2 D 4g i i i i
g
( i)
g D
i = 1 i

Ws := Find( Ws)
2 -2 m
Ws = 542.897 m s Ws = 542.897 newton
kg
Additional output of useful quantities:
4q
i := 1 .. N V( q , D) :=
2
D

D =
i (
V Q, D = )
i (
Re Q , D =
i) (
f Q, D , i =
i ) (
fT D , i =
i )
0.3 m 3.537 -1 9.307105 0.014 0.013
m s
0.3 3.537 9.307105 0.014 0.013

The head decrease at the turbine can be used to find the power generated.
Power := Q Ws Power = 135.724 kW

Powergen := 0.85 Power Powergen = 115.366 kW

The power specific speed for this example is
2
:= 1200
min

The change in head across the device is

Ws
h := h = 55.364 m
g

0.5
Powergen

Ns :=
Ns = 0.515 (This is the dimensionless version.)
5

(g h) 4
0.5
Powergen

Ncus :=


hp Ncus = 22.383 (This is the customary version.)
5
2
min 4
h

ft

Based on the customary value of the specific speed, 22, the choice for the turbine type
would be a Francis turbine.
 6. A hydroelectric facility extracts power from a reservoir at an elevation of 800 m
discharging into a tailrace at an elevation of 200 m. A penstock 1500 m long and 0.8 m
in diameter connects the reservoir to the tailrace. Minor losses are K = 3 and C = 1500.
Determine the power extracted by the turbine if the flow rate is 2 m3/s. If a Francis
turbine is to be used, specify an appropriate speed.
ORIGIN 1 Set origin for counters to 1 from the default value of 0.
Input the pipe geometry:
Diameter in mm Length in m Roughness in mm:
0.8 m 750 m 0.046 mm (commercial pipe)
D := L := :=
0.8 750 0.046
Input the system boundary (initial and end) conditions:
Pressures in Pa Elevations in m:
Pa 0 Za 800
:= Pa := m
Pb 0 Zb 200
Input the loss coefficients:
K factor Equivalent length Number of pipes

3 1500
K := C := N := length ( D)
0 0
Input the fluid properties:
Density in kg/m3 Kinematic Viscosity in m 2 /s
2
kg 6 m
:= 1000 := 1.14 10
3 sec
m
Input the flow rate in cms: Initial guess on turbine change in head:
3
m m
Q := 2.0 Ws := 100 newton
sec kg
Define constants and adjust units for consistency:
m m kg
g := 9.806 g c := 1
2 2
sec newton sec
Define the functions for Reynolds number, fully-rough friction factor, and friction factor:

4q
fT( d , ) :=
0.3086
Re( q , d ) :=
d 2
1.11
log
3.7 d
 f( q , d , ) :=
0.3086
if Re( q , d ) > 2300
2
6.9 1.11
log

+
Re( q , d ) 3.7 d
64
otherwise
Re( q , d )

The generalized energy equation is:

Given

Pb Pa N 8 2 L
(
f Q, D , i ) ( )
gc
Q i
Ws = g c + Zb Za + + K + C fT D , i
2 D 4g i i i i
g
( i)
g D
i = 1 i
Ws := Find( Ws)
3 2 -2
Ws = 5.559 10 m s
Additional output of useful quantities:
4q
i := 1 .. N V( q , D) :=
2
D
D =
i (
V q,D = )
i (
Re q , D =
i) (
f q,D ,i =
i ) (
fT D , i =
i )
0.8 m 6.299
m s
-1 4.42106 0.011 0.011
6.299
0.8 4.42106 0.011 0.011

4
Powerextracted := Q Ws Powerextracted = 1.112 10 kW
The change in head across the device is
Ws
h := h = 566.856 m
g
4
A reasonable efficiency is 0.90. Powerout := 0.90 Powerextracted Powerout = 1.001 10 kW

For a Francis turbine, 40 is a reasonable value of the customary (dimensional) power specific
speed.
2
Ncus := 40 RPM := := 10 RPMInitial guess on turbine speed (in RPM).
min
Given
0.5
Powerout

Ncus =


hp
5
2
min 4
h

ft
:= Find( ) = 441.646 s
-1 3
= 4.217 10 RPM
This is an unreasonable value for the turbine speed. Hence, for these conditions, a Francis
turbine is not a good choice.
 7. A Pelton wheel is used produce electricity in a hydroelectric facility. The
radius of the wheel is 1.83 m, and velocity of the fluid exiting the 10-cm diameter nozzle
is 102 m/sec. The exit blade angle, , is 165 degrees.

