PLASTIC ANALYSIS

1.0 OBJECTIVE

To find the form factor

To investigate the load deflect relationship for a beam to the
point of plastic collapse

2.0 LEARNING OUTCOME

Able to apply the structural knowledge in practical application.

To improve the technical efficiency through the laboratory
work.
Able to communicate effectively in team work.
Able to recognize the problem, solving and getting the
solution through experimental work

3.0 INTRODUCTION

During the design process for beams it would not be unreasonable for one to
assume that no part of the beam should experience a stress greater than that allowable
for the working material. However, it can be found that a beam will withstand much
larger forces before collapse than simple elastic theory predict.
In the analysis, as the stress increased further the plasticity spread inwards
until anentire cross section of structure has yield point. At the yield point,
the steel attain itsmaximum possible moment capacity called the plastic moment,
M p. The development of the hinge caused a redistribution enables the structure to
carry more loads after first hingehas formed.
The second plastic hinge forms at the next most critical stage. On further
increasein stress, the bending moments at the section of the two plastic hinges remain
constant attheir plastic moments and it keep increasing until the third plastic hinges
continoues until collapse of structure. Plastic analysis considers the behavior of
structure in plastic limit before the sturcture collpase.

4.0 THEORY
 PLASTIC ANALYSIS
When a beam is bent around the neutral axis, the stress through the
beam section varies with the distance from the neutral axis, form
the greatest att the extreme fibres
( y= maximum) to zero at the neutral axis ( y = 0).

y
(max)

Neutral
y
axis

If the beam is subjected to an increasing bending moment, the

stress will build up through the section to a maximum at the
extreme fibres. This means that although the outer parts of the
beam may well have yielded and are behaving plastically, the inner
parts may still be behaving elastically and resisting load.

If the bending moment continues to increse, the plastic portion will

move further into the beam leaving a smaller elastic core. This
called the partially plastic condition. The beam will continue to resist
the bending moment although with an incresing rate of deflection as
the plastic portion moves further toward the neutral axis. ( See
diagram below )

y
Plastic portion
Neutral axis

y
 PLASTIC ANALYSIS
Eventually the elastic portion will far enough into the beam andthe
beam will be fully plastic. It will form a plastic hinge and be
unable ti resist any further bending moment ( shown below)

y
Neutral axis y

The ratio of the fully plastic bending to the just plastic moment
is call FORM FACTOR. The form factor is entirely dependent on the
shape of the beam and not on the size, material or fixing condition.

FOR CANTILEVER BEAM

4WL
y
bd
Yield stress .equation 1

FOR THE SIMPLY SUPPORTED BEAM

WL
Mp
4
Maximum bending moment, ..
equation 2

Bending moment at yield of the extreme fibre

M y yI y

Mp My
Experiment form factor = where the text book
value is 1.5
 PLASTIC ANALYSIS

5.0 PROCEDURE

Experiment (Simply Supported Beam)

1. The specimen beam was taken and the cross

section was measured using the steel ruler, and then the
second moment of area for the specimen was calculated.

Figure 1 : Placing the specimen beam

2. The clamp plates were ensuring removed and the specimen

beam placed were cross the chucks of the unit.
3. The roller mechanism was pushing outwards to its stop.
4. The pin were put through the load cell fork and winded the
load cell down until the pin just touches the specimen beam
zero both the load cell and the indicator.
 PLASTIC ANALYSIS

Figure 2 : Winding the load

5. Wind the load cell down to cause a measured deflection of

3mm and take a reading of the force required.
6. Continue to wind the load cell down in 3 mm step until there is
no or very little increse in load for each increment of
deflection.

6.0 APPARATUS
 PLASTIC ANALYSIS

7.0 RESULT

Deflection Force
(mm) (N)
0 0
3 218
6 264
9 295
12 326
15 359
18 371
21 394
24 403
27 407
30 412
33 418
36 418
 PLASTIC ANALYSIS
Table 1 : Result for experiment ( Simply Supported
Beam)

8.0 DISCUSSION

1. Plot the graph Force vs Deflection and from your result

comment on the shape of the resulting plot.

From the graph force versus deflection, we can see the graph is
increased steadily. When the value of force increase, the value of
the deflection also increase.

When the value of the deflection is 36mm the value of the force is
418N constant from value before that which is when the deflection
is 33mm, the value of force is also 418N. According to the graph, the
maximum load is 418N when the defelction reaches at 36mm. The
beam will be achieved the collapse load if we continue to do
experiment with the high load.

2. From Table 1, note the collapse load, and using the bending
moment diagram calculate the plastic moment ( Mp).

The maximum deflection is 36mm, when the force reaches to 416N

(L=880mm)
 PLASTIC ANALYSIS
WL
M P=
4

418 N (880 mm)

M P=
4

3
91.96 10 Nmm

M P PL
M P+ =
2 4

3 M P PL
=
2 4

6 MP
P=
L

3
6 (91.96 10 )

880

collapse load
627 N )

3. Using yield stress of 325 Mpa* Calculate the bending

moment (My) to just cause yielding of the extreme fibres.

yI
My=
y

y =325 Mpa

=325N/mm2

b d3
I=
12
8.0 mm ( 8.0 mm )

12
 PLASTIC ANALYSIS
341.33 mm4

325 N
(2
)(341.33 m m4)
mm
My=
4. Calculate the form factor (Mp/My) . Compare to the text book
4
value. y
=27733.06 Nmm
=27.73Nm
MP
form factor= h
MY Y=
2

3
91.96 10 Nmm 8 mm
y=
27733.06 Nmm 2

=4mm
=3.316

Compared to the text book value,

For the rectangular section,

b h 4 /4
S=
b h2 /6

= 1.5

The form factor is 3.316 >1.5

5. Discuss the advantages of considering the extra available

strength duet o the plastic beam theory when designing
structures.

The advantages of considering the extra strength when designing the structures are:

i To determine the collapse load or the ultimate load.

ii To give the additional safety for structures.
iii To reduce the risk of failure to the additional load or calculation error.
 PLASTIC ANALYSIS
iv To prevent the structure from collapse.
v To increase the stability of the structure.

9.0 CONSLUSION

By doing this experiment, we will be able to know about the

relationship of load deflection to the plastics collect which we can
investigate the point of beam may collapse. We can also assumed
that in a plastic analysis the resulting of the strain distribution is
linear about the neutral axis and the resulting of stress distribution
is nonlinear and is dependent on the beams material.

Based on the result, we can conclude that the experimental value

different compare to the theoretical value. It is because the error
that occur during the experiment time happened such as the
condition of the beam, wind which make it diffi cul t to get an
exact data and also the material that used in this experiment such
as the specimen beam. We must use the new specimen when doing
this experiment not the second-hand specimen. When we used the
second specimen, it will affect our finding and result.

10.0 REFERENCES
Structural analysis, second edition (2009), penerbit UTHM
http://syedalirizwan.com/downloads/8.pdf
http://www.docstoc.com/docs/23795556/Plastic-Analysis-of-Beams