ANSYS Workbench

Table of Contents
ANSYS Mechanical
Dynamics
ANSYS, Inc. Proprietary TOC-1 July 2009

2009 ANSYS, Inc. All rights reserved. Inventory #002666
Table of Contents Training Manual
1. Introduction to Dynamics 1-1 5. Random Vibration Analysis 5-1

Definition & Purpose 1-6 Definition & Purpose 5-3
Types of Dynamic Analysis 1-9 Power Spectral Density 5-5
Basic Concepts and Terminology 1-15 Workbench capabilities 5-9
Damping 1-21 Procedure 5-10
Workshop 1 Flywheel 1-33 Workshop 5 Girder Assembly 5-22
2. Modal Analysis 2-1 6. Transient Analysis 6-1

Definition & Purpose 2-3 Introduction 6-4
Terminology & Concepts 2-5 Preliminary Modal Analysis 6-7
Procedure 2-21 Including Nonlinearities 6-10
Workshop 2A Plate with Hole 2-40 Part Specification and Meshing 6-17
Workshop 2B Prestressed Wing 2-40 Nonlinear Materials 6-19
Contact; Joints; and Springs 6-20
3. Harmonic Response Analysis 3-1 Initial Conditions 6-27
Definition & Purpose 3-3 Loads; Supports; Joint Conditions 6-30
Terminology & Concepts 3-5 Damping 6-32
Procedure 3-17 Analysis Settings 6-33
Workshop 5 Fixed-Fixed Beam 3-31 Reviewing Results 6-35
Workshop 6 Caster 6-37
4. Response Spectrum Analysis 4-1
Definition & Purpose 4-3
Response Calculations 4-8
Mode Combination 4-12
Procedure 4-14
Workshop 4 Suspension Bridge 4-25
ANSYS, Inc. Proprietary TOC-2 July 2009
Chapter 1:
Introduction
ANSYS Mechanical
Dynamics
ANSYS, Inc. Proprietary 1-1 July 2009

Introduction
Welcome! Training Manual
Welcome to the Workbench Dynamics training course!
This training course covers the procedures required to perform

dynamic analyses with ANSYS Workbench.
It is intended for novice and experienced users.
A related course is ANSYS Rigid and Flexible Dynamic Analysis,

which covers multi-body analysis.
Several other advanced training courses are available on specific

topics.
See the training course schedule on the ANSYS homepage:
www.ansys.com under Training Services.

Introduction
Course Objectives Training Manual
This course is intended for users already familiar with the procedures
for performing a linear static analysis in Workbench Mechanical
environment.
Prerequisite is ANSYS Workbench Mechanical Introduction
By the end of this course, you will be able to use Mechanical to

define, solve, and interpret the following dynamic analyses:
Modal
Harmonic Response
Response Spectrum
Random Vibration
Transient

Introduction
Course Material Training Manual
The Training Manual you have is an exact copy of the slides.
Workshop descriptions and instructions are included in the

Workshop Supplement.
Copies of the workshop files are available (upon request) from the
instructor.

Introduction
Introduction to Dynamics Training Manual
A. Define dynamic analysis and its purpose.
B. Discuss different types of dynamic analysis available in Workbench

Mechanical.
C. Cover some basic concepts and terminology.
D. Review the types of damping available in Workbench Mechanical.
E. Do a sample dynamic analysis exercise.

Dynamics
A. Definition & Purpose Training Manual
A dynamic analysis is a technique used to determine the dynamic

behavior of a structure or component.
It is an analysis involving time, where the inertia and possibly

damping of the structure play an important role.
Dynamic behavior may be one or more of the following:

Vibration characteristics
how the structure vibrates and at what frequencies
Effect of harmonic loads.
Effect of seismic or shock loads.
Effect of random loads.
Effect of time-varying loads.

Dynamics
Definition & Purpose Training Manual
A static analysis might ensure

that the design will withstand
steady-state loading conditions,
but it may not be sufficient,
especially if the load varies with
time.
The famous Tacoma Narrows

bridge (Galloping Gertie)
collapsed under steady wind
loads during a 42-mph wind
storm on November 7, 1940, just
four months after construction.

Dynamics
A dynamic analysis usually takes into account one or more of the

following:
free vibrations
natural vibration frequencies and shapes
forced vibrations
e.g. crank shafts, other rotating machinery
seismic/shock loads
e.g. earthquake, blast
random vibrations
e.g. rocket launch, road transport
time-varying loads
e.g. car crash, hammer blow
Each situation is handled by a specific type of dynamic analysis.

Dynamics
B. Types of Dynamic Analysis Training Manual
Consider the following examples:

An automobile tailpipe assembly could shake apart if its natural frequency
matched that of the engine. How can you avoid this?
A turbine blade under stress (centrifugal forces) shows different dynamic behavior.
How can you account for it?
A modal analysis can be used to determine a structures vibration

characteristics.

Dynamics
Types of Dynamic Analysis Training Manual
Rotating machines exert steady,

alternating forces on bearings and
support structures. These forces
cause different deflections and
stresses depending on the speed of
rotation.
A harmonic-response analysis can

be used to determine a structures
response to steady, harmonic loads.

Dynamics
Spacecraft and aircraft components must withstand random loading of varying

frequencies for a sustained time period.
A random-vibration analysis can be used to determine how a component

responds to random vibrations.
Courtesy: NASA
Dynamics
Skyscrapers, power-plant cooling

towers, and other structures must
withstand multiple short-duration
transient shock/impact loadings,
common in seismic events.
A response-spectrum analysis can

be used to determine how a
component responds to
earthquakes.

Dynamics
An automobile fender should be able to withstand low-speed impact, but deform

under higher-speed impact.
A tennis racket frame should be designed to resist the impact of a tennis ball and
yet flex somewhat.
A transient analysis can be used to calculate a structures response to time
varying loads.

Dynamics
Choosing the appropriate type of dynamic analysis depends on the type of

input available and the type of output desired.
Type Input Output

Modal none natural frequencies and
corresponding mode shapes
stress/strain profile
Harmonic sinusoidally-varying excitations sinusoidally-varying response at

across a range of frequencies each frequency
min/max response over frequency
range
Spectrum spectrum representing the maximum response if the model

response to a specific time history were subjected to the time history
Random spectrum representing probability response within specified range of

distribution of excitation probabilities
Transient time-varying loads time-varying response

Dynamics
C. Basic Concepts and Terminology Training Manual
Topics discussed:
General equation of motion
Modeling considerations
Damping

Basic Concepts & Terminology
Equation of Motion Training Manual
The linear general equation of motion, which will be referred to

throughout this course, is as follows (matrix form):
M u C u K u F
M structural mass matrix u nodal accelerati on vector
C structural damping matrix u nodal velocity vector
K structural stiffness matrix u nodal displaceme nt vector
F applied load vector
Note that this is simply a force balance:
Finertial Fdamping
Fstiffness
F applied
M u C u K u F
Equation of Motion Training Manual
M u C u K u F
Different analysis types solve different forms of this equation.
Modal
F(t) set to zero; [C] usually ignored.
Harmonic Response
F(t) and u(t) assumed to be sinusoidal.
Response Spectrum
Input is a known spectrum of response magnitudes at varying frequencies in
known directions.
Random Vibration
Input is a probabilistic spectrum of input magnitudes at varying frequencies in
known directions.
Transient
The complete, general form of the equation is solved.

Modeling Considerations - Geometry and Mesh Training Manual
Generally same geometry and meshing considerations for static

analysis apply to dynamic analysis.
Include as many details as necessary to sufficiently represent the model
mass distribution.
A fine mesh will be needed in areas where stress results are of interest. If
you are only interested in displacement results, a coarse mesh may be
sufficient.

Modeling Considerations - Nonlinearities Training Manual
M u C u
K u u F

nonlinear
Nonlinearities, such as large deflections, nonlinear contact, material
nonlinearities, etc, are allowed only in a full transient dynamic
analysis with large deflection turned ON.
All other Workbench dynamic analysis types are linear.

the initial state of nonlinearities will be maintained throughout the
solution; i.e., [K] = const.

Modeling Considerations - Material properties Training Manual
M u Cu K u F
Mass properties [M]
e.g. density, point mass
required for all dynamic analysis types
specify mass density when using metric units, and
specify weight density when using British units
Damping properties [C]

e.g. viscous, material (discussed later)
required for mode-superposition harmonic
optional but recommended for all other dynamic analysis types
Stiffness (elastic) properties [K]

e.g., Youngs modulus, Poissons ratio, shear modulus
required for all flexible analysis types
Note that Mechanical has display (interactive) units and solution units.
D. Damping Training Manual
Damping is an energy-dissipation
mechanism that causes vibrations
to diminish over time and eventually
stop.
e.g. vibrational energy that is
converted to heat or sound
The amount of damping may
depend on the material, the velocity
of motion, and/or the frequency of
vibration.
Damping be classified as:

Viscous damping (e.g. dashpot,
shock absorber)
Material / Solid / Hysteretic damping
(e.g. internal friction)
Coulomb or dry-friction damping
(e.g. sliding friction)
Numerical damping
Damping Training Manual
If the amount of damping in a system

becomes large, the response will no
longer oscillate.
Critical damping is defined as the

threshold between oscillatory and
non-oscillatory behavior.
The damping ratio is the ratio of the

damping in a system to the critical
damping, given by
c

cc
k
cc 2m 2 km 2mn
m
The undamped natural frequency of a

1-DOF system is given by
k
n d
m 1 2
n
The addition of viscous or solid
damping slightly alters the natural
frequency of a system.
d 1 2 n
Coulomb damping has no effect on
frequency.

Viscous damping Training Manual
Viscous damping force is

proportional to the velocity of the
vibrating body.
Fd cu
Assuming the motion is harmonic,
Fd cu icnu
This type of damping occurs, for

example, when a body moves
through a fluid.
c k
For structural systems, a stiffness Fd ku i k n u
multiplier is often used in place of c
for numerical simplicity.

Viscous damping Training Manual
The value of c in
Fd cu icnu
can be input directly as element damping
(Details section of Spring connection).
The value of in
Fd ku iknu
can be input directly as global
damping value (Details section of
Analysis Settings) or as material-
dependent damping value
(Material Damping Factor material
property).