(a) Sketch the bucket of the Pelton wheel and the inlet and outlet velocity
triangles.
(b) Calculate the flow rate.
(c) What is the speed in RPM for maximum power extraction?
(d) If the efficiency is 0.82, estimate the output shaft power.
(e) Calculate the power specific speed. Based on the power specific speed, are
these conditions suitable for a Pelton turbine?

Splitter- ridge

Vr2
V2

Vr 2 U
Vr 1
V1 Outlet
U

Inlet
2 kg m
RPM := := 1000 g := 9.806 2 := 165 deg
min 3 2
m sec
2 3 2
Dwheel := 2 1.83 m Dnoz := 0.10 m Anoz := 0.25 Dnoz Anoz = 7.854 10 m
m 3 -1 4
Vnoz := 102 Q := Vnoz Anoz Q = 0.801 m s Q = 1.27 10 gpm
sec

For maximum power extraction, the wheel speed, U, is one-half the nozzle velocity.
-1
U := 0.5 Vnoz U = 51 m s
U -1
:= = 27.869 s = 266.128 RPM
0.5 Dwheel
2
(
Powermax := 0.25 Q Vnoz 1 cos 2 ( )) Powermax = 4.096 10 kW
3

3
Powerout := 0.82 Powermax Powerout = 3.359 10 kW
For a nozzle velocity of 102 m/sec, the elevation difference, neglecting major and minor
losses, must be at least
2
Vnoz
Z := Z = 530.492 m
2g

0.5
Powerout

Ncus :=


hp Ncus = 1.589 (This is the customary version.)
5
2
min 4
Z

ft
These conditions are suitable for a Pelton wheel application.
 8. A 0.9 efficient Francis turbine produces 200 MW with a speed of 150 RPM.
The blade height is 1.0 m, and the inlet radius of the rotor is 7.0 m. The flow exits the
turbine in a radial direction.
(a) If the angle between the radial direction and the absolute velocity
at the inlet is 30 degrees, determine the volume flow rate.
(b) What is the change in head across the turbine?

Vr
0.732
1 mm r1r1== 75.52
mm 30o

2 kg m
RPM := := 1000 g := 9.806 r1 := 7.0 m height := 1.0 m
min 3 2
m sec
-1
:= 150 RPM U1 := r1 U1 = 109.956 m s

Powerout
MW := 1000 kW := 0.9 Powerout := 200 MW Powerin :=

2
Powerin = 222.222 MW Area := 2 r1 height Area = 43.982 m

Since the absolute exit velocity is in the radial direction

Power = mdot U1 Vu1 = A U1 Vm1 Vu1 = A U1 Vu1 cot( ) Vu1

m
Vu1 := 1 Initial guess on Vu.
sec
Given
2
Powerin = Area U1 cot( 30 deg) Vu1

Vu1 := Find( Vu1)

-1
Vu1 = 5.151 m s
-1
Vm := cot( 30 deg) Vu1 Vm = 8.921 m s
3 -1 6 gal
Q := Area Vm Q = 392.377 m s Q = 6.219 10
min
Powerin
Z := Z = 57.755 m
gQ
9. A developer has constructed an elevated reservoir, as shown in the sketch, and
estimates that a flow rate of 200 L/min is available on a continuous basis.

(a) Determine the power in kW that can be expected from the arrangement, if
the turbine efficiency is 0.85.
(b) Discuss the implications of the results of this problem for the individual
home owner in Mississippi.

el 270 m L = 105 m
D = 100 mm
= 0.046 mm
K=2

el 247 m

Turbine
ORIGIN 1 Set origin for counters to 1 from the default value of 0.
Input the pipe geometry:
Diameter in mm Length in m Roughness in mm:
0.1 m 5 m 0.046 mm (commercial pipe)
D := L := :=
0.1 100 0.046
Input the system boundary (initial and end) conditions:
Pressures in Pa Elevations in m:
Pa 0 Za 270
:= Pa := m
Pb 0 Zb 247
Input the loss coefficients:
K factor Equivalent length Number of pipes

