SUB CODE/NAMES: ME 6301/ENGINEERING THERMODYNAMICS

UNIT I
Basic Concepts And First Law of Thermodynamics
1. What is heat?
2. Prove that Cp-Cv=R.
3. State zerothlaw of thermodynamics. What is its application?
4. What is the convention for positive and negative work?
5. What are the corollaries to the first law of Thermodynamics?
6. What is a PMMI? Why is it impossible?
7. Is it correct to say total heat or heat content of a closed system?
8. Define process and cycle with one example each.
9. Distinguish between heat and temperature.
10. Define a thermodynamic system. Classify the following systems as
open/closed/isolated: (a) Mixture of ice and water in a metal container (b)A
wind mill.
11. Define heat and thermodynamic definition of work.
12. What is the difference between the classical and the statistical approaches
to thermodynamics?
13. What are point and path functions/ Give some examples.
14. Distinguish between stored energies and interaction energies.
15. What is meant by thermodynamic equilibrium?
16. What is the difference between a closed system and an open system?
17. What are intensive and extensive properties?
18. Distinguish between the terms change of state , path and Process.
19. What is the qualitative difference between heat and work?
20. Explain First law of thermodynamics.
21. The Stead-flow process-Explain
22. What is meant by enthalpy?

UNIT II

Second law, Entropy and availability

1. Define the term : (i) Heat engine, (ii) Heat pump, (iii) Refrigerators
2. Deduce the relation between the COP of heat pump and refrigerator.
3. What is meant by thermodynamic temperature scale? How do you device
such scale?
4. Given Kelvin-Planck statement of the second law of thermodynamics.
5. What are processes involved in a Carnot cycle? Sketch the same in P-V and
T-S diagram.
6. Why is the second law of thermodynamics called a directional law of nature?
7. The coefficient of performance (COP) of a heat pump is 5. Find the COP of a
refrigerator of both are reversible devices interacting between same source
temperature and sink temperature.
8. What do you understand by the concept of entropy?
9. What is loss of availability? How is it related to entropy of universe?
10. What is a thermal energy reservoir?
 11. Give Clausius statement of second law of thermodynamics.
12. What is the principle of increase of entropy?
13. What is the difference between a refrigerator and a heat pump?
14. Compare for a reversible and irreversible process between the same end
states.
15. State Clausius inequality.
16. A reversible engine works between the temperature limits of 600K and
300K. Find the efficiency.
17. What is reversibility?
18. A heat engine operates on a Carnot cycle with an efficiency of 75 percent.
What COP
would a refrigerator operation on the same cycle have? The low temperature is
0C.
19. Define Carnot engine.
20. What is a cyclic heat engine?
21. What do you mean by entropy generation?

UNIT III
PURE SUBSTANCES AND STEAM POWER CYCLES

1. Pure substance: The substance which has the homogeneous invariant

chemical mixture throughout it. Ex: air, Mixture of ice water and steam.
2. Phase rule: No. of independent variables associated with a multi component,
multi phase system is given by n = C + 2, Where, n = no of independent
variables, C no. of components, no. of phases present in the
equilibrium.
3. Wet steam : Steam with suspended water particles.
4. Dry steam : Steam without water particles.
5. Dryness fraction: The ration between the mass of dry steam present in the
wet steam.
Mg
X = Mg + Mw Where Mg Mass of the dry steam present in the wet steam, Mw

Mass of the water particles present in the wet steam.

6. Sensible heat of water (or) specific enthalpy of water (hf) : Amount of heat
required to raise the temperature of 1 Kg of water from 00C to saturation
temperature.
7. Latent heat of evaporation(hfg): Amount of heat required to convert 1Kg of
water into steam from and at 1000C
8. Specific enthalpy of wet/ dry/ super heated steam: Amount of heat required
to produce wet/ dry / super heated steam from 1 Kg of water at 00C.
9. External work of evaporation: The work done by the steam due to the
increase in volume when it evaporates.
10. Degree of super heat (or) Heat of super heat: Amount of heat present in the
super heated steam above dry steam. CPS(TSUP- TS)
11. Critical point: Temperature and pressure at which water is directly
converted into dry steam without forming the wet steam. At this point the
latent heat will be zero. PC = 221.4 bar and TC = 374.140C.
12. Why is excessive moisture in steam undesirable in steam turbines?
The moisture present in the steam will corrode and erode the turbine blades.
13. What are the four processes that make up the simple ideal Rankine Cycle?
(i) Constant pressure heat addition, (ii)Isentropic expansion, (iii)Constant
pressure heat rejection, (iv) Isentropic compression.
14. Specific steam consumption: Mass flow rate of steam required to develop
unit power output.
15. Efficiency ratio: The ratio of actual cycle efficiency to the ideal efficiency.
16. Co-generation: Producing both power and heat in power generation cycle.
17. Regenerative Rankine cycle : The Rankine cycle in which the feed water is
heated to saturation temperature by steam extracted(bleeding) from the
turbine before it expands fully.
18. Define quality of steam. What are the methods of determining quality of
steam?
19. Rankine cycle: It is the ideal cycle for power plants.
20. Methods of increasing the efficiency of Rankine cycle : (i) Increasing the
boiler pressure, (ii) decreasing the condenser pressure, (iii) Increasing the
temperature of superheated steam at turbine inlet, (iv) Reheating and
regeneration.
21. Advantages for reheating: (i) Increase in thermal efficiency, (ii) Increase in
work done per kg of steam results in reduced size of the components.
22. Function of feed water heater: Increase the temperature of feed water to
saturation temperature before entering in to the turbine.
23. Effect of reheat in Rankine cycle: (i) Reduces heat supplied in the boiler, (ii)
Increases the turbine work, (iii)Reduces the moisture in the turbine exhaust,
(iv) increases the efficiency of the cycle.
24. What is the effect of regeneration on the cycle efficiency?Ans: Increases
25. Plot the standard Rankine cycle on T-s diagram and label all the processes
assuming the steam to be dry and saturated at the end of expansion.
26. Give the flow and T-s diagrams of the regenerative Rankine cycle with
single open feed water heater.
27. If water is at 65C at I atm. What is the state of water? What is its specific
enthalpy?
28. The water is at 2.5bar and 120CFrom the state of water.
29. Find the enthalpy and entropy of steam when the pressure is 2MPa and
specific volume is 0.09m3/kg.

UNIT IV
Properties of Ideal And Real Gases
1. What are the unique features of vanderwaals equation of state?
2. What is compressibility factor? What does it signify? What is its value for van
der Waals gas at critical point?
3. State the Avagodros law and state its significance.
4. Write the Maxwells questions and its significance.
5. What do you mean by equation of state?
6. State the Daltons law of partial pressure.
7. Have you ever encountered any ideal gas? IF so, where?
8. What is coefficient of expansion?
9. Explain the following terms: (a) Mole fraction (b) Mass fraction.
10. Write the Maxwells equations and also give the basic relations from which
these are derived.
11. What does the Joule- Thomson coefficient represent?
12. In a gas mixture, which component will have the higher partial pressure the
one with the higher mole number or the one with the larger molar mass?
13. Using the definition of mass and mole fractions derive a relation between
them.
14. What is meant by reduced properties?
15. Write down clsusius-Clapeyron equation.
16. What are saturation states?
17. Define Ideal gases.
18. Define Avagadros law.
19. What is meant by compressibility?
20. What is equation of state? State the vander Waals equation for a real gas of
m kg.
21. What is the partial pressure of carbon dioxide in a container that holds 5
moles of carbon dioxide, 3 mole of nitrogen and 1 mole of hydrogen and has
a total pressure of 1.05 atmospheres?

UNIT V
Psychrometry
1. Psychrometry : Study of behavior of moist air
2. Sensible Heating : Increasing the dry bulb temperature at constant specific
humidity.
3. Sensible cooling : Decreasing the dry bulb temperature at constant specific
humidity.
4. Humidification : Increasing the moisture content at constant dry bulb
temperature.
5. Dehumidification : Decreasing the moisture content at constant dry bulb
temperature.
6. Factors affecting human comfort : Temperature, Humidity, Air flow and purity.
7. Specific humidity / humidity ratio : Mass of the water vapour present in the
unit mass of dry air.
8. Relative humidity () : Ratio of vapour pressure in the given air to the
vapour pressure of saturated air at the same temperature. ( = PV/PS)
9. Absolute humidity / vapour density : Mass of water vapour present in the 1m 3
of dry air.
10. Degree of saturation () : Ratio of mass of the water vapour present in the
air to the mass of the water vapour present in the saturated air at the same
temperature. ( = mV/mS)
11. Dry Bulb Temperature (DBT)(td) : Temperature measured by a ordinary
thermometer.
12. Wet Bulb Temperature (WBT)(tw) : Temperature measured by a thermometer
when its bulb is covered with wet cotton wick.
13. Dew point Temperature (DPT) : The temperature at which the moisture in
the air starts condensing.
14. Bypass factor : The ratio of the temperature no achieved and the
temperature drop that could be achieved.
 UNIT I
Basic Concepts And First Law of Thermodynamics
1. Prove that internal energy is a property.
2. In a closed system, air is at a pressure of 1bar, temperature of 300K and volume
of 0.25m3. The system executes the following processes during the completion of
thermodynamic cycle: 1-2; constant pressure cooling of air, 3-1; isothermal
heating to initial state. Determine the change in entropy in each process. Take C v
= 0.718kJ/kgK. R= 287kJ/kgK.
3. 1 Kg of gas at 1.1 bar, 27C is compressed to 6.66bar as per the law pv 1.3=const.
Calculate work and heat transfer, if (a)When the gas is ethane (C 2H6) with molar
mass of 30kg/k mol and Cp of 2.1kJ/kgK. (b)When the gas is argon (Ar) with molar
mass of 40kg/kmol and Cp of 0.52kJ/kgK.
4. Two reversible adiabatic lines cannot intersect. Is this statement true or false?
Justify the answer.
5. In an isentropic flow through nozzle, air flows at the rate of 600kg/hr. At inlet to
the nozzle, pressure is 2MPa and temperature is 127C. The exit pressure is
0.5MPa. Initial air velocity is 300m/s. Determine (i) Exit velocity of air (ii) Inlet
and exit area of nozzle.
6. A centrifugal pump delivers 2750kg of water per minute from initial pressure of
0.8bar absolute to a final pressure of 2.8bar absolute. The suction is 2m below
and the delivery is 5m above the center of pump. If the suction and delivery
pipes are of 15cm and 10cm diameter respectively, make calculation for power
required to run the pump.
7. Blower handles 1kg/sec of air at 293K and consumes a power of 15kW. The inlet
and outlet velocities of air are 100m/s and 150m/s respectively. Find the exit air
temperature, assuming adiabatic conditions. Take Cp of air as 1.005kJ/kgK.
(ii) A room for four persons has two fans, each consuming 0.18kW power and three
100W lamps. Ventilation air at the rate of 0.175kJ/s, determine the rate at which
 heat is to be removed by a room cooler, so that a steady state is maintained in
the room.
(b) (i) One litre of hydrogen at 273K is adiabatically compressed to one half of its
initial volume. Find the change in temperature of the gas, if the ratio of two
specific heats for hydrogen is 1.4.
8. The velocity and enthalpy of fluid at the inlet of a certain nozzles are 50m/s and
2800 kJ/kg respectively. The nozzle is horizontal and insulated so that no heat
transfer takes place from it. Find (i) Velocity of the fluid at exit of the nozzle, (ii)
Mass flow rate, if the area at inlet of nozzle is 0.09m 2, (iii)Exit area of the nozzles,
if the specific volume at the exit of the nozzle is 0.495m3/kg.
9. Derive an expression for the work transfer in an isothermal process.
10. Identify any four reasons for irreversibility in a process.
11. A work done by substance in a reversible non-flow manner is in accordance
with V=(15/p)m3, where p is in bar. Evaluate the work done on or by the system
as pressure increases from 10 to 100 bar. Indicate whether it is a compression
processor expansion process. If the change in internal energy is 500kJ, calculate
the direction and magnitude of heat transfer.
12. Define internal energy and prove that it is a point function.
13. Establish the relationship between the specific heat at constant pressure
and specific heat at constant volume.
14. In a Gas turbine installation, the gases enter the turbine at the rate of
5kg/sec with a velocity of 50m/sec and enthalpy of 400kJ/kg. The loss of heat
from the gases to the surroundings is 25kJ/kg. Assume R=0.285kJ/kgK,
Cp=1.004kJ/kgK, and inlet conditions to be at 100kPa and 27C. Determine the
work done and diameter of the inlet pipe.
15. Apply steady flow energy equation for a nozzle. State the assumptions
made,
16. A gas occupies 0.m3 at 2bar. It executes a cycle consisting of processes 1)
1-2: constant pressure with work interaction of 15kJ.(2)2-3: Compression process
which follows the law pV= constant, and U 3=U2. (3)3-1: constant volume process,
and change in internal energy is 40kJ, Neglect change in KE and PE. Draw pV
diagram for the process and determine network transfer for the cycle. Also show
that first law is obeyed by the cycle.
17. A reciprocating air compressor takes in 2m 3/min air at 0.11MPa, 298K which
it delivers at 1.5MPa, 384K to an after cooler where the air is cooled at constant
pressure to 298K. The power absorbed by the compressor is 4.15kW. Determine
the heat transfer in (i) the compressor (ii)the cooler. State your assumptions.
18. In a turbo machine handling an incompressible fluid with a density of
1000kg/m3 the conditions of the fluid at the rotor entry and exit are as given
Properties Inlet Exit below:
Pressure 1.15MPa 0.05MPa
Velocity 30m/Sec 15.5m/sec
Height above datum 10m 2m

If the volume flow rate of the fluid is 40m 3/s, estimate the net energy transfer
from the fluid as work.

19. A rigid tank containing 0.4m3 of air at 400kPa and 30C is connected by a
valve to a piston cylinder device with zero clearance. The mass of the piston is
such that a pressure of 200kPa is required to raise the piston. The valve is opened
 slightly and air is allowed t flow into the cylinder until the pressure of the tank
drops to 200kPa. During this process, heat is exchanged with the surrounding
such that the entire air remains at 30C at all times. Determine the heat transfer
for this process.
20. The electric heating system used in many houses consists of a simple duct
with resistance wire. Air is heated as it flows over resistance wires. Consider a
15kW electric heating system. Air enters the heating section at 100kPa and 17C
with a volume flow rate of 150m3/min. If heat is lost from the air in the duct to
the surroundings at a rate of 200W, determine the exit temperature of air.
21. Air is compressed by an adiabatic compressor from 100kPa and 12C to a
pressure of 800kPa at a steady rate if 0.2kg/s. If the isentropic efficiency of the
compressor is 80%, determine the exit temperature of air and the required power
input to the compressor.
22. A 200M3 rigid tank initially contains atmospheric air at 100kPa and 300K
and is to be used as a storage vessel for compressed air at 1MPa and 300K.
Compressed air is to be supplied by a compressor that takes in atmospheric air at
p0=100kPa and T0 = 300K. Determine the minimum work required for this
process.
23. A 0.5m3 Vessel contains 10kg refrigerant 134a at - 20C. Determine the
pressure, the total internal energy and the volume occupied by the liquid phase.
24. A rigid tank with a volume of 2.5m3 contains 15kg of saturated liquid
vapour mixture of water at 75C. Now the water is slowly heated. Determine the
temperature at which the liquid in the tank is completely vaporized. Also, show
the processes on T-v diagram with respect to saturation lines.
25. Write the steady flow energy equation applied to flow systems and deduce
to nozzle, steam turbine and centrifugal compressor.
26. A frictionless piston-cylinder device contains 2kg of nitrogen at 100kPa and
300K. Nitrogen is now compressed slowly according to the relation pV1.4= C until
it reaches a final temperature of 360K. Calculate the work input during this
process.
27. A piston-cylinder device operates 1kg of fluid at 20atm. Pressure. The initial
volume is 0.04m3. The fluid is allowed to expand reversibly following the process
pV1.45 = constant so that the volume becomes double. The fluid is then cooled at
constant pressure until the piston comes back to the original position. Keeping
the piston unaltered. Heat is added reversibly to restore it to the initial pressure.
Draw the pV diagram and calculate the work done in the cycle.
28. A fluid having a temperature of 150C and a specific volume of 0.96m3/kg
at its initial state expands at constant pressure, without friction, until the volume
is 1.55m3/kg. Find, for 1kg of fluid, the work the heat transferred, and the final
temperature if the fluid is air.
29. A piston and cylinder machine contains a fluid system which passes
through a complete cycle of four processes. During a cycle, the sum of all heat
transfers is -170kJ. The system completes 100cycles per min. Complete the
following table showing the method for each item, and computes the net rate of
work output in kW.
30. 0.5kg of air is compressed reversibly and adiabatically from 80kPa, 60C to
0.4Mpa, and is then expanded at constant pressure to the original volume. Sketch
these processes on the P-V and T-s planes. Compute the transfer and work for the
whole path.
 UNIT II

Second law, Entropy and availability

1. Establish the inequality of Clausius.
2. Define entropy and prove that it is a property of the system.
3. What are the conditions for reversibility?
4. Derive Clasuius in quality and mention the criteria for reversibility of a cycle
5. Prove that the Kelvin-Plank and Clausius statements of 2 nd law of
thermodynamics are interlinked with each other.
6. State Carnot theorem. Write the assumptions made in the working of Carnot
engine, Draw the P V and T- S diagram, derive the Carnot efficiency of a engine.
7. An inventor claims to have developed a heat engine which absorbs 1500kJ of
heat from a reservoir at 1000K and rejects 600kJ of heat to a reservoir at 600K.
Check whether the claim is acceptable or not.
8. A cyclic heat engine operates between a source temperature of 800C and a sink
temperature of 30C. what is the least rate of heat rejection per kW net output of
the engine?
9. A reversible engine operates between a source at 972C and to sinks, one at 127
C and another at 27 C . The energy rejected is same at both the sinks. What is
the ratio of heat supplied to the heat rejected? Also calculate the efficiency.
10. A reversed Carnot cycle operating as a refrigerator has the refrigerating
capacity of 100 kJ/s while operating between the temperature limits of -20 0C and
350C. Determine (i) power input, (ii) COP, (iii) If the system used for heating
purpose only, find its COP, (iv) what would be the efficiency if it runs as an
engine?
11. Determine the power required to drive a Carnot refrigerator which will
produce 1000 kg/hr of ice between the temperature limits of 27 0C and -40C from
water at 150C. Given that specific heat of ice Si = 1.13 kJ/kg K, latent heat of
fusion Li = 335 kJ/kg and specific heat of water Sw = 4.187kJ/kg K.
12. A heat pump working on a Carnot cycle takes in heat from a reservoir at
5 C and delivers heat to a reservoir at 60 0C. The heat pump is driven by a
0

reversible heat engine which takes in heat from a reservoir at 840 0C and rejects
heat at 600C. The reversible heat engine also drives a machine that absorbs 30
kW. If the heat pump extracts 17 kJ/s from 5 0C reservoir. Determine the rate of
heat supply from 8400C source and the rate of heat rejection to 600C source.
13. Two reversible heat engines A and B are arranged in series. A rejects the
heat to B. A receives 200 kJ at 421 0C from the hot source while B rejects heat to
cold sink at 50C. Work output of A is twice that of B. Find the intermediate
temperature between A and B, efficiency of each engine and heat rejected to the
sink.
14. The interior lighting of refrigerators is provided by incandescent lamps
whose switches are actuated by the opening of the refrigerator door. Consider a
refrigerator whose 40W light bulb remains on continuously as a result of a
malfunction of the switch. If the refrigerator has a coefficient of performance of
1.3 and cost of electricity of the Rs.8per kWh.
15. A Carnot heat engine receives 650kJ of heat from a source of unkno9wn
temperature and rejects 250kJ of it to a sink as 297K. Determine the temperature
of the source and the thermal efficiency of the heat engine.
16. A Carnot heat engine receives heat from a reservoir at 1173K at a rate of
800kJ/min and rejects the waste heat to the ambient air at 300K. The entire work
output of the heat engine is used to drive a refrigerator that removes heat from
the refrigerated space at 268K and transfers it to the same ambient air at 300K.
Determine the maximum rate of heat rejection to the ambient air.A heat engine
operating between two reservoirs at 1000K and 300K is used to drive heat pump
which extracts heat from the reservoir at a rate twice that at which engine rejects
heat to it. If the efficiency of the engine is 40% of the maximum possible and the
coefficient of performance of the heat pump is 50% of the maximum possible,
make calculations for the temperature of the reservoir to which the heat pump
rejects heat. Also work out the rate of heat rejection from the heat pump if the
rate of supply of heat to the engine is 50kW.
17. A reversible heat engine operates between two reservoirs at 820Cand
27C.Engine drives a reversible refrigerator which operates between reservoirs at
temperatures of 27C and -15C. The heat transfer to the engine is 2000kJ.
(1)How much heat is transferred to the refrigerant and also determine the total
heat rejected to the reservoir at 27C. (2)If the efficiency of the heat engine and
COP of the refrigerator are each 40%of their maximum volues, determine heat
transfer to the refrigerator and also heat rejected to the reservoir at 27C.
18. A house hold refrigerator is maintained at a temperature of 275K.every
time the door is opened, warm material is placed inside, introducing an average
of 420kJ,but making only a small change in the temperature of the refrigerator.
The door is opened 20times a day, and the refrigerator operates at 15% of the
ideal COP. The cost of work is Rs.2.50 per kWhr. What is the bill for the month of
April for this refrigerator? The atmosphere is at 303K.
19. A reversible heat engine in a satellite operates between a hot reservoir and
radiating panel at T2. Radiation from the panel is proportional to its area and to
T24. For a given work output and value of T 1 show that the area of the panel will
be minimum when T2/T1=0.75.
20. One kg of air is contained in a piston cylinder assembly at 10bar pressure
and 500K temperature. The piston moves outwards and the air expands to 2bar
pressure and 350K temperature. Determine the maximum work obtainable.
Assume the environmental conditions to be 1bar and 290K. Also make
calculations for the availability in the initial and final states.
21. A heat engine receives reversibly 420kJ/cycle of heat from a source at
327C, and rejects heat reversibly to a sink at 27 C. There are no other heat
transfers, in (i), (ii) and (iii) below, computedQ/T. From these results show
which case is irreversible, reversible and impossible: (i) 210kJ/cycle rejected (ii)
105kJ/cycle rejected (iii) 315 kJ/cycle rejected.
22. 1 kg of ice at -5C is exposed to the atmosphere which is at 20C. The ice
melts and comes into thermal equilibrium with the atmosphere. (a) Determine
the entropy increases of the Universe. (b) What is the minimum amount of work
necessary to convert the water back into ice at -5C? Cp of ice is 2093J/kgK and
the latent heat of fusion of ice is 333.3kJ/kg.
23. Explain the Carnot Heat Engine cycle executed by (i) a stationary system
and (ii) a steady flow system.
24. One kg of ice at 10C is allowed to melt in atmosphere at 30C. The ice
melts and the water so formed rises in temperature to that of atmosphere.
Determine the entropy change of ice, the entropy change of surrounding, and the
entropy changes of Universe and write your comment based on principle of
 increase in entropy. The specific heat of ice is 2kJ/kgK and its latent heat is
335kJ/kg.
25. A fluid undergoes a reversible adiabatic compression from 0.5MPa, 0.2m 3 to
0.05m3 according to the law, pV 1.3=constant. Determine the change in enthalpy,
internal energy and entropy, and the heat transfer and work transfer during the
process.

UNIT III
PURE SUBSTANCES AND STEAM POWER CYCLES

Formation of steam:
1. Draw and explain phase equilibrium diagram for a pure substance on p-T
coordinate. Also indicate different regions on the diagram.
2. Briefly explain the process of super-heated steam formation with the help of T-s
diagram.
3. Draw the P-T diagram of a pure substance and label all the phases and phase
changes.
4. What do you understand by triple point? Explain the terms critical pressure,
critical temperature, and critical volume of water?
5. A rigid tank of .03 m3 capacity contains wet vapour at 80 KPa.If the wet vapour
mass is 12kg. calculate the heat added and the quality of the mixture when the
pressure inside the tank reaches 7MPa.
6. 1kg of steam initially dry saturated at 1.1MPa expands in a cylinder following the
law pv1.13=C. the pressure at the end of expansion is 0.1 MPa. Determine (i) The
final volume, (ii)Final dryness fraction, (iii) Workdone, (iv) The change in internal
energy, (v)The heat transferred.
7. 3kg of steam at 18bar occupy a volume of .2550m 3.During a constant volume
process, the heat rejected is 1320kJ. Determine final internal energy and find
initial dryness and work done.
8. Steam at a pressure of 15 bar and 250C expands according to the law pV1.25=C
to a pressure of 1.5 bar. Evaluate the final conditions, work done, heat transfer
and change in entropy. The mass of the system is 0.8kg.
9. Ten kg of water at 45C is heated at a constant pressure of 10bar until it becomes
superheated vapour at 300C. Find the changes in volume, enthalpy, internal
energy and entropy.
10. A vessel of volume 0.04m3 contains a mixture of saturated water and
saturated steam at a temperature of 150C. The mass of the liquid presents 9kg.
Find the pressure, the mass, the specific volume, the enthalpy, the entropy and
the internal energy.

Rankine Cycle
11. What are the methods for improving the performance of Rankine cycle?
12. Steam at a pressure of 2.5MPa and 500C is expanded in a steam turbine to
a condenser pressure 0.05MPa. Determine for Rankine cycle: (i) The thermal
efficiency of Rankine cycle, (ii) Specific steam consumption. If the steam pressure
is reduced to 1MPa and the temperature is kept same 500C. Determine the
thermal efficiency and the specific steam consumption. Naglect feed pump work.
13. A cycle steam power plant is to be designed for a steam temperature at
turbine inlet of 633K and an exhaust pressure of 8kPa. After isentropic expansion
of steam in the turbine, the moisture content at the turbine exhaust is not to
 exceed 15%. Determine the greatest allowable steam pressure at the turbine
inlet, and calculate the Rankine cycle efficiency for these steam conditions.
Estimate also the mean temperature of heat addition.
14. Consider a steam power plant operating on the ideal Rankine cycle. Steam
enters the turbine at 3MPa and 623K and is condensed in the condenser at a
pressure of 10kPa. Determine (i) the thermal efficiency of this power plant, (ii)the
thermal efficiency, if steam is superheated to 873K instead of 623K, and (iii) the
thermal efficiency, if the boiler pressure is raised to 15MPa while the turbine inlet
temperature is maintained at 873K. GKV,Q89
15. In steam power plant the condition of steam at inlet to the steam generator
is 20 bar and 300C and the condenser pressure is 0.1bar. Two feed water
heaters operate at optimum temperature. Determine; (a) the quality of steam at
turbine exhaust, (b) net work per kg of steam, (c) cycle efficiency and (d) the
steam rate. Neglect the pump work.

Reheat Rankine Cycle:

16. In a reheat steam cycle, the maximum steam temperature is limited to

773K. The condenser pressure is 10kPa and the quality at turbine exhaust is
0.8778 had been no reheat, the exhaust quality would have been 0.7592.
Assuming ideal processes, determine (i) reheat pressure (ii) the boiler pressure
(iii) the cycle efficiency (iv) the steam rate. GKV, Q39
17. Consider a steam engine power plant operating on the ideal reheat Rankine
cycle. Steam enters the high-pressure turbine at 16MPa and 873K and is
condensed in the condenser at a pressure 10kPa. If the moisture content of the
steam at the exit of the low- pressure turbine is not to exceed 10.4Percent,
determine (i)the pressure at which the steam should be reheated and (ii)the
thermal efficiency of the cycle. Assume the steam is reheated to the inlet
temperature of the high-pressure turbine. GKV, Q89
18. Consider a steam power plant that operates on a reheat Rankine cycle and
has a net power output of 80MW.steam enters the high-Pressure turbine at 10MPa
and 500C and the low pressure turbine at 1MPa and 500C. Steam leaves the
condenser as a saturated liquid at a pressure of 10kPa. The isentropic efficiency
of the turbine is 80percent, and that of the pump is 95 percent. Show the cycle
on a T-s diagram with respect to saturation lines, and determine (i) the quality (or
temperature, if superheated) of the steam at the turbine exit, (ii)The thermal
efficiency of the cycle, and (iii)the mass flow rate of the steam.

Regenerative Rankine cycle:

19. Steam enters the turbine at 3 MPa and 400C and is condensed at 10KPa.
Some quantity of steam leaves the turbine at 0.6MPa and enters open feed water
heater. Compute the fraction of the steam extracted per kg of steam and cycle
thermal efficiency.GKV, Q11
20. A steam power plant runs on a single regenerative heating process. The
steam enters the turbine at 30bar and 400C and steam fraction is withdrawn at
5bar. The remaining steam exhausts at 0.10bar to the condenser. Calculate the
efficiency, steam fraction and steam rate of the power plant. Neglect pump work.
GKV, SQ21
21. In a steam power plant the condition of steam at inlet to the turbine is
20bar and 300C and the condenser pressure is 0.1 bar. Two feed water heaters
 operate at optimum temperatures. Determine; (i) the quality of steam at turbine
exhaust, (2) network per kg of steam, (3) cycle efficiency, and (4) the steam
rate. Neglect pump work, GKV,SQ64
22. Consider a steam power plant operating on the diesel regenerative Rankine
cycle with one open feed water heater. Steam enters the turbine at 15MPa and
600C and is condensed in the condenser at a pressure of 10kPa. Some steam
leaves the turbine at a pressure of 1.2MPa and enters the open feed water heater.
Determine the fraction of steam extracted from the turbine and the thermal
efficiency of the cycle.

UNIT IV
Properties of Ideal And Real Gases
1. Write down the Daltons law of partial Pressure and explain its importance.
2. 0.45kg of CO and 1kg of air is contained in a vessel of volume 0.4m 3at 15C . Air
has 23.3% of O2 and 76.7% of N2 by mass Calculate the partial pressure of each
constituent and total pressure in the vessel Molar masses of CO,O 2 and N2 are
28.32 and 28kg/kmol.
3. What is the use of Clapeyron equation? And write it down for liquid-vapour
region.
4. Explain the flow process of a real gas through a throttle value. Derive the
expression for Joule Thomson coefficient and deduce its value for an ideal gas.
5. Derive Tds equation when (i) T and V independent, (ii) T and P independent, (iii)
P and V independent
6. Explain and derive the (i) Jules Thompson co-efficient, (ii) Clausius Clapeyron
equation
7. Derive the Clausius-Clapreyon equation,
8. Derive Maxwells equations.
9. Prove Tds=CvdT +T(p/T)v dv
10. Prove that the total pressure is a sum of partial pressures.
11. A closed vessel has a capacity of 0.5m3. It contains 20% nitrogen and 20%
oxygen 60% carbon dioxide by volume at 20C and 1MPa. Calculate the
molecular mass, gas constant, mass percentages and the mass of mixture.
12. Derive Tds relations in terms of temperature and pressure changes and
temperature and temperature and volume changes.
13. Describe Joule Kelvin effect with the help of T-p diagram.
14. A Vander Waal gas is compressed reversibly at constant temperature from
volume V1toV2.The equation of state is given by P={RT/V-b}-{a/v2). Determine
the work done per mole of the gas.
15. Define a new thermodynamic scale say degree No, in which the freezing
point and boiling point of water are 100N and 300N respectively. Correlate this
temperature scale with centigrade scale.
16. Write a short note on Generalized Compressibility chart.
17. A mixture of ideal gases consists of 2.5kg of N 2 and 4.5kg of CO2 at a
pressure of 4bar and a temperature of 25C. Determine (i) Mole fraction of each
consistuent, (ii)Equivalent molecular weight of the mixture, (iii) Equivalent gas
 constant of the mixture, (iv)The partial pressure and partial volumes, (v) The
volume and density of the mixture.
18. Drive Vander Waals equation in terms of reduce parameters. (ii) Derive Tds
equations taking temperature, volume and temperature, pressure as independent
properties.
19. Using the Clapeyron equation, estimate the value of the enthalpy of
vaporization of refrigerant R-134a at 293K, and compare it with the tabulated
value.
20. Show that the Joule-Thomson coefficient of an ideal gas is zero.
21. Using the cycle relation and the first Maxwell relation, derive the other
three Maxwell relations.
22. A rigid tank contains 2kmol of N2 and 6kmol of CO2 gases at 300K and
15MPa. Estimate the volume of the tank on the basis of (i)The ideal-gas equation
of state, (ii) Compressibility factors and Amagats law, and (iii) Compressibility
factors and Daltons law.
23. An insulated rigid tank is divided into two compartments by a partition. One
compartment contains 7kg of oxygen gas at 40C and 100kPa, and the other
compartment contains 4kg of nitrogen gas at 20C and 150lPa. Now the partition
is removed, and the two gases are allowed to mix. Determine (i) The mixture
temperature and (ii)The mixture pressure ofter equilibrium has been established.
24. Using the ideal-gas equation of state, verify (1) the cycle relation, and
(2)The reciprocity relation at constant?
25. Show that the internal energy of an ideal gas and an incompressible
substance is a function of temperature only, u=u(T), Derive expressions (u/P)T
and (h/v)T in terms of p,v and T only.
26. An insulated rigid tank is divided into two compartments by a partition. One
compartment contains 7kg of oxygen gas at 40C and 100kPa, and the other
compartment contains 4kg of nitrogen gas at 20C and 15kPa. Now the partition
is removed, and the two gases are allowed to mix. Determine. (i) The mixture
temperature (ii) The mixture pressure after equilibrium has been established.
27. Show that for a van der Waals gas.
28. What is Joule-Kelvin coefficient? Why is it Zero for an ideal gas?

UNIT V
Psychrometry
15. Air at 16C and 25% relative humidity passes through a heater and then
through a humidifier to reach final dry bulb temperature of 30C and 50% relative
humidity.Calculate the heat and moisture added to the air. What is the sensible
heat factor?
16. In an adiabatic mixing of two streams, derive the relationship among the
ratio of mass of streams, ratio of enthalpy change and ratio of specific humidity
change.
17. Saturate air at 20C at a rate of 1.167m 3/sec is mixed adiabatically with
the outside air at 35C and 50% relative humidity at a rate of 0.5m3/sec.
Assuming adiabatic mixing condition at I atm, determine specific humidity,
relative humidity, dry bulb temperature and volume flow rate of the mixture.
18. A room 7m x 4m x 4m is occupied by an air water vapour mixture at 38C.
The atmospheric pressure is 1 bar and the relative humidity is 70%. Determine
humidity ratio, dew point temperature mass of dry air and mass of water vapour.
 If the mixture of air-water vapour is further cooled at constant pressure until the
temperature is 10C. Find the amount of water vapour condensed.
19. Air at 20C, 40% RH is mixed adiabatically with air at 40C 40% RH in the
ratio of 1 kg of the former with 2kg of later. Find the final condition of air. Draw
the process in chart also as diagram.
20. In a laboratory test, a sling psychrometer recorded dry dulb and wet bulb
temperatures as 303K and 298K respectively. Calculate (i) vapour pressure (ii)
specific humidity (iv)degree of saturation (v) dew point temperature (vi)enthalpy
of the mixture.
21. 1 kg of air at 313K dry bulb temperature and 50% relative humidity is
mixed with 2kg air at 293K dry bulb temperature and 203K dew point
temperature. Calculate the temperature and specific humidity of the mixture.
22. Describe the adiabatic cooling process and deduce the expression for its
enthalpy.
23. Air at 20C, 40% relative humidity is missed adiabatically with air at 40C,
40% RH in the ratio of 1kg of former with 2kg of latter (ON dry basis). Find the
final condition (humidity and enthalpy) of air.
24. Draw the cooling and dehumidification process and explain Sensible Heat
Factor, Bypass, Factor and effectiveness of coil with respect to it.
25. A stream of air at 101.32kpa, 18C,and a relative humidity of 30% is
flowing at the rate of 14.15m 3/min. a second stream at 101.32kpa. 38C and a
relative humidity of 50% is flowing at the rate of 8.5m3/min. The two streams are
mixed adiabatically to form a third stream at 101.31kPa. Determine the specific
humidity, the relative humidity and the temperature of the third stream.
26. Atmospheric air at 1.0132bar has a DBT of 32C and a WBT of
26C.Compute (i)The partial pressure of water vapour, (ii) The specific humidity,
(iii) the dew point temperature (iv) the relative humidity, (v) the degree of
saturation, (iv) the density of air in the mixture, (vii)the density of vapour in the
mixture and (viii)the enthalpy of the mixture. Use thermodynamic table only.
27. Explain the process of cooling dehumidification of air.
28. 30m3/min of moist air at 15C DBT and 13C WBT are mixed with
12M3/min of moist air at 25C DBT and 18C WBT. Determine DBT and WBT of
the mixture assuming the barometric pressure is one atmosphere.
29. What is the lowest temperature that air can attain in an evaporative cooler,
if it enters at I atmosphere, 302K, and 40 percent relative humidity?
30. Consider a room that contains air at I am, 308K, and 40 Percent relative
humidity. Using the psychrometric chart. Determine: the specific humidity, the
enthalpy, the wet-bulb temperature, the dew-point temperature and the specific
volume of the air.
31. An air conditioning system is to take in outdoor air at 283K and 30Percent
relative humidity at a steady rate of 45m3/min and to condition it to 298K and
60Percent relative humidity. The outdoor air is first heated to 295K in the heating
section and then humidified by the injection of hot steam in the humidifying
section. Assuming the entire process takes place at a pressure of 100kPa,
determine (i)the rate of heat supply in the heating section and (ii) the mass flow
rate of the steam required in the humidifying section.
32. A 5mx5mx3m room contains air at 25 and 100kPa at a relative humidity of
75 %. Determine. (i)The partial pressure of dry air, (ii) The specific humidity, (iii)
The enthalpy per unit mass of the dry air, and (iv) The masses of the dry air and
water vapour in the room.
33. Why does the enthalpy of an air vapour mixture remain constant during an
adiabatic saturation process?
34. Atmospheric air at 1.0132 bar has a DBT of 32C and WBT of 26C.
Compute (a) the partial pressure of water vapour (b) the specific humidity (c) the
dew point temperature (d) the relative humidity (e) the degree of saturation (f)
the density of the air in the mixture, (g) the density of the vapour in the mixture
and (h) the enthalpy of the mixture.
35. Water at 30C flows into a cooling tower at the rate of 1.15kg per kg of air. Air
enters the tower at a dbt of 20C and a relative humidity of 60% and leaves it at
a dbt of 28C and 90% relative humidity. Make-up water is supplied at 20C.
determine (i) The temperature f water leaving the tower, (ii)The fraction of water
evaporated, and (iii)Approach and range of the cooling tower.