Material / Solid / Hysteretic damping Training Manual
Solid damping is inherently present

in a material (energy is dissipated
by internal friction), so it is typically
considered in a dynamic analysis.
Experience shows that energy

dissipated by internal friction in a
real system does not depend on
frequency.
Not well understood and therefore

difficult to quantify, so again a
stiffness multiplier is used for
numerical simplicity.
Fd 2iku

Material / Solid / Hysteretic damping Training Manual
The value of in
Fd 2iku
can be input directly as global
damping value (Details section
of Analysis Settings) or as
material-dependent damping
value (Constant Damping
Coefficient material property).
Damping ratio isnt available in a transient analysis since

the response frequency is not known in advance.
The value of can be calculated from a known value of
(damping ratio) and a known frequency :
2 / n
Pick the most dominant response frequency to calculate .
Coulomb or dry-friction damping Training Manual
Coulomb damping occurs when a body slides on a dry surface.

Damping force is proportional to the force normal to the surface.
Fd mmg sgn(x )
m is the coefficient of friction
m is the mass
g is the gravitational constant
sgn(y) is the signum function, defined as
1 for y 0

sgn( y ) 1 for y 0
0 for y 0

Not considered in a linear dynamic analysis. Generally requires a
nonlinear transient solution.

Numerical Damping Training Manual
Numerical Damping is not true damping.

Artificially controls numerical noise produced by the higher frequencies of a
structure.
Stabilizes the numerical integration scheme by damping out the unwanted
high frequency modes.
The default value of 10% will damp-out spurious high frequencies and is a
sensible value to try initially.
Use the lowest possible value that damps out nonphysical response without
significantly affecting the final solution.
High-frequency
response
Primary
Frequency
undamped

Damping Summary Training Manual
In summary, Workbench allows the

following four inputs for damping:
Beta damping (viscous)
Global or material-dependent.
Defines the stiffness matrix multiplier
for damping.
Element damping (viscous)
Defines the damping coefficients
directly.
Damping ratio (solid)
Global or material-dependent.
Defines the ratio of actual damping to
critical damping.
Numerical damping (artificial)
Defines the amplitude decay factor
obtained through a modification of
the time-integration scheme.
NOTE: The effects are cumulative if

set in conjunction.

Different industries specify damping in different ways:

= Viscous damping factor or damping ratio
h = Loss factor or Structural damping factor
Q = Quality factor or simply
D = Log decrement
D = Spectral damping factor
A = Amplification factor
The following table provides the conversions (note: U = strain energy)
Spectral Amplification
Measure Damping ratio Loss Factor Log Decrement Quality Factor
Damping Factor
Damping Ratio h/2 D/2p 1/(2Q) D/(4pU) 1/2A
Loss Factor 2 h D/p 1/Q D/(2pU) 1/A
Log Decrement 2p ph D p/Q D/(2U) p/A
Quality Factor 1/2 1/h p/D Q 2pU/D A

Spectral
4pU 2pUh 2UD 2pU/Q D 2pU/A
Damping
Amplification
1/2 1/h p/D Q 2pU/D A
Factor

Dynamics
References & Bibliography Training Manual
S. S. Rao, Mechanical Vibrations.

K. Ogata, Modern Control Engineering.
B. J. Lazan, Damping of Materials and Members in Structural
Mechanics.
A. K. Gupta, Response Spectrum Method: In Seismic Analysis and
Design of Structures.
U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission Regulatory Guide 1.92,
Combining Modal Responses and Spatial Components in Seismic
Response Analysis.
D. E. Newland, An Introduction to Random Vibrations, Spectral &
Wavelet Analysis.
Military Standard 810E, Environmental Test Methods And
Engineering Guidelines.

Dynamics
E. Introductory Workshop Training Manual
In this workshop, you will run a

sample dynamic analysis of a
flywheel.
Follow the instructions in your

Dynamics Workshop supplement
WS1: Intro (Flywheel)
The idea is to introduce you to the

steps involved in a typical dynamic
analysis. Details of what each step
means will be covered in the rest of
this seminar.

Chapter 2:
Modal Analysis
ANSYS Mechanical
Dynamics

Modal Analysis Training Manual
A. Define modal analysis and its purpose.
B. Discuss associated concepts, terminology, and mode extraction

methods.
C. Learn how to do a modal analysis in Workbench.
D. Work on one or two modal analysis exercises.

Description & Purpose Training Manual
A modal analysis is a technique used to determine the vibration

characteristics of structures:
natural frequencies
at what frequencies the structure would tend to naturally vibrate
mode shapes
in what shape the structure would tend to vibrate at each frequency
mode participation factors
the amount of mass that participates in a given direction for each mode
Most fundamental of all the dynamic analysis types.

Benefits of modal analysis

Allows the design to avoid resonant vibrations or to vibrate at a
specified frequency (speaker box, for example).
Gives engineers an idea of how the design will respond to different
types of dynamic loads.
Helps in calculating solution controls (time steps, etc.) for other
dynamic analyses.
Recommendation: Because a structures vibration characteristics

determine how it responds to any type of dynamic load, it is generally
recommended to perform a modal analysis first before trying any other
dynamic analysis.

Description & Purpose
Terminology Training Manual
A mode refers to the pair of one

natural frequency and mode 1
corresponding mode shape. {f}1
A structure can have any number of f1 = 109 Hz
modes, up to the number of DOF in
the model.
mode 2
{f}2
f2 = 202 Hz
mode 3
{f}3
f3 = 249 Hz

Theory
Assumptions & Restrictions Training Manual
The structure is linear (i.e. constant stiffness and mass).
There is no damping.
Damped eigensolvers (MODOPT,DAMP or MODOPT,QRDAMP) may be
accessed using Commands Objects, but will not be covered here.
The structure has no time varying forces, displacements, pressures,

or temperatures applied (free vibration).

Theory
Development Training Manual
Start with the linear general equation of motion:
M u C u K u F
Assume free vibrations, and ignore damping:
0 0
M u C u K u F
M u K u 0
Assume harmonic motion:
u f i sin i t i
u i f i cosi t i
u i2 f i sin i t i
Theory
Substitute and simplify
M u K u 0
i2 M f i sin i t i K f i sin i t i 0
i2 M K fi 0
This equality is satisfied if fi = 0 (trivial, implies no vibration) or if

det K i2 M 0
This is an eigenvalue problem which may be solved for up to n
eigenvalues, i2, and n eigenvectors, fi, where n is the number of
DOF.
Theory
Extraction & Normalization Training Manual
Note that the equation

det K M 0
i
2
has one more unknown than equations; therefore, an additional

equation is needed to find a solution.
The addition equation is provided by mode shape normalization.
Mode shapes can be normalized either to the mass matrix
f M fi 1
T
i
or to unity, where the largest component of the vector {f}i is set to 1.

Workbench displays results normalized to the mass matrix.
Because of this normalization, only the shape of the DOF solution
has real meaning.
Theory
Eigenvalues & Eigenvectors Training Manual
The square roots of the eigenvalues

are i, the structures natural mode 1
circular frequencies (rad/s). {f}1
f1 = 109 Hz
Natural frequencies fi can then

calculated as fi = i/2p (cycles/s).
It is the natural frequencies, fi in Hz, mode 2
that are input by the user and output
{f}2
by Workbench.
f2 = 202 Hz
The eigenvectors {f}i represent the

mode shapes, i.e. the shape
assumed by the structure when mode 3
vibrating at frequency fi. {f}3
f3 = 249 Hz

Theory
Equation Solvers Training Manual
The equation
i
2

det K M 0
can be solved using one of two solvers available in Workbench
Mechanical:
Direct (Block Lanczos)
To find many modes (about 40+) of large models.
Performs well when the model consists of shells or a combination of shells
and solids.
Uses the Lanczos algorithm where the Lanczos recursion is performed with a
block of vectors. Uses the sparse matrix solver.
Iterative (PCG Lanczos)

To find few modes (up to about 100) of very large models (500,000+ DOFs).
Performs well when the lowest modes are sought for models that are
dominated by well-shaped 3-D solid elements.
Uses the Lanczos algorithm, combined with the PCG iterative solver.
In most cases, the Program Controlled option selects the optimal

solver automatically.
Theory
Participation Factors (Solution Information) Training Manual
The participation factors are calculated by
i f Ti M D
where {D} is an assumed unit displacement spectrum in each of the global
Cartesian directions and rotation about each of these axes.
This measures the amount of mass moving in each direction for each mode.
The Ratio is simply another list of participation factors, normalized to the largest.
The concept of participation factors will be important in later chapters.

Theory
Participation Factors (Solution Information) Training Manual
A high value in a direction indicates that the mode will be excited by forces in
that direction.
mode 1 mode 3 mode 5

Theory
Effective Mass (Solution Information) Training Manual
Also printed out is the effective mass.
i2
M eff ,i , if f M f i 1
2 T
f M f i
T
i
i i
Ideally, the sum of the effective masses in each direction should equal total
mass of structure, but will depend on the number of modes extracted.
The ratio of effective mass to total mass can be useful for determining
whether or not a sufficient number of modes have been extracted.

Theory
Prestress Effects Training Manual
A prestressed modal analysis can be used to calculate the

frequencies and mode shapes of a prestressed structure, such as a
spinning turbine blade.
The prestress influences the stiffness of the structure through the stress-
stiffening matrix contribution.

Theory
Prestress Effects Training Manual
In free vibration with prestress analyses, two solutions are required.

A linear static analysis is initially performed:
K u F s
Based on the stress state [s] from the static analysis, a stress stiffness
matrix [S] is calculated (see Theory Reference for details):
s S
The free vibration with pre-stress analysis is then solved, including the [S]
term:
K S M f 0
i
2
i
Note that the prestress only affects the stiffness of the system.
i.e. the static prestress will not be added to the modal stress

Remarks & Comments
Contact Regions Training Manual
Contact regions are available in modal analysis; however, since this

is a purely linear analysis, contact behavior will differ for the
nonlinear contact types, as shown below:
Linear Dynamic Analysis

Contact Type Static Analysis Outside Pinball
Initially Touching Inside Pinball Region
Region
Bonded Bonded Bonded Bonded Free
No Separation No Separation No Separation No Separation Free
Rough Rough Bonded Free Free
Frictionless Frictionless No Separation Free Free
m = 0, No Separation
Frictional Frictional Free Free
m > 0, Bonded
Contact behavior will reduce to its linear counterparts.

It is generally recommended, however, not to use a nonlinear contact
type in a linear-dynamic analysis

Remarks & Comments
Unconstrained Systems Training Manual
An unconstrained system is one that has no constraints or supports

and can move as a rigid body in at least one direction.
Rigid-body motion can be considered to be a mode of oscillation with
zero frequency.
In practice, these modes may not have a frequency of exactly zero.
rigid-body
or
zero modes
Note that a well-connected system can have at most six rigid-body

modes.
Obtaining more than six rigid-body modes may indicate that assemblies
are not well connected.
Remarks & Comments
Symmetry Boundary Conditions Training Manual
Symmetry BCs will only produce symmetrically shaped modes, so

some modes can be missed.
It may be necessary to apply several different symmetry conditions to
find all modes.
The full model below results in the frequencies listed in the tabular view.
A quarter-symmetry model will require three sets of symmetry boundary
conditions to find all modes (see next slide)...

Remarks & Comments
Symmetry Boundary Conditions Training Manual
Symm-Asym BC
Full Model
Symmetry BC
etc
Anti-Symmetry BC

Procedure:
Modal

Modal
Procedure Training Manual
Drop a Modal (ANSYS) system into the project schematic.

Modal
Create new geometry, or link to Edit the Model cell to bring up the
existing geometry. Mechanical application.

Modal
Preprocessing Training Manual
Verify materials, connections, and mesh settings.

This was covered in Workbench Mechanical Intro.

Modal
Add supports to the model.

Displacement constrains must have a magnitude of zero.

Modal
Solution Settings Training Manual
Choose the number of modes to

extract.
If needed, upper and lower bounds
on frequency may be specified to
extract the modes within a specified
range.

Modal
Stress and strain results may be

turned on under Output Controls.
If the Program-Controlled solver
selection is not appropriate, the
solver type can be changed to
either Direct or Iterative.

Modal
Postprocessing Training Manual
Total-deformation results may be

quickly inserted by highlighting
multiple rows in the tabular view or
histogram view.

Modal
If stress/strain were requested, these results may also be access from the
Solution Toolbar.

Procedure:
Prestressed Modal

Prestressed Modal
The procedure to do a prestressed

modal analysis is essentially the
same as a regular modal analysis,
except that you first need to
prestress the structure by doing a
static analysis.
The static analysis results in a

stressed structure, which is used as
the initial condition for the modal
analysis.

Prestressed Modal
Drop a Static Structural (ANSYS) system into the project schematic.

Prestressed Modal
Drop a Modal (ANSYS) system onto Note the circular-ended connector,

the Solution cell of the Modal indicating a data transfer from the
system. Static to the Modal analysis.

Prestressed Modal
Create new geometry, or link to

existing geometry.
Edit the Model cell to bring up the
Mechanical application.

Prestressed Modal
In the Static Structural system, insert the loads and supports that will cause
the prestressed-state to occur.

Prestressed Modal
Review the static results before

proceeding.

Prestressed Modal
Workbench will automatically setup To verify the data transfer, one can
the data transfer between the ensure that
systems. Future Analysis is set to
Prestressed analysis in the Static
Structural system
Pre-Stress Environment is set to
Static Structural in the Modal
system

Prestressed Modal
The modal results may be reviewed as described in the previous section.

Prestressed Modal
Note that the prestressed state increased the frequencies of this structure.
e.g. the first mode in this example increased from 108.3 Hz to 274.6 Hz
Not Prestressed Prestressed
A prestress may not always increase the natural frequencies; a compressive

load will decrease the frequencies.
In fact, a sufficiently-high compressive load will result in a natural frequency of
zero, effectively replicating the results of a buckling analysis.

D. Workshop - Modal Analysis Training Manual
This workshop consists of two problems:
1. Modal analysis of a plate with a hole

A step-by-step description of how to do the analysis.
You may choose to run this problem yourself, or your instructor may
show it as a demonstration.
(WS2A: Modal Analysis - Plate with a Hole).
2. Pre-stressed Modal analysis of a model airplane wing

This is left as an exercise to you.
(WS2B: Modal Analysis - Model Airplane Wing).

Chapter 3:
Harmonic Response
ANSYS Mechanical
Dynamics

Harmonic Analysis
Harmonic Analysis Training Manual
A. Define harmonic analysis and its purpose.
B. Learn basic terminology and concepts underlying harmonic

analysis.
C. Learn how to do a harmonic analysis in Workbench.
D. Work on a harmonic analysis exercise.

Harmonic Analysis
A. Definition & Purpose Training Manual
What is harmonic analysis?

A technique to determine the steady state response of a structure to
sinusoidal (harmonic) loads of known frequency.
Input:
Harmonic loads (forces, pressures, and imposed displacements) of
known magnitude and frequency.
May be multiple loads all at the same frequency. Forces and
displacements can be in-phase or out-of phase. Body loads can only be
specified with a phase angle of zero.
Output:
Harmonic displacements at each DOF, usually out of phase with the
applied loads.
Other derived quantities, such as stresses and strains.

Harmonic Analysis
Harmonic analysis is used in the design of:

Supports, fixtures, and components of rotating equipment such as
compressors, engines, pumps, and turbomachinery.
Structures subjected to vortex shedding (swirling motion of fluids)
such as turbine blades, airplane wings, bridges, and towers.
Why should you do a harmonic analysis?

To make sure that a given design can withstand sinusoidal loads at
different frequencies (e.g, an engine running at different speeds).
To detect resonant response and avoid it if necessary (by using
dampers, for example).

Harmonic Analysis
B. Terminology & Concepts Training Manual
Topics covered:
Assumptions and Restrictions
Equation of motion
Nature of harmonic loads
Complex displacements
Solution methods

Theory
The entire structure has constant or frequency-dependent stiffness,

damping, and mass effects.
All loads and displacements vary sinusoidally at the same known

frequency (although not necessarily in phase).
Acceleration, bearing, and moment loads are assumed to be real (in-

phase) only.

Theory
Start with the linear general equation of motion:
M u C u K u F
Assume [F] and {u} are harmonic with frequency W:
F Fmax ei eiWt u umax ei eiWt

Fmax cos i sin eiW t umax cos i sin eiW t
F1 iF2 eiW t u 1 iu2 eiW t
Note: The symbols W an w differentiate the input from the output:

W = input (a.k.a. imposed) circular frequency
w = output (a.k.a. natural) circular frequency

Theory
Take two time derivatives:
u u 1 iu2 eiWt
u iW u 1 iu2 eiWt
u W2 u 1 iu2 eiWt
Substitute and simplify:
M u C u K u F
W 2 M u 1 iu2 eiW t
iWC u 1 iu2 eiW t
K u 1 iu2 eiW t F 1 iF2 eiW t
W 2 M iWC K u 1 iu2 F 1 iF2
This can then be solved using one of two methods.
Theory
The full method solves the system of simultaneous equations directly

using a static solver designed for complex arithmetic:
c denotes a complex matrix or vector
Kc
uc
Fc

W2 M iWC K u 1 iu2 F 1 iF2
K c uc Fc
The mode-superposition method expresses the displacements as a
linear combination of mode shapes (see Theory Reference for details).
W M iWC K u iu F iF
2
1 2 1 2

W 2

i 2w j W j w 2j y jc f jc
Theory
Solution Methods Training Manual
FULL MSUP
Exact solution. Approximate solution; accuracy depends in
part on whether an adequate number of
modes have been extracted to represent
the harmonic response.
Generally slower than MSUP. Generally faster than FULL.
Supports all types of loads and boundary Does not support nonzero imposed
conditions. harmonic displacements.
Solution points must be equally distributed Solution points may be either equally
across the frequency domain. distributed across the frequency domain or
clustered about the natural frequencies of
the structure.
Solves the full system of simultaneous Solves an uncoupled system of equations

equations using the Sparse matrix solver for by performing a linear combination of
complex arithmetic. orthogonal vectors (mode shapes).
Prestressing is not available in either method in ANSYS Workbench 12.0.

Theory
Nature of Harmonic Loads Training Manual
Multiple loads and boundary

conditions may be input, each with
different amplitude and phase
angles (interpreted as lag angle).
xi X i sin wt i
where X amplitude
w freqency
phase angle
All loads and displacements, both
input and output, are assumed to
occur at the same frequency.
Calculated displacements will be

complex if
damping is specified or
applied load is complex.

Remarks & Comments
Resonance Training Manual
When the imposed frequency

approaches a natural frequency in
the direction of excitation, a
phenomenon known as resonance
occurs.
This can be seen in the figures on
the right for a 1-DOF system
subjected to a harmonic force for
various amounts of damping.
The following will be observed:

an increase in damping decreases
the amplitude of the response for all
imposed frequencies,
a small change in damping has a
large effect on the response near
resonance, and
the phase angle always passes
through 90 at resonance for any
amount of damping.
Remarks & Comments
Contact Regions Training Manual
Contact regions are available in harmonic analysis; however, since

this is a purely linear analysis, contact behavior will differ for the
nonlinear contact types, as shown below:
Linear Dynamic Analysis

Contact Type Static Analysis Outside Pinball
Initially Touching Inside Pinball Region
Region
Bonded Bonded Bonded Bonded Free
No Separation No Separation No Separation No Separation Free
Rough Rough Bonded Free Free
Frictionless Frictionless No Separation Free Free
m = 0, No Separation
Frictional Frictional Free Free
m > 0, Bonded
Contact behavior will reduce to its linear counterparts.

It is generally recommended, however, not to use a nonlinear contact
type in a linear-dynamic analysis

Remarks & Comments
Mode Superposition Training Manual
The Mode Superposition method will automatically perform a modal

analysis first
The number of modes necessary for an accurate solution will be
estimated if a frequency range is not supplied.
the default range is from zero to twice the ending frequency
The harmonic analysis portion is very quick and efficient, hence, the
Mode Superposition method is usually much faster overall than the Full
method
Since a free vibration analysis is performed, Mechanical knows what

the natural frequencies of the structure are and can cluster the
harmonic results near them (see next slide)

Remarks & Comments
Solution Methods - Mode Superposition Training Manual
Cluster option captures the peak response better than evenly-spaced

intervals.
Evenly spaced
frequency points
Clustered frequency
points

Procedure:
Harmonic Response

Harmonic Analysis
C. Procedure Training Manual
Four main steps:

Build the model
Choose analysis type and options
Apply harmonic loads and solve
Review results

Harmonic Analysis Procedure
Build the Model Training Manual
Model
Nonlinearities are not allowed.
See also Modeling Considerations in Module 1.

Choose Analysis Type & Options Training Manual
Build the model

Enter Solution and choose
harmonic analysis.
Main analysis option is solution
method - discussed next.
Specify damping - discussed
next.

Choose Analysis Type & Options Training Manual
Analysis options
Solution method - full or mode Damping
superposition. Choose from beta damping and
For large models (>1 million damping ratio (constant
DOF), set Store Results at All damping ratio is most
Frequencies to No. commonly used).

Apply Harmonic Loads and Solve Training Manual
Build the model

Structural loads and supports may also be used in harmonic
analyses with the following exceptions:
Loads Not Supported:
Gravity Loads
Thermal Loads
Rotational Velocity
Pretension Bolt Load
Compression Only Support (if present, it behaves similar to a Frictionless
Support)
Remember that all structural loads will vary sinusoidally at the same
excitation frequency

A list of supported loads are shown below:
Not all available loads support phase input. Accelerations, Bearing Load,
and Moment Load will have a phase angle of 0.
If other loads are present, shift the phase angle of other loads, such that the
Acceleration, Bearing, and Moment Loads will remain at a phase angle of 0.

Specifying harmonic loads requires:

Amplitude and phase angle
Frequency
Loads are applied all at once in the first
solution interval (stepped).
Imaginary
F2max
Amplitude and phase angle
The load value (magnitude) represents
F1max
the amplitude Fmax. Real
Phase angle Y is the phase shift

between two or more harmonic loads.
Not required if only one load is present.
Non-zero Y valid for force,
displacement, and pressure harmonic
loads.

Amplitude and phase angle (continued)

Mechanical allows direct input of amplitude and phase angle into the
Details window.
Imaginary
F2max

F1max
Real

Frequency of harmonic load:

Specified in cycles per second
(Hertz) by a frequency range and
number of substeps within that
range.
For example, a range of 0-50 Hz
with 10 solution intervals gives
solutions at frequencies of 5, 10,
15, , 45, and 50 Hz. Same
range with 1 substep gives one
solution at 50 Hz.

Review Results Training Manual
Build the model

Review results
Three steps:
Plot displacement vs. frequency at specific points in the structure.
Identify critical frequencies and corresponding phase angles.
Review displacements and stresses over entire structure at the
critical frequencies and phase angles.

Displacement vs. frequency plots
Pick nodes that might deform the

most, then choose the DOF
direction.
Then graph the desired frequency

response.

Identify critical frequencies and phase angles

Bode plot shows frequency at which highest amplitude occurs.
The amplitude and phase angle at which the peak amplitude occurs
are shown in the Worksheet tab.

Next step is to review displacements and stresses over the entire

model at that frequency and phase angle.
The frequency and phase angle must be manually entered into the
Details window.

A harmonic analysis produces a real and imaginary solution as

separate sets of results.
Plot deformed shape, stress contours, and other desired results at
a specified frequency and phase angle.

Workshop
Harmonic Analysis Training Manual
In this workshop, you will examine the harmonic response of a

fixed-fixed beam to harmonic forces caused by rotating
machinery mounted on the beam.
See your Dynamics Workshop supplement for details
WS3: Harmonic Analysis - Fixed-Fixed Beam

Chapter 4:
Response Spectrum
ANSYS Mechanical
Dynamics

Response Spectrum Analysis Training Manual
Topics covered:
Definition and purpose
Overview of Workbench capabilities
Procedure

Response Spectrum Analysis
A response-spectrum analysis
calculates the maximum response
of a structure to a transient loading.
It is performed as a fast alternative

of approximating a full transient
solution.
The maximum response is

computed as scale factor times the
mode shape.
These maximum responses are then

combined to give a total response
of the structure.
Types of Analyses Training Manual
Types of Response Spectrum analysis:
Single-point response spectrum

A single response spectrum excites all specified points in the model.
Multi-point response spectrum

Different response spectra excite different points in the model.

Common Uses Training Manual
Commonly used in the analysis of:

Nuclear power plant buildings
and components, for seismic
loading
Airborne Electronic equipment
for shock loading
Commercial buildings in
earthquake zones

Terminology & Concepts Training Manual
Instead of simulating the response of a structure to a full time history,

we could figure out how each mode would respond to the time
history, then combine the responses together.
In other words, the response of each mode of a structure is similar to

a 1-DOF oscillator, just scaled by some amount.
If we know the natural frequencies and mode shapes of a structure,

we can simply determine what the displacement would be for a 1-DOF
oscillator, if it were subjected to the same transient loading, and
scale the response by the appropriate amount.
If there is more than one load, each will have its own spectrum.

The structure is linear (i.e. constant stiffness and mass).
For single-point response spectrum analysis, the structure is excited

by a spectrum of known direction and frequency components, acting
uniformly on all support points.
For multi-point response spectrum analysis, the structure may be

excited by different input spectra at different support points.
Up to 20 different simultaneous input spectra are allowed.

Theory
Participation Factors Training Manual
A modal analysis must first be completed to determine the natural

frequencies, mode shapes, and participation factors for each mode.
This procedure was covered in Chapter 2: Modal Analysis.
M K 0
i
2
i
i M D
T
i
spectrum participation mode

mode frequency mode shape response
value factor coefficient
1 1 {}1 S1 1 A1 {R}1
2 2 {}2 S2 2 A2 {R}2
3 3 {}3 S3 3 A3 {R}3

Theory
Spectrum Values Training Manual
For each natural frequency, the spectrum value can be determined by a

simple look-up from the response-spectrum table.
When values are needed between input frequencies, log-log interpolation is done
in the space as defined.

1 1 {}1 S1 1 A1 {R}1
2 2 {}2 S2 2 A2 {R}2
3 3 {}3 S3 3 A3 {R}3

Theory
Mode Coefficients Training Manual
The mode coefficients can be determined from the participation factors,

depending on the type of spectrum input.
displaceme nt velocity accelerati on

S S
Ai Si i Ai i i Ai i 2i
i i
Recall: participation factors measure the amount of mass moving in each direction
for a unit displacement.

1 1 {}1 S1 1 A1 {R}1
2 2 {}2 S2 2 A2 {R}2
3 3 {}3 S3 3 A3 {R}3

Theory
Response Training Manual
The response (displacement, velocity or acceleration) for each mode can

then be computed from the frequency, mode coefficient, and mode shape.
Ri Ai i for displaceme nt response

Ri i Ai i for veloci ty response
Ri i2 Ai i for accelerati on response
If there is more than one significant mode, the response for each mode must
be combined using some method.

1 1 {}1 S1 1 A1 {R}1
2 2 {}2 S2 2 A2 {R}2
3 3 {}3 S3 3 A3 {R}3

Theory
Mode Combination Training Manual
In general, mode combinations take the form:
1
N N 2
R e ij Ri Rj
i 1 j 1
where R is the total modal response and RiRj is the entrywise product
(a.k.a. Hadamard or Schur product) of modes i and j.
The modal correlation coefficients, eij, are uniquely defined,
depending on the method chosen for evaluating the correlation
coefficient.
for completely correlated modes i and j e ij 1

for partially correlated modes i and j 0 e ij 1
for uncorrelat ed correlated modes i and j e ij 0
The methods for mode combination are SRSS, CQC, and ROSE.
Theory
Mode Combination Training Manual
The SRSS method is generally more conservative than the other

methods.
assumes that all maximum modal values are uncorrelated
e ij 1.0 for i j
e ij 0.0 for i j
for a structures with coupled modes, this assumption overestimates the
responses overall
The CQC and the ROSE methods providing a means of evaluating
modal correlation for the response spectrum analysis.
accounting for mode coupling makes the response estimate from these
methods more realistic and closer to the exact time history solution
SRSS CQC ROSE
1 1 1

R Ri2
N N N 2 N N 2
R ke ij Ri Rj R e ij Ri Rj
2

i 1
i 1 j 1 i 1 j 1
Procedure:
Response Spectrum

Response Spectrum

Response Spectrum
Drop a Response Spectrum system onto the Solution cell of the

Modal system.

Response Spectrum

Response Spectrum


Response Spectrum


Response Spectrum

extract.
range.

Response Spectrum
Review the modal results before

proceeding.

Response Spectrum
Insert an Acceleration, Velocity, or Direction response spectrum.

Set the Boundary Condition, Spectrum (Tabular) Data, and Direction.

Response Spectrum
Insert Directional Deformation, Velocity, or Acceleration.

Response Spectrum
Stress (normal, shear, equivalent) and Strain (normal, shear) results

can also be reviewed.

Workshop
Response Spectrum Analysis Training Manual
In this workshop, you will determine the response of a

prestressed suspension bridge subjected to a seismic load.
See your Dynamics Workshop supplement for details
WS4: Response Spectrum Analysis - Suspension Bridge

Chapter 5:
Random Vibration
ANSYS Mechanical
Dynamics

Random Vibration Analysis
Random Vibration Analysis Training Manual
Topics covered:
Definition and purpose
Overview of Workbench capabilities
Procedure

A. Definition and Purpose Training Manual
What is random vibration analysis?

A spectrum analysis technique based on probability and statistics.
Meant for loads such as acceleration loads in a rocket launch that
produce different time histories during every launch .
Reference: Random vibrations in mechanical systems by Crandall & Mark

Definition and Purpose Training Manual
Transient analysis is not an option since the time history is not

deterministic (sample is not repeatable).
Instead, using statistics the sample time histories are converted to
Power Spectral Density function (PSD), a statistical representation of
the load time history.
Image from Random Vibrations Theory and Practice by Wirsching, Paez and Ortiz.

Power Spectral Density Training Manual
Sample time histories are converted to Power Spectral Density

function (PSD), a statistical representation of the load time history.
Image from Random Vibrations Theory and

Reference: Random vibrations in Practice by Wirsching, Paez and Ortiz.
mechanical systems by Crandall
& Mark

Statistical Representation Training Manual
A Random Vibration analysis computes the probability distribution of

different results, such as displacement or stress, due to some
random excitation
The analysis follows a modal analysis
An internal combination is done to compute the combined effect from

each mode and their interactions.
3s
Gaussian
(normal)
Distribution

Power Spectral Density Training Manual
The Power Spectral Density is the

mean square value of the excitation
for a unit frequency band.
The area under a PSD curve is
the variance of the response
(square of the standard
deviation).
The units used in PSD are mean
square/Hz (e.g. an acceleration
PSD will have units of G2/Hz).
The quantity represented by
PSD may be displacement,
velocity, acceleration, force, or
pressure.
Random Vibration curve by MIL-STD-202

Common Uses Training Manual
Commonly used for

Airborne electronics
Acoustic loading of Airframe parts
Jitter in alignment of optical
equipment
Relative deformation in large
mirrors

Random Vibration
Workbench Capabilities Training Manual
Input:
Natural frequencies and mode shapes from a modal analysis
Single or multiple PSD excitations applied to ground nodes
Output:
1s results can be contoured like any other analysis.
Response PSD at one DOF (one point in one direction)

Procedure:
Random Vibration

Random Vibration

Random Vibration
Drop a Random Vibration system onto the Solution cell of the Modal
system.

Random Vibration

Random Vibration


Random Vibration


Random Vibration

extract.
range.

Random Vibration
Review the modal results before

proceeding.

Random Vibration
Insert an Acceleration, Velocity, or Direction PSD base excitation.

Set the Boundary Condition, Load (Tabular) Data, and Direction.

Random Vibration
Insert Directional Deformation, Velocity, or Acceleration.

the direction and sigma value may be chosen here
note that results are always reviewed with scaling set to 0.0

Random Vibration
Stress (normal, shear, equivalent) and Strain (normal, shear) results

can also be reviewed.

Random Vibration
Response PSD can be plotted at one DOF (one point in one direction,
either absolute or relative to base excitation).

Workshop Random Vibration Training Manual
In workshop 5A, you will determine the displacements and stresses

in a girder assembly due to an acceleration PSD.
WS5A: Random Vibration (PSD) Analysis of a Girder Assembly

Chapter 6:
Transient
ANSYS Mechanical
Dynamics

Overview Training Manual
Transient structural analysis provides users with the ability to

determine the dynamic response of the system under any type of
time-varying loads.
Unlike rigid dynamic analyses, bodies can be either rigid or flexible. For
flexible bodies, nonlinear materials can be included, and stresses and
strains can be output.
Transient structural analysis is also known as time-history analysis or
transient structural
analysis.
To perform Flexible
Dynamic Analyses, an
ANSYS Structural,
ANSYS Mechanical, or
ANSYS Multiphysics
license is required
Assembly shown here is from an Autodesk Inventor sample model

Topics Covered Training Manual
Background Information:
A. Introduction to Transient Structural Analyses
B. Preliminary Linear Dynamic Studies
C. Background Information on Nonlinear Analyses
Procedural Information:
D. Demo Impact Problem
E. Part Specification and Meshing
F. Nonlinear Materials
G. Contact; Joints; and Springs
H. Initial Conditions
I. Loads; Supports; and Joint Conditions
J. Damping
K. Transient Structural Analysis Settings
L. Reviewing Results

A. Introduction Training Manual
Transient structural analyses are needed to evaluate the response of

deformable bodies when inertial effects become significant.
If inertial and damping effects can be ignored, consider performing a
linear or nonlinear static analysis instead
If the loading is purely sinusoidal and the response is linear, a harmonic
response analysis is more efficient
If the bodies can be assumed to be rigid and the kinematics of the system
is of interest, rigid dynamic analysis is more cost-effective
In all other cases, transient structural analyses should be used, as it is
the most general type of dynamic analysis

Introduction Training Manual
In a transient structural analysis, Workbench Mechanical solves the

general equation of motion:
M x C x K xx F t
Some points of interest:
Applied loads and joint conditions may be a function of time and space.
As seen above, inertial and damping effects are now included. Hence,
the user should include density and damping in the model.
Nonlinear effects, such as geometric, material, and/or contact
nonlinearities, are included by updating the stiffness matrix.

Introduction Training Manual
Transient structural analysis encompasses static structural analysis

and rigid dynamic analysis, and it allows for all types of Connections,
Loads, and Supports.
However, one of the important considerations of performing transient
structural analysis is the time step size:
The time step should be small enough to correctly describe the time-
varying loads
The time step size controls the accuracy of capturing the dynamic
response. Hence, running a preliminary modal analysis is suggested in
Section B.
The time step size also controls the accuracy and convergence behavior
of nonlinear systems. Background information on the Newton-Raphson
method is presented in Section C.

B. Preliminary Modal Analysis Training Manual
While transient structural analyses use automatic time-stepping,

proper selection of the initial, minimum, and maximum time steps is
important to represent the dynamic response accurately:
Unlike rigid dynamic analyses which use explicit time integration,
transient structural analyses use implicit time integration. Hence, the
time steps are usually larger for transient structural analyses
The dynamic response can be thought of as various mode shapes of the
structure being excited by a loading. The initial time step should be
based on the modes (or frequency content) of the system.
It is recommended to use automatic time-stepping (default):
The maximum time step can be chosen based on accuracy concerns. This
value can be defined as the same or slightly larger than the initial time step
The minimum time step can be input to prevent Workbench Mechanical from
solving indefinitely. This minimum time step can be input as 1/100 or 1/1000 of
the initial time step

Preliminary Modal Analysis Training Manual
A general suggestion for selection of the initial time step is to use the
following equation:
1
tinitial
20 f response
where fresponse is the frequency of the highest mode of interest
In order to determine the highest mode of interest, a preliminary

modal analysis should be performed prior to the transient structural
analysis
In this way, the user can determine what the mode shapes of the
structure are (i.e., how the structure may respond dynamically)
The user can also then determine the value of fresponse

Preliminary Modal Analysis Training Manual
Points of Consideration:
The automatic time-stepping algorithm will increase or decrease the
size of the time step during the course of the analysis based on the
calculated response frequency.
Automatic time-stepping algorithm still relies on reasonable values of
initial, minimum, and maximum time steps
If the minimum time step is being used, that may indicate that the initial
time step size was too large. The user can plot the time step size by
selecting Solution Output: Time Increment from the Details view of the
Solution Information branch
When performing a modal analysis to determine an appropriate
response frequency value, it is not sufficient to request a certain
number of modes, then to use the maximum frequency. It is a good
idea to examine the various mode shapes to determine which
frequency may be the highest mode of interest contributing to the
response of the structure.

C. Including Nonlinearities Training Manual
There are several sources of nonlinear behavior, and a transient

structural analysis may often include nonlinearities:
Geometric nonlinearities: If a structure

experiences large deformations, its
changing geometric configuration can
cause nonlinear behavior.
Material nonlinearities: A nonlinear stress-strain

relationship, such as metal plasticity shown on
the right, is another source of nonlinearities.
Contact: Include effects of contact is a type

of changing status nonlinearity, where an
abrupt change in stiffness may occur when
bodies come in or out of contact with each other.

Including Nonlinearities Training Manual
In a linear analysis, the applied force F and

displacement x of the system are related such
that doubling the force would double the F
displacement, stresses, and strains
This assumes that the change in the original and K
final deformed shapes is negligible since the same
stiffness matrix [K] is used
x
In a nonlinear analysis, the relationship between
the applied force F and displacement x is not
known beforehand
As the geometry undergoes deformation, so too, F
does the stiffness matrix [K] change
The Newton-Raphson method needs to be
implemented to solve nonlinear problems
x
Nonlinear analyses require several solution iterations:

The actual relationship between applied load and deformation (dotted
green line below) is not known a priori
The Newton-Raphson method, which can be thought of as a series of
linear approximations with corrections, is performed (solid blue lines)
The load Fa is applied to the structure. Based on the new deformed shape,
internal force F1 is calculated. If Fa F1 then the system is not in equilibrium. A
new stiffness matrix [K] (slope of blue line) is calculated based on the current
conditions.
This process is repeated until Fa =Fi for iteration i, at which point the solution is
said to be converged
Oftentimes, the applied load Fa must be
split into smaller increments in order for Fa
4
convergence to occur. Hence, for a ramped 3
load, a smaller time step may be needed F1

2
to ensure convergence
1
x1 x
As shown from the previous slides, the time step size will also have
an influence on nonlinear analyses:
The time step size should be small enough to allow the Newton-Raphson
method to obtain force equilibrium (convergence)
The user may also need to specify the initial, minimum, and maximum
timesteps based on nonlinear considerations
Usually, the dynamic considerations for picking a time step size as

discussed in Section B is sufficient.
Since Workbench Mechanical only uses one set of time steps, resolving
the dynamic response often provides a small enough time step to resolve
nonlinear effects as well.
Determination of the time step size based on nonlinear considerations is
often not as straightforward as choosing the dynamic time step size.
Hence, the user may rely on automatic time-stepping algorithm to ensure
convergence and accuracy.

The automatic time-stepping algorithm takes into account the

following nonlinear effects:
If force equilibrium (or some other convergence criterion) is not satisfied,
bisection occurs
If an element has excessive distortion, bisection occurs
If the maximum plastic strain increment exceeds 15%, bisection occurs
Optional: if contact status changes abruptly, bisection occurs
Bisection is part of the automatic time-stepping algorithm, when the

solver goes back to the previously converged solution at time ti and
uses a smaller time increment ti.
Bisections provide an automated means to solve nonlinear problems
more accurately or to overcome convergence difficulties.
Note, however, that bisections result in wasted solver time since the
solution returns to the previously converged solution and tries again with
a smaller time step. Hence, choosing the right initial and maximum time
step can minimize the number of bisections that occur

By default, large deformation effects and automatic time-stepping will

be active:
The user does not need to do anything special to account for
nonlinearities.
However, as noted before, if nonlinear effects dominate, the time step size may
be dictated by nonlinear considerations rather than dynamic concerns.
Large Deflection can be toggled in the Details view of the Analysis Settings
branch
If the user wants to turn on time step size checks based on contact status,
this can be done in with Time Step Controls in the Details view of a
given contact region.
Using this option may decrease the time step to ensure correct momentum
transfer between parts in impact-type of situations
Note, however, that the time step may become excessively small, so this is not
recommended in general, especially for preliminary analyses

Procedure:
Transient

E. Part Specification Training Manual
In a transient structural analysis, parts may be rigid or flexible:

Under the Geometry branch, the Stiffness Behavior can be toggled
from Flexible to Rigid on a per-part basis
Rigid and flexible parts can co-exist in the same model
Consideration for flexible parts are the same as in static analyses:
Specify appropriate material properties, such as density, Youngs
Modulus, and Poissons ratio
Nonlinear materials, such as plasticity or hyperelasticity, can also be
included
For rigid parts, the following apply:
Line bodies cannot be set to rigid
Multibody parts must have all bodies set to rigid
Density is the only material property needed to
calculate mass properties. All other material
specifications will be ignored.
An Inertial Coordinate System will automatically
be defined at the centroid of the part
Part Specification Training Manual
For flexible bodies, the mesh density is based on the following:

The mesh should be fine enough to capture the mode shapes of the
structure (dynamic response)
If stresses and strains are of interest, the mesh should be fine enough to
capture these gradients accurately
For rigid bodies, no mesh is produced
Rigid bodies are rigid, so no
stresses, strains, or relative
deformation is calculated.
Hence, no mesh is required
Internally, rigid bodies are
represented as point masses
located at the center of its
Inertial Coordinate System
On the figure on the right, one can

see flexible bodies (meshed) and
rigid bodies (not meshed) in the
same model. Assembly shown here is from an Autodesk Inventor sample model

F. Nonlinear Materials Training Manual
For flexible bodies, nonlinear materials may be defined:

Metal plasticity:
Define Youngs modulus and Poissons ratio
Select either isotropic or kinematic hardening law and either bilinear or
multilinear representation of stress-strain curve
For multilinear stress-strain curve, remember that values should be logarithmic plastic
strain vs. true stress
Hyperelasticity:
Select a hyperelastic model based on strain invariants (neo-Hookean,
Polynomial, Mooney-Rivlin, or Yeoh) or principal stretch (Ogden):
If material constants are not known, enter test data, then select hyperelastic model on
which to perform curve-fit
If material constants are known, select hyperelastic model and enter constants
To account for inertial effects, density should also be defined for
both flexible and rigid bodies.
Material damping, discussed in Section I, may also be input for
flexible bodies.

G. Contact; Joints; Springs Training Manual
Contact, joints, or springs can be defined under the Connections

branch in transient structural analyses
Contact is defined between solid and surface bodies (rigid parts must be
single body). Contact is used when parts can come in and out of contact
or if frictional effects are important.
Nonlinear contact (rough, frictionless, frictional) may be defined for faces of
solid or surface bodies (flexible or rigid) at v12.
Joints are defined for 3D rigid or flexible bodies only. Joints can be
defined between two bodies or from one body to ground. Joints are
meant to model mechanisms where the part(s) are connected but relative
motion is possible.
Joints are defined faces, lines, or keypoints of 3D solid, surface, or line bodies,
both flexible and rigid.
Springs are defined for 3D rigid or flexible bodies. Springs provide
longitudinal stiffness and damping for the scoped region(s), meant to
represent stiffness/damping effects of parts not explicitly modeled.
Springs can be defined on vertices, edges, or faces of 3D bodies
Defined springs cannot have zero length

Contact Training Manual
Contact regions can be defined between flexible bodies:

Contact is useful when the contacting area is not known beforehand or if
the contacting area changes during the course of the analysis
Any type of contact behavior (linear, nonlinear) can be specified,
including frictional effects
Play Animation
In the animation, some

surfaces of two parts are
initially not in contact, but
as the analysis
progresses, the surfaces
come into contact, as
shown on the right,
allowing for forces to be
transmitted between the
two bodies.
In contact, parts are prevented from penetrating into each other. The
different type of contact describe behavior in the separation and
sliding directions:
Normal Direction Tangential Direction

Contact Type Separate Slide
Bonded no no
No Separation no yes
Rough yes no
Frictionless yes yes
Frictional yes yes (when Ft mN)

Different contact formulations allow for establishing the mathematical

relationship between contacting solid bodies:
For bonded and no separation contact, the contacting areas are known
beforehand based on the geometry and pinball region
The recommended contact formulation to use is either Pure Penalty (default)
or MPC
For rough, frictionless, and frictional contact,
the actual contacting areas are not known
a priori, so an iterative approach is required
The recommended contact formulation to use
is Augmented Lagrange

Joints Training Manual
Joints can be defined between bodies or from a body to ground:

Joints define the allowed motion (kinematic constraint) on surface(s)
Various types of joints can be defined for flexible or rigid bodies:
Fixed, Revolute, Cylindrical, Translational, Slot, Universal, Spherical, Planar,
or General Joints
Definition and configuration of joints is covered in a separate training
course named ANSYS Rigid and Flexible Dynamic Analysis.
Unlike rigid dynamic analysis, the actual not relative degrees of
freedom are specified.
The animation on the right shows

an assembly using cylindrical and
revolute joints
Assembly shown here is from an Autodesk Inventor sample model
Joints Training Manual
In transient structural analyses, the user has an additional option of

specifying the behavior of the joint:
Rigid (default) behavior means that the scoped surface(s) will not
deform but be treated as rigid surface(s). This means that a scoped
cylindrical surface will remain cylindrical throughout the analysis.
Deformable behavior means that while the
joint constraint is satisfied, the scoped
surface(s) are free to deform. This means that
a scoped cylindrical surface may not remain
cylindrical throughout the analysis.

Springs Training Manual
Springs can be defined between bodies or from body to ground:

Springs define the stiffness and/or damping of surface(s)
Refer to Section I for additional details on damping
Springs can be defined for rigid or flexible bodies
These are longitudinal springs, so the stiffness or damping is related to
the change in length of the spring
The spring must not have zero length
Springs can be defined on vertices, edges, or surfaces
Definition and configuration of springs is covered in a separate training
course named ANSYS Rigid and Flexible Dynamic Analysis.

H. Initial Conditions Training Manual
For a transient structural analysis, initial displacement and initial

velocity is required:
User can define initial conditions via Initial Condition branch or by
using multiple Steps
Defining initial displacement & velocity with the

Initial Condition object:
Default condition is that all bodies are at rest
No additional action needs to be taken
If some bodies have zero initial displacement but

non-zero constant initial velocity, this can be input
Only bodies can be specified
Enter constant initial velocity (Cannot specify more
than one constant velocity value with this method)

Initial Conditions Training Manual
Defining initial displacement & velocity by using multiple Steps:

This technique is required for all other situations
Leave Initial Conditions to At Rest. For Analysis Settings, use 2
Steps over a small time interval:
First Step should have very small Step End Time in Details view. Also,
change Time Integration: Off and Auto Time Stepping: Off only for the first
Step. Modify Define by: Substeps with Number of Substeps: 1.
Apply a Displacement support with appropriate values (discussed in
next slide) in Step 1. Deactivate this Displacement support in Step 2.
The idea behind such a technique is that the first Step, solved over a
small time interval t1, will provide an initial displacement & velocity
based on an imposed xinitial Displacement support.
x1initial
v initial

t1
If the time interval t1 is small enough, the effect on the actual ending
time should be negligible.

Initial Conditions Training Manual
Initial displacement = 0, initial velocity 0

Ramp a very small displacement value over a small time interval to produce the
desired initial velocity. Deactivate it for Step 2.
Initial displacement 0, initial velocity 0

Ramp the desired initial displacement over a time interval to produce the
desired initial velocity. Deactivate it for Step 2.
Initial displacement 0, initial velocity = 0

Step apply the desired initial displacement over a time interval to ensure that
initial velocity is zero. Deactivate it for Step 2, if necessary.

I. Loads; Supports; Conditions Training Manual
For rigid bodies, just as in a rigid dynamic analysis, only inertial

loads, remote loads, and joint conditions are supported.
Rigid bodies do not deform, so structural & thermal loads do not apply
For deformable bodies, any type of load can be used:

Inertial and structural loads
Structural supports
Joint (for defined joints) and thermal conditions

Time-Varying Loads Training Manual
Structural loads and joint conditions can be input as time-dependent

load histories
When adding a Load or Joint Condition, the
magnitude can be defined as a constant,
tabular value, or function.
The values can be entered directly in the
Workbench Mechanical GUI or entered in
the Engineering Data page

J. Damping Training Manual
As noted in Section A, the equations solved for in transient structural

analyses also include a damping term
Since the response frequency is not known in advance of running the

simulation, are only two types of damping available:
Viscous damping
beta damping (optionally material-dependent) or by element damping
Numerical damping
See Chapter 1 for more details.
The effect of damping is cumulative. Hence, if 2% material-

dependent beta damping and 3% global beta damping is defined, that
part will have 5% damping.

K. Analysis Settings Training Manual
Besides damping, there are various other

options the user can set under the Analysis
Settings branch.
It is important that the user specify the solution

times in the Step Controls section
The Number of Steps controls how the load
history is divided. As noted in Section G, one
can impose initial conditions with multiple load
steps use Time Integration to toggle whether
inertial effects are active for that step
The Step End Time is the actual simulation
ending time for the Current Step Number
The initial, minimum, and maximum timesteps
should be defined as noted in Sections B & C

Analysis Settings Training Manual
The Solver Controls section allows the user

to choose the equation solver, use of weak
springs, and use of large deflection effects
Transient structural analyses may typically

involve large deformations, so Large Deflection:
On should be used (default behavior).
Output Controls allows users to control how

frequently data is saved to the ANSYS result file.
For multiple step analyses, one can save results
only for the end of the step. Also, one can also
save results at intervals that are as evenly-
spaced as possible (depending on automatic
time-stepping)

L. Reviewing Results Training Manual
After completion of the solution, reviewing transient structural

analysis results typically involves the following output:
Contour plots and animations
Probe plots and charts
Generating contour plots and animations are similar to other

structural analyses
Note that the displaced position of rigid
bodies will be shown in the contour result,
but the rigid bodies will not show any
contour result for deformation, stress, or
strain since they are rigid entities
Typically, animations are generated using
the actual result sets, not distributed sets

Reviewing Results Training Manual
Probes are useful in generating time-history charts

to understand the transient response of the system.
Some useful probe results are as follows:
Deformation, stresses, strains, velocities, accelerations
Force and moment reactions
Joint, spring, and bolt pretension results
Chart objects, based on probes, can also be added
to include in reports or as independent figures

D. Workshop Transient Analysis Training Manual
In this workshop, you will determine the dynamic response of a

caster wheel exposed to a side impact such as hitting a curb.
WS6: Transient Analysis of a Caster Wheel
Striker
Tool
Wheel

Workshop 1:
Intro (Flywheel)
ANSYS Mechanical
Dynamics
ANSYS, Inc. Proprietary WS1-1 July 2009

Workshop 1 Introduction Training Manual
In this workshop, the vibration characteristics of a spinning flywheel will be

investigated.

Workshop 1 Project Schematic Training Manual
Drop a Static Structural system into the Project Schematic.

In this system, the rotational velocity will be applied.

Drop a Modal system onto the Results cell of the Static Structural system.
In this system, the prestressed modes will be found.

Drop a Harmonic Response system onto the Model cell of the Static
Structural System.
In this system, a harmonic load will be applied to the static flywheel.

Import the geometry file

Flywheel.igs
Edit the Model cell to open the Mechanical application.

Workshop 1 Preprocessing Training Manual
Two coordinate systems will be added to align with the center of the shaft.
The origin of the first coordinate system can easily be located along the shaft
axis by selecting two keypoints.

Workshop 1 Preprocessing Training Manual
Duplicate the first coordinate system.

set the type of the newly-created coordinate system to Cylindrical

Workshop 1 Static Preprocessing Training Manual
Select the symmetry surfaces and insert a Frictionless support.

Since the geometry is 3D, a frictionless support is the same as applying a
symmetry boundary condition.

Insert a Remote Displacement on the flywheel hub.

select the coordinate system that aligns with the axis of the shaft
fix the X Component, Z Component, and Rotation Y

Insert a Rotational Velocity inertial load.

select the coordinate system that aligns with the axis of the shaft
set the Z component to 600 RPM
Solve the model.

Insert a Directional Deformation.

set the Coordinate System to the Cylindrical Coordinate System that aligns with
the axis of the shaft
The X-Axis orientation is now the radial component.

Workshop 1 Static Postprocessing Training Manual
Duplicate the Directional Deformation.

set the Orientation to Y Axis
This is now the tangential component of deformation.

Workshop 1 Static Postprocessing Training Manual
Using the cylindrical coordinate system again, insert radial and tangential
components of stress.

Workshop 1 Modal Postprocessing Training Manual
Move down to the Modal branch and Solve.

Insert some total deformation plots to review the mode shapes.

Workshop 1 Harmonic Preprocessing Training Manual
Drag and drop the Frictionless Support and Remote Displacement from the
Static Structural branch into the Harmonic Response Branch.

Workshop 1 Harmonic Preprocessing Training Manual
Insert an Acceleration inertial load.

set the Z component to 2 G (~20000 mm/s^2)

Workshop 1 Harmonic Solution Settings Training Manual
Modify the Analysis Settings.

set the Range Maximum to 500 Hz
set Cluster Results to Yes
set Constant Damping Ratio to 5%
Solve the model.

Workshop 1 Harmonic Postprocessing Training Manual
Insert a Deformation
Frequency Response
result on the outer surface
of the flywheel.
set the Spatial Resolution
to Use Maximum
set the Orientation to Z
Axis
Make note of the

frequency and phase angle
at which the maximum
amplitude occurs.

Workshop 1 Harmonic Postprocessing Training Manual
Insert a Directional Deformation result.

set the Orientation to Z Axis
use the frequency and phase angle for the maximum amplitude, noted from the
previous slide (229.28 Hz @ 92.859)

Workshop 2A:
Modal Analysis
(Plate with a Hole)
ANSYS Mechanical
Dynamics

Workshop 2A - Goals Training Manual
Our goal is to determine the first 10 natural frequencies and mode

shapes for the plate with the hole shown.
The plate is made of Aluminum.
Assume the plate is fully constrained at the hole.
As if the plate is tightly bolted down at the hole.
Fixed Center

Workshop 2A Project Schematic Training Manual
From the project schematic, insert a

new Modal system.
Import the Geometry file

plate.iges

Workshop 2A - Preprocessing Training Manual
Edit the Engineering Data cell.

add Aluminum Alloy from the General Materials library to Engineering Data

Return to the Project, and Edit the Model cell to open the Mechanical
application.
set the plate thickness to 0.1 in
set the plate material assignment to Aluminum Alloy

Workshop 2A - Environment Training Manual
Constrain the center hole.

highlight the Modal Branch to >Insert>Fixed Supports.
Switch to edge selection mode as necessary
Use Box Select, or drag single-select LMB around the hole to pick all
applicable edge segments (4 edges)..
8
Click Apply in the Details window
Reorient model as necessary throughout.

Workshop 2A Modal Solution Training Manual
Check the Details of Modal

Analysis Settings.
set Max Modes to Find to 10
set Calculate Stress Yes
set Calculate Strain Yes
If you just want frequencies and

shapes, you dont need to
calculate stress or strain. It will
save a little time to skip those
calculations.
Solve the Modal analysis.

Workshop 2A - Results Training Manual
After the modal solution is completed, review the modal shapes for each
frequency.
Click on the Modal Solution Branch in the Tree. Then LMB on the top of the
Frequency Column in the Tabular Data region, and >RMB>Create Mode
Shape Results
This will automatically insert Total Deformation objects in the Tree for all modes
solved.

To get an overall view of the Modal results step thru (LMB) the Total
Deformation result objects for each mode.
You can also Animate (Play & Stop) the mode from the Timeline window.
Note: Make a note of your highest natural Frequency mode:
Max Indicated Freq = _________________Hz.

Workshop 2A - Comments Training Manual
Remember:
Displacements reported with mode shapes are relative and do not reflect the
actual max magnitudes of the displacements.
The actual magnitudes will depend on the energy input to the system (depends on forcing
function).
Sometimes it is challenging to visualize the true mode shape from a simple
contour plot.
Try the Vector Display instead.
Adjust the Vector Scale slider as desired.
You can also animate the vector plot too. Vector
Plot
Arrows may
be more
intuitive in
some cases.
Contour
Plot.
Difficult to
determine
deformation
directions
Workshop 2B:
Modal Analysis
(Model Airplane Wing)
ANSYS Mechanical
Dynamics

Workshop 2B - Goals Training Manual
Our goal is to determine the first 5 natural frequencies and mode

shapes for the prestressed model airplane wing shown.
Assume one end of the wing is fully fixed.
The wing is made of Titanium.
Fixed End

Workshop 2B Project Schematic Training Manual

new Static Structural system.
Drop a Modal system onto the
Solution cell of the Static Structural.

wing.iges

Workshop 2B - Preprocessing Training Manual
Edit the Engineering Data cell.

add Titanium Alloy from the General Materials library to Engineering Data

Workshop 2B - Preprocessing Training Manual
Return to the Project, and Edit the Model cell to open the Mechanical
application.
set the wing material assignment to Titanium Alloy

Workshop 2B - Environment Training Manual
Constrain the far end of the wing.

On the >Static Structural branch >Insert>Fixed Supports.
Switch to face selection mode as necessary
Use LMB to pick the applicable surface.
Use Depth Picking and/or reorient the model as necessary throughout.
Depth
Picking

Workshop 2B - Environment Training Manual
Apply a pressure load to the underside of the wing.

On the >Static Structural branch >Insert>Pressure.
Switch to face selection mode as necessary
Use LMB to pick the applicable surface.

Workshop 2B Static Solution Training Manual
Solve the Static Structural model.

Review the results.

Workshop 2B Modal Solution Training Manual
Check the Details of Modal Analysis Settings

set Max Modes to Find to 5
set Calculate Stress to Yes
set Calculate Strain to Yes

Workshop 2B - Results Training Manual
After the modal solution is completed wed like to review the modal
shapes for each frequency.
Click on the Modal Solution Branch in the Tree. Then LMB on the top
of the Frequency Column in the Tabular Data region, and
>RMB>Create Mode Shape Results
This will automatically insert Total Deformation objects in the Tree for
all modes solved.
13

Workshop 2B - Results Training Manual
To get an overall view of the Modal results step thru (LMB) the Total
Deformation result objects for each mode.
Remember to Animate (Play & Stop) the mode from the Timeline
window.
You can typically rotate the model during animation too.
Note: Make a note of your highest natural Frequency mode:
Max Indicated Freq = _________________Hz.
Experiment with the Vector Graphics and (vector) scale slider.
Animation and rotation can also be performed on Vector plots.

Workshop 3:
Harmonic Response
(Fixed-Fixed Beam)
ANSYS Mechanical
Dynamics

Workshop 3 - Goals Training Manual
Our goal is to determine the harmonic response of a fixed-fixed beam

under the influence of two harmonic forces.
The forces represent rotating machines mounted at the one-third points
along the beam.
The machines rotate at 300 to 1800 RPM.
The Beam (3 m x 0.5 m x 25 mm) is made of Steel.
Constrain (Fix)
Both Ends

new Modal system.
we will first look at the natural
frequencies and mode shapes of the
system
Drop a Harmonic Response system

onto the Model cell of the Modal
system to share the material
properties, geometry, and mesh.
note that this system will not use
the modes from the Modal system

beam.agdb

Workshop 3 - Preprocessing Training Manual

verify that the material assignment is Structural Steel

Workshop 3 - Environment Training Manual
Constrain both ends of the Beam.

Click on the Modal Branch and >Insert>Fixed Support.
Switch to edge selection mode as necessary
Use LMB to pick the two applicable edges.
Hold <CTRL> to add to your selections

Workshop 3 Modal Results Training Manual

Create some Mode Shape Results to review the results.
note that modes 1 and 2 fall between 0 and 50 Hz

Drag and drop the Fixed Support

from the Modal branch to the
Harmonic Response branch.

In the Harmonic Response branch, apply one force to one edge.

There are two edges imprinted on the beam face.
Switch to Edge selection mode as necessary and >Insert>Force.
Use LMB and drag over surface to highlight to pick the applicable edge.
In Details, change the Defined By to Components (i.e., XYZ).
Enter 250 for Y. Leave Phase Angle = 0

Apply another force to the other edge.

set Y Component to 250 N
leave Phase Angle = 0
We will investigate the results as the phase angle between these loads
changes.

Workshop 3 Harmonic Response Solution Training Manual
Edit the Analysis Settings.

set the Range Minimum to 0 Hz
set the Range Maximum to 50 Hz
set the Solution Intervals to 50
set the Constant Damping Ratio to 2%
Solve the Harmonic analysis.

Workshop 3 Results Training Manual
Insert a Deformation Frequency Response.

set the scoping to all faces on the beam
set the Spatial Resolution to Use Maximum
set the Orientation to Y Axis

Workshop 3 - Results Training Manual
You can also plot contours at specific frequencies.

Click RMB on the solution object and >Insert>
Stress, Strain, or Deformation
This will insert the result object(s)
Step thru the Details for each and specify the
Geometry and other details.
It is necessary to specify a specific frequency and
phase angle.
Contours at a specific
Frequency

Return to the second harmonic force applied.

set the Phase Angle to 90 (we will try to excite different modes)
resolve the Harmonic Response

Return once more to the second harmonic force applied.

set the Phase Angle to 180
resolve the Harmonic Response

Workshop 4:
Response Spectrum
(Suspension Bridge)
ANSYS Mechanical
Dynamics

Workshop 4 - Goals Training Manual
Our goal is to determine the response of a prestressed suspension

bridge subjected to a seismic load.

From the project schematic, insert a new Static Structural system.

Drop a Modal system onto the Solution cell of the Static Structural system.
Drop a Response Spectrum system onto the Solution cell of the Modal
system.

simple_bridge.agdb

Workshop 4 - Project Schematic Training Manual
Right click on Geometry, choose

Properties, then check Line Bodies
under Basic Geometry Options.

Workshop 4 - Project Schematic Training Manual

Insert a fixed support on the vertex of all four tower foundations.

the Modal and Response Spectrum systems will inherit this support

Insert a zero-displacement constraint in the Y and Z directions on the

three outer edges at both ends of the bridge deck.

Finally, insert Standard Earth Gravity from the Inertial loads toolbar
button.

Workshop 4 Modal Solution Training Manual
Change the Max Modes to Find to 10, then run the Modal solution.
verify in Solution Information that a significant portion of the total mass
has been accounted for

Insert an RS Acceleration load in the Response Spectrum branch.

Then, change Boundary Condition to All BC Supports and Direction
to Y Axis.

Open the supplied seismic data from the Savannah River Earthquake,
copy the spectrum data, and paste it into the Tabular Data.

Workshop 4 - Results Training Manual
Since the seismic data were supplied in units of G acceleration, insert a

Scale Factor equal to the acceleration due to gravity of the working units.
Finally, run the solution and

insert the result item of your
choice.
Note that the bridge deck

may need some mesh
refinement. Try changing the
mesh settings and re-
solving.

Workshop 5A:
Random Vibration
(Girder Assembly)
ANSYS Mechanical
Dynamics

Our goal is to investigate the

vibration characteristics of a Girder
Assembly.
In this workshop, we will examine
the displacements and stresses in a
steel assembly due to an
acceleration spectrum.
A PSD spectrum can be specified
via Acceleration, Velocity, or
Displacement.
The spectrum will typically be A2 A3
measured during physical tests or
Acceleration
documented in a written
specification relating to the system A1
or component.
The data points can be entered for A4
each Freq & Amplitude, or a function
can be entered.
F1 F2 F3 F4
Frequency

new Modal system.
Drop a Random Vibration system
onto the Solution cell of the Modal
system.

girder.agdb

Workshop 5A Preprocessing Thickness Training Manual
The first preprocessing task is to

specify the thickness of all the
surfaces.
Select all the bodies to assign a

uniform thickness
LMB to select the top Body in the
Part list.
Hold <shift> and LMB on the last
Surface Body.
Note: By highlighting all, we can
set the thickness on the first one, and
the same thickness gets assigned to
all of them.
Left click in the thickness field and
set the Thickness = 0.5 in

Workshop 5A Preprocessing Mesh Size Training Manual
The assembly consists of multiple

slender bodies plus a large flat Roof
plate.
We want to specify a relatively fine
mesh size on the slender members
but a larger element up top.
select the roof body
Mesh >Insert >Sizing
set Element Size to 2 in
select all other bodies
Mesh >Insert >Sizing
set Element Size to 4 in
Preview the mesh,
>Mesh>Generate Mesh
If desired, repeat the steps above to
increase or decrease element sizes
as desired to enhance the model or
reduce CPU time.

For the lower edges of the truss,

highlight the Modal branch in
the Outline and >Insert >Fixed
Supports.
Switch to edge selection mode
as necessary
Reorient model as necessary
throughout.
Using the Extend to Limits
feature is probably the most
convenient.

For the PSD Base Excitation loads,

at the Random Vibration Branch,
>Insert>PSD Acceleration
set Boundary Condition to Fixed
Support
this is a reference to the Fixed
Support in the modal Branch
A2 A3
Acceleration
A1
A4
F1 F2 F3 F4
Frequency

Workshop 5A PSD Loads Training Manual
Enter the following tabular data for the PSD Acceleration load
Frequency [Hz] Acceleration [(in/s^2)^2/Hz]
5 150
20 200
30 200
45 100

Workshop 5A Modal Results Training Manual
After the solution is completed you

can review the (precursor) modal
shapes for each frequency.
In the Outline Tree pertaining to
Modal, click on Solution (within
the Modal branch)
Click on the Modal Solution Branch
in the Tree. Then LMB on the top
of the Frequency Column in the
Tabular Data region, and
>RMB>Create Mode Shape Results
This will insert Total Deformation
objects in the Tree for all modes
solved.

Workshop 5A Random Vibration Results Training Manual
Now review Random Vibration

results.
Due to the applied spectrum, you
can >Insert
Deformations
Strains
Stresses
>Insert>Deformation>Directional
Specify the Z Orientation
direction in the Details Pane
>Insert>Strain>Normal
For instance, specify Y
Orientation in the Details Pane
>Insert>Stress>Equivalent (von
Mises)

Workshop 5A - Comments Training Manual
Review the evaluated results.

Remember:
Modal displacements reported
with mode shapes are
relative and do not reflect
the actual max magnitudes of
the displacements.
The PSD simulation generates
statistically Probable
resultant magnitudes that
depend on the energy input
magnitude and spectrum
applied to the system.
The Damping data also plays a
roll in the magnitude of the
response.

Workshop 6A:
Transient
(Caster Wheel Test)
ANSYS Mechanical
Dynamics

Our goal is to determine the

dynamic response of a caster wheel
exposed to a side impact such as
hitting a curb.
This may be simulated in a physical
test by dropping a heavy Striker
Tool on the side of the wheel.
The dropped weight represents side Striker
impact on the wheel.
Tool
The Wheel and Striker Tool are
made of Steel.
Assume the far face of the
Wheel/Axle is constrained.
Assume the sides of the Striker are
constrained to slide up and down
vertical rails.
Assume a damping ratio of 0.02 (i.e.
2%) Wheel
Constrain End


new Transient Structural system.

caster_test2.agdb


verify that the material assignment is Structural Steel

Suppress the upper Striker.

Expand the geometry Branch, and
determine which part is the upper
Striker. >RMB>Suppress Body
We will incorporate the lower Striker
in the simulation only.
We will apply an initial velocity to the
lower Striker to account for its
momentum due to the drop height &
force.

Define the contact between the

bottom of the Striker Tool and the
top Edge of the Caster Wheel
LMB on >Connections in the
Outline Tree.
8
>Insert>Manual Contact Region
Use Face select
Change Update Stiffness to Each
Equilibrium Iteration

Apply constraints on the end

of the bore to oppose loads on
the wheel.
Within the Flexible Dynamic
Branch >Insert>Fixed
Support
Use Face Select, LMB and
pick four annular surfaces on
the bottom of the axle hole.

The Striker Tool is guided on rails

so it can only travel up and down
when dropped on the wheel.
>Insert>Frictionless Support
Use LMB and pick all four sides of
the Striker Tool block.
Note: The four sides of the block
may consist of more than four
total faces depending on how the
(CAD) geometry was originally
generated.
a Face
a Face

Apply a gravity inertial load

RMB >Insert>Standard Earth
Gravity to account for weight
(mass) and to accelerate the
Striker downward towards the
Wheel.
In the Details window, change
the Direction in this case to +X
(look at the XYZ Triad to
understand global orientation)

Apply an initial velocity on the Striker.

Change At Rest to Constant Velocity
Use Body Select and pick and >Apply the Striker Part.
Change the Direction Defined By to Components
Enter 10 m/s for X
initial velocity is assigned to the picked Striker but not
the Caster Wheel

Workshop 6A Solution Settings Training Manual
Check on >Analysis Settings in the

Outline Tree
define the analysis settings in the
time domain
Verify 1 for Number of Steps
Verify 1 for Current Step Number
Verify 0.001 for Step end time
Enter 0.0001 for Initial Time Step
Enter 3e-5 for Minimum Time Step
Enter 2e-4 for Maximum Time Step
Solve the Transient analysis.
it may take some hand calculations and/or

trial & error to find values that are appropriate
for the scale and severity of your non-linear
problem.

After the Solution is completed review the results.

Very important in many problems like this
Set Result Scale to 1.0 (True Scale)
>Insert additional solution objects of interest

To get an overall view of the

Dynamic (transient) results step
thru the TimeLine for each result
plot of interest.
Evaluate any objects that have lost
their Green Checkmark (possibly
because the Display time has
changed due to changes in the
Timeline.
Remember to Animate (Play &
Stop) the mode from the Timeline
window.
You can typically rotate the model
during animation too. If time permits, make a note of your results, and
>Insert>Sizing (at the mesh object in the outline)
and enter a smaller Element Size (refer to the
Graphics Ruler). Then >Solve again and compare
results.


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Table of Contents

ANSYS, Inc. Proprietary TOC-1 July 2009

1. Introduction to Dynamics 1-1 5. Random Vibration Analysis 5-1

2. Modal Analysis 2-1 6. Transient Analysis 6-1

ANSYS, Inc. Proprietary 1-1 July 2009

Welcome to the Workbench Dynamics training course!

This training course covers the procedures required to perform

It is intended for novice and experienced users.

A related course is ANSYS Rigid and Flexible Dynamic Analysis,

Several other advanced training courses are available on specific

ANSYS, Inc. Proprietary 1-2 July 2009

By the end of this course, you will be able to use Mechanical to

ANSYS, Inc. Proprietary 1-3 July 2009

The Training Manual you have is an exact copy of the slides.

Workshop descriptions and instructions are included in the

ANSYS, Inc. Proprietary 1-4 July 2009

A. Define dynamic analysis and its purpose.

B. Discuss different types of dynamic analysis available in Workbench

C. Cover some basic concepts and terminology.

D. Review the types of damping available in Workbench Mechanical.

E. Do a sample dynamic analysis exercise.

ANSYS, Inc. Proprietary 1-5 July 2009

A dynamic analysis is a technique used to determine the dynamic

It is an analysis involving time, where the inertia and possibly

Dynamic behavior may be one or more of the following:

ANSYS, Inc. Proprietary 1-6 July 2009

A static analysis might ensure

The famous Tacoma Narrows

ANSYS, Inc. Proprietary 1-7 July 2009

A dynamic analysis usually takes into account one or more of the

Each situation is handled by a specific type of dynamic analysis.

ANSYS, Inc. Proprietary 1-8 July 2009

Consider the following examples:

A modal analysis can be used to determine a structures vibration

ANSYS, Inc. Proprietary 1-9 July 2009

Rotating machines exert steady,

A harmonic-response analysis can

ANSYS, Inc. Proprietary 1-10 July 2009

Spacecraft and aircraft components must withstand random loading of varying

A random-vibration analysis can be used to determine how a component

Skyscrapers, power-plant cooling

A response-spectrum analysis can

ANSYS, Inc. Proprietary 1-12 July 2009

An automobile fender should be able to withstand low-speed impact, but deform

ANSYS, Inc. Proprietary 1-13 July 2009

Choosing the appropriate type of dynamic analysis depends on the type of

Type Input Output

Harmonic sinusoidally-varying excitations sinusoidally-varying response at

Spectrum spectrum representing the maximum response if the model

Random spectrum representing probability response within specified range of

Transient time-varying loads time-varying response

ANSYS, Inc. Proprietary 1-14 July 2009

General equation of motion

ANSYS, Inc. Proprietary 1-15 July 2009

The linear general equation of motion, which will be referred to

Note that this is simply a force balance:

ANSYS, Inc. Proprietary 1-17 July 2009

Generally same geometry and meshing considerations for static

ANSYS, Inc. Proprietary 1-18 July 2009

All other Workbench dynamic analysis types are linear.

ANSYS, Inc. Proprietary 1-19 July 2009

Damping properties [C]

Stiffness (elastic) properties [K]