1.78 0
K := C := N := length ( D)
2 0
Input the fluid properties:
Density in kg/m3 Kinematic Viscosity in m 2 /s
2
kg 6 m
:= 1000 := 1.14 10
3 sec
m
 Input the flow rate in cms: Initial guess on turbine decrease in head:
liter m
Q := 200 Flow rate. Ws := 15 newton
min kg
Define constants and adjust units for consistency:
m m kg
g := 9.806 g c := 1
2 2
sec newton sec
Define the functions for Reynolds number, fully-rough friction factor, and friction factor:

4q
fT( d , ) :=
0.3086
Re( q , d ) :=
d 2
1.11
log
3.7 d

f( q , d , ) :=
0.3086
if Re( q , d ) > 2300
2
6.9 1.11
log

+
Re( q , d ) 3.7 d
64
otherwise
Re( q , d )

The generalized energy equation is:

Given

Pb Pa N 8 2 L
(
f Q, D , i ) ( )
gc
Q i
Ws = g c + Zb Za + + K + C fT D , i
2 D 4g i i i i
g
( i)
g D
i = 1 i
Ws := Find( Ws)
2 -2 m
Ws = 222.989 m s Ws = 222.989 newton
kg

Additional output of useful quantities:

4q
i := 1 .. N V( q , D) :=
2
D

D =
i (
V Q, D = )
i (
Re Q , D = )
i (
f Q, D , i =
i ) (
fT D , i =
i )
0.1 m 0.424 -1 3.723104 0.023 0.016
m s
0.1 0.424 3.723104 0.023 0.016

The head decrease at the turbine can be used to find the power generated.
Power := Q Ws Power = 0.743 kW

Powergen := 0.85 Power Powergen = 0.632 kW

This is not much power, less than a kW. Hence, this system would not be very useful
for a home owner unless great care was taken to minimize the electrical demand.
 10. A 1-m diameter penstock is 10-km long and carries water to an impulse
turbine. If the turbine/generator is 83 percent efficient, what power can be extracted if
the elevation difference between the reservoir and the nozzle is 650 m. The jet (nozzle)
diameter is 16 cm. What should the Pelton wheel diameter for maximum efficiency be if
360 rpm is to be maintained? What is the power specific speed in EE (English
engineering) units? Would this be a good application for an impulse turbine? Explain.
ORIGIN 1 Set origin for counters to 1 from the default value of 0.
Input the pipe geometry:
Diameter in mm Length in m Roughness in mm:
1.0 m 5 km 0.046 mm (commercial pipe)
D := L := :=
1.0 5 0.046
Input the system boundary (initial and end) conditions:
Pressures in Pa Elevations in m:
Pa 0 Za 650 Dnoz := 0.16 m
:= Pa := m
Pb 0 Zb 0
Input the loss coefficients:
The problem statement contains no mention of minor losses. Minor losses are neglected. However, the
large kinetic energy at the nozzle exit must be considered.
4
D1 3 This accounts for the nozzle exit kinetric energy
Kvalue := Kvalue = 1.526 10
in terms of the pipe fluid velocity.
Dnoz
K factor Equivalent length Number of pipes

0 0
K := C := N := length ( D)
Kvalue 0
Input the fluid properties:
Density in kg/m3 Kinematic Viscosity in m 2 /s
2
kg 6 m
:= 1000 := 1.14 10
3 sec
m
Input the flow rate in cms: No turbine or pump prior to penstock:
3
m m
Q := 1 Initial guess on flow rate. Ws := 0 newton
sec kg
Define constants and adjust units for consistency:
m m kg
g := 9.806 g c := 1
2 2
sec newton sec
Define the functions for Reynolds number, fully-rough friction factor, and friction factor:
4q
fT( d , ) :=
0.3086
Re( q , d ) :=
d 2
1.11

log

3.7 d
 f( q , d , ) :=
0.3086
if Re( q , d ) > 2300
2
6.9 1.11
log

+
Re( q , d ) 3.7 d
64
otherwise
Re( q , d )

The generalized energy equation is:

Given

Pb Pa N 8 2 L
(
f Q, D , i ) ( )
gc
Q i
Ws = g c + Zb Za + + K + C fT D , i
2 D 4g i i i i
g
( i)
g D
i = 1 i
q := Find( Q)
3 -1 5 liter
q = 2.189 m s q = 1.314 10
min
Additional output of useful quantities:
4q
i := 1 .. N V( q , D) :=
2
D
D =
i (
V q,D =
i) (
Re q , D =
i ) (
f q,D ,i =
i ) (
fT D , i =
i )
1 m 2.788 -1 2.445106 0.011 0.01
m s
1 2.788 2.445106 0.011 0.01

The jet velocity is:

q -1
Vjet := Vjet = 108.897 m s
2
0.25 Dnoz

The kinetic energy available for the Pelton wheel is 0.5 V jet 2 ; the available power is the available
kinetic energy times flow rate.
2
Vjet 4
Power := q Power = 1.298 10 kW
2
:= 0.83 Efficiency of turbine/generator.
4
Powerout := Power Powerout = 1.078 10 kW

For maximum efficiency of a Pelton wheel, the blade speed is 0.5 of the jet speed.
-1 2
U := 0.5 Vjet U = 54.448 m s RPM :=
min
:= 360 RPM
The Pelton wheel diameter is
2U
Dpelton := Dpelton = 2.889 m

 Powerout 5
Torque := Torque = 2.858 10 newton m

The head corresponding to V jet is

2
Vjet
h := h = 604.655 m
2g
The power specific speed for this example, using the head corresponding to V jet , is
T
0.5
Powerout

Ns :=
Ns = 0.075 (This is the dimensionless version.)
5

(g h) 4
0.5
Powerout

Ncus :=


hp Ncus = 3.269 (This is the customary version.)
5
2
min 4
h

ft
The customary power specific speed of nearly 3.3 is appropriate for a Pelton Wheel..
 11. Turbines at the Conowingo Plant on the Susquehanna River each develop
54,000 bhp at 82 rpm under a head of 89 feet. What is the turbine type? Estimate the
flow rate of each turbine.
2 lb ft
RPM := := 62.4 g := 32.174
min 3 2
ft sec

:= 82 RPM Powergen := 54000.0 hp Z := 89.0 ft

0.5
Powergen

Ns :=
Ns = 1.604 (This is the dimensionless version.)
5

(g Z) 4
0.5
Powergen

Ncus :=


hp Ncus = 69.706 (This is the customary version.)
RPM 5
4
Z

ft

A specific speed (customary) value of 70 is at the overlap region between

the Francis turbine and the Kaplan turbine.

A reasonable efficiency is 0.90.

:= 0.90
54000 hp 4
Poweravail := Poweravail = 6 10 hp

Poweravail 3 -1 6
Q := Q = 168.262 m s Q = 2.667 10 gpm
g Z

This value of flow rate neglects major and minor losses in the system and asserts that
the elevation difference is available for the turbine.
 12. Many areas of the country have reservoirs/waterways with locks and dams.
An interesting problem is to evaluate the potential for hydroelectric generation at a local
facility with a spillway. For example: Would a hydroelectric facility be attractive at the
Columbus (Mississippi) Lock and Dam on the Tennessee-Tombigbee Waterway?

The web is a good source of information on many waterway components. The Columbus Lock and
Dam (John C. Stennis Lock and Dam) is shown in the photograph.

The yearly average volume rate is 7094 acre-ft, and the pool average elevation difference between
this dam and the next downstream dam is 27 ft. The average flow rate is
7094 acre ft 3 -1 3
Q := Q = 0.277 m s Q = 4.398 10 gpm
8760hr
kg m
:= 1000 g := 9.806
3 2
m sec

Poweravg := Q g 27 ft Poweravg = 22.392 kW

With an average power available of only 22.4 kW, the installation of a turbine is not recommended.
13. If a hydroelectric facility is to produce 100,000 hp with an elevation difference of
300 feet, what is a suitable speed (in RPM) if a Kaplan turbine, operating at high
efficiency, is used.

2 lb ft
RPM := := 62.4 g := 32.174
min 3 2
ft sec

Powergen := 100000.0 hp Z := 300.0 ft

From Figure 3.9, a specific speed (customary) of 100 yields is a good value for a
high-efficiency Kaplan turbine.

Ncus := 100 := 106 RPM Initial guess on speed.

Given
0.5
Powergen

Ncus =


hp
RPM 5
4
Z

ft
:= Find( ) = 41.346 s
-1
= 394.822 RPM

Major and minor losses are neglected.