1508 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON PLASMA SCIENCE, VOL. 34, NO.

4, AUGUST 2006

Quasi-Optical Mode Converter/Mirror System for a

High-Power Coaxial-Cavity Gyrotron
Jianbo Jin, Bernhard Piosczyk, Manfred Thumm, Fellow, IEEE, Tomasz Rzesnicki, and Shichang Zhang

AbstractThis paper presents the investigation of a mirror

system of a quasi-optical (QO) mode converter for a high-
power coaxial-cavity gyrotron. The mirror system consists of
three mirrors. The first mirror is a quasi-elliptical one. Based
on the KatsenelenbaumSemenov Algorithm (KSA), the second
and the third mirrors are iteratively optimized as adapted phase-
correcting mirrors to transform the outgoing wave beam into a
fundamental Gaussian structure. The investigation shows that the
focal length of the quasi-elliptical mirror has a great influence on
the optimized conversion efficiency, and, hence, it should be chosen
to match the asymptotic beam growth (ABG) angle well in order
to obtain high conversion efficiency. The design of a mirror system
has been performed for a 2 MW, continuous wave (CW), 170 GHz,
and TE34,19 -mode coaxial-cavity gyrotron, which is under de-
velopment at Forschungszentrum Karlsruhe, Germany. Taking
into account the size of the mirrors and the conversion efficiency,
a mirror system has been designed with a conversion efficiency Fig. 1. Geometrical optical description of ray propagation of the TE34,19
of 98.3%. mode in a cylindrical waveguide. (a) Side view. (b) Top view.
Index TermsGyrotron, mirror system, phase correction,
quasi-optical (QO) mode converter. gyrotron cavity modes can be directly converted into a linearly
polarized fundamental Gaussian (TEM0,0 ) mode [1], [2].
The QO mode converter is a proper combination of a specific
I. I NTRODUCTION mode-converting waveguide slot radiator (launcher) together
with a few curved mirrors [3], [4]. The wall of the launcher is
T HE SHORT-WAVELENGTH 0 , high-output power, and
the rotating high-order asymmetric cavity mode of gy-
rotrons have led to the need of quasi-optical (QO) mode con-
deformed to present a focused wave beam at the aperture of the
launcher (so-called Denisov-type launcher [2]). A mirror that
verters. The down conversion of high-order cavity modes with serves to reflect and focus the radiated fields from the launcher
complicated field structure by using conventional waveguide- was studied in [5], [6]. For gyrotrons operated in very high-
mode transducers with highly oversized waveguide diameter is order volume modes, such as TE34,19 at 170 GHz, where the
practically impossible due to the extreme mode competition in ratio of caustic to cavity radius is 0.323, as shown in Fig. 1,
the mode converter. For long-pulse high-power gyrotrons, the the transformation of the cavity mode into a nearly Gaussian
implementation of a QO mode converter allows separating the distribution in the dimple-wall launcher cannot be done as
spent electron beam from the outgoing RF power. The com- good as for the modes of a conventional-cavity 140-GHz
plicated field structure of the rotating high-order asymmetric gyrotron [7][10], a 170-GHz gyrotron [11], and a 110-GHz
gyrotron [12], [13], where the ratio of the caustic to cavity
radius is approximately 0.5. Hence, the field on the cut of the
Manuscript received January 25, 2005; revised April 7, 2006. This work launcher for a TE34,19 -mode gyrotron is relatively strong, and
was supported in part by the European Communities under the Contract of
Association between EURATOM and Forschungszentrum Karlsruhe, in part
the distribution of the radiated fields is more complicated.
by the China University College Ph.D. Foundation under Grant 20020613002, A prototype of the QO mode converter has been designed
and in part by a Ph.D. fellowship of Forschungszentrum Karlsruhe (FZK) and and tested for the TE34,19 mode coaxial-cavity gyrotron at
the Helmholtzgemeinschaft de Forschungszentren (HGF) project VH-FZ-024.
The views and opinions expressed herein do not necessarily reflect those of the
FZK [14]. This converter consists of a dimpled-wall launcher, a
European Commission. quasi-elliptical mirror (a kind of bifocal mirror [5]), a toroidal
J. Jin, B. Piosczyk, and T. Rzesnicki are with the Forschungszentrum mirror, and an adapted mirror with a nonquadratic surface
Karlsruhe, Association EURATOM-FZK, Institut fr Hochleistungsimpuls-
und Mikrowellentechnik (IHM), 76021 Karlsruhe, Germany (e-mail: jianbo. contour for matching the amplitude. An additional adapted
jin@ihm.fzk.de). mirror should correct the phase outside the gyrotron. High-
M. Thumm is with the Forschungszentrum Karlsruhe, Association power measurements show that the scalar correlation coefficient
EURATOM-FZK, Institut fr Hochleistungsimpuls-und Mikrowellentechnik
(IHM), 76021 Karlsruhe, Germany, and also with the Universitt Karlsruhe, of the RF wave beam to the desired fundamental Gaussian
Institut fr Hchstfrequenztechnik und Elektronik (IHE), 76128 Karlsruhe, distribution with beam waist of 25 mm [see (6)] is about 85%
Germany. at the output window; the RF stray radiation inside the tube
S. Zhang is with the Institute of Photoelectronics, Southwest Jiaotong
University, Chengdu 610031, China. is about 9%, which is too large for the stable operation and
Digital Object Identifier 10.1109/TPS.2006.877627 may lead to heating the structure of the gyrotron [14]. To
0093-3813/$20.00 2006 IEEE
JIN et al.: QO MODE CONVERTER/MIRROR SYSTEM FOR A HIGH-POWER COAXIAL-CAVITY GYROTRON 1509

keep the problems with stray radiation in technically acceptable

limits, the following requirements for the QO mode converter
should be satisfied: 1) low diffraction losses inside the tube
(less than 5%) and 2) matching of the output-wave beam to
the HE waveguide mode or the fundamental Gaussian beam
with efficiencies higher than 95% [10]. There are two methods
to enhance the outgoing-wave-beam quality and depress the
stray radiation: The first is to improve the launcher to decrease
the diffraction losses and provide radiated fields with high
Gaussian content; the second is to ameliorate the mirror system
to achieve a high conversion efficiency. This paper presents the
improvement of the mirror system.
In order to improve the transformation of the TE34,19 mode
into a Gaussian distribution, a phase-correcting mirror should
be used as second mirror instead of the toroidal mirror in the
prototype of the QO mode converter. The improved mirror
system for the TE34,19 -mode coaxial-cavity gyrotron consists Fig. 2. Schematic arrangement of the QO RF output system.
of a quasi-elliptical mirror and two adapted phase-correcting
mirrors with nonquadratic-surface-contour functions. Our in-
vestigation shows that in order to transform the complicated
input into a fundamental Gaussian wave beam with the re-
quired asymptotic-beam-growth (ABG) angle 0 = 0 /w0
(w0 represents the beam waist), the focal lengths of the quasi-
elliptical mirror should be well designed for matching this
ABG angle to provide a high conversion efficiency. The error
correction KatsenelenbaumSemenov Algorithm (KSA) [15]
can be used for the synthesis of a particular distribution by Fig. 3. Schematic drawing of the quasi-elliptical mirror.
means of phase correctors. This is now an established method
mental Gaussian beam |u2 | exp(j2 ) as defined in (2)(5) [17].
in gyrotron technology for the formation of a microwave
The correlation includes both the amplitude and the phase.
beam with desired characteristics. It will be shown that the
It should be emphasized that the conversion efficiency v is
improved mirror system for the TE34,19 mode coaxial-cavity
related to the special Gaussian beam as given in (2)(5)
gyrotron can provide a high conversion efficiency of 98.3%


to the desirable fundamental Gaussian mode with a given |u1 | |u2 | exp [j(1 2 )] ds
structure. v = S



This paper is organized as follows. Section II describes |u1 |2 ds |u2 |2 ds
the arrangement of the mirror system in the FZK gyrotron. S S


Section III presents the method for optimization of the phase- |u1 | |u2 | exp [j(2 1 )] ds
S
correcting mirrors. Section IV shows the influence of the focal (1)
1
lengths of the quasi-elliptical mirror on the conversion effi-    
ciency. In Section V, the conversion efficiencies of the RF wave 1 r2 r2
u2 = A0 exp 2
j k0 y+
beam are discussed for different parameters. w(y) w (y) 2R(y)
 
0 (y y0 )
tan1
II. S CHEMATIC A RRANGEMENT OF THE M IRROR S YSTEM w02
(2)
The scheme of the improved mirror system for the 2 MW,   2
continuous wave (CW), 170 GHz, and TE34,19 mode coaxial- 0 (y y0 )
w(y) = w0 1 + (3)
cavity gyrotron at FZK [16] is shown in Fig. 2. It con- w0
sists of three mirrors, where the beginning of the aperture  2 2
of the launcher is set at the origin of the coordinate sys- 1 w0
R(y) = (y y0 ) + (4)
tem. The coordinates (x, y, z) of the centers of the first mir- (y y0 ) 0

ror, the second mirror, the third mirror, and the window r = (x x0 )2 + (z z0 )2 (5)
are (0.0, 100.0, 95.0 mm), (0.0, 70.0, 176.0 mm), (0.0,
130.0, 350.0 mm), and (0.0, 310.0, 350.0 mm), respectively. In the above equations, A0 represents the amplitude; k0 is the
The first mirror (Fig. 3) is a quasi-elliptical one; its focal wavenumber in free space; y0 describes the position of the beam
length L2 has to be well selected in order to obtain a high waist in y-direction, as shown in Fig. 2; the coordinate (x0 , z0 )
conversion efficiency defined by the correlation coefficient denotes the center of the fundamental Gaussian distribution in
v as given in (1). In (1), the output beam field structure xz plane. In our simulation, the coordinate (x0 , y0 , z0 ) is (0.0,
|u1 | exp(j1 ) is correlated with the field of an ideal funda- 310.0, 350.0 mm), which is the center of the output window.
1510 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON PLASMA SCIENCE, VOL. 34, NO. 4, AUGUST 2006

The scalar correlation coefficient s , in which only the am-

plitude is considered, can be written as


|u1 | |u2 |ds
S
S = 

. (6)
|u1 |2 ds |u2 |2 ds
S S

The quasi-elliptical mirror is just used to focus the radiated

wave onto the second mirror. It does not correct the distribution Fig. 4. Principle of the procedure for the numerical optimization of the mirror
system.
of the outgoing wave beam. Taking the wave beam reflected
by the first mirror as the input, the second and third mirrors
should be designed carefully to reduce the content of high-
order modes in the outgoing wave beam and, thus, to achieve a
high conversion efficiency to the desired fundamental Gaussian
mode with a given structure and to decrease the microwave
stray radiation in and outside the gyrotron.

III. M ETHOD FOR THE O PTIMIZATION OF

A DAPTED M IRRORS
Generally, if the wave beam at the aperture of the launcher
is not anymore in the desired Gaussian distribution, then, the
second and the third mirrors are used to correct the amplitude
and phase distributions of the outgoing wave beam in order
Fig. 5. Principle of the phase-correcting mirror.
to achieve a high vector correlation coefficient (amplitude
and phase) to the desirable fundamental Gaussian mode. The is the input field on the phase-correcting mirror. The field
method used in this paper for the optimization of adapted mir- propagated from the mirror to the point r0 is described as
rors with a complicated surface contour (nonquadratic function)

is described in detail in [15]. The procedure of optimization of i
ur (r0 ) = 2 uim (r ) G(r0 r )dx dy (11)
the mirror system is shown in Fig. 4. The reference is an ideal z
fundamental Gaussian (TEM0,0 ) mode with a given structure as S

defined in (2)(5). The principle of the phase-correcting mirrors uim (r ) = u(r ) exp j2k0 z i (r ) cos . (12)
is shown in Fig. 5. The main idea of the KSA is to find the
minimum error The sizes of the second and third mirrors are 400 mm 220 mm
 and 160 mm 160 mm, respectively. In comparison to the
ideal fundamental Gaussian distribution, based on the KSA, the
E= |ug (r0 ) ur (r0 )|2 dx0 dy0 (7)
second and the third mirrors are optimized. In the calculation,
S the mesh size is 0.86 mm 0.86 mm. The phase-correcting
mirrors are iteratively optimized.
where ur (r0 ) is the field distribution of the wave beam at r0
forward propagated from a mirror, and ug (r0 ) is the desired
field distribution. Setting the gradient E = 0, the iteration IV. O PTIMIZATION OF THE Q UASI -E LLIPTICAL M IRROR
formula can be derived as There are two parameters that describe the quasi-elliptical
 mirror: the focal lengths L1 and L2 , as shown in Fig. 3. In our
1
 design, the focal-point A shown in Fig. 3 is set at the origin
z i+1 (r ) = arg j2k0 u(r )q i (r ) cos (8)
2k0 cos 2 of the coordinate system, thus, the wave beam radiated from

i

the aperture will be focused by the quasi-elliptical mirror to the
q (r ) =4 ug (r0)uir (r0) G(r0 r )dx0 dy0 focal-point B. A prototype of a QO mode converter has been
z
S0 designed and integrated inside the TE34,19 mode coaxial-cavity
(9) gyrotron at FZK, where the mirror system is a combination of a
quasi-elliptical mirror with the focal lengths L1 = 100 mm and
exp(jk0 ( r0 r )) L2 = 1200 mm, together with a toroidal mirror and a phase-
G(r0 r ) = . (10)
4| r0 r | correcting mirror with a nonquadratic surface contour [14].
The high-power measurement shows that the scalar correlation
Here, is the angle of incidence, G is the Green function, coefficient s to the desirable fundamental Gaussian mode u2
the superscript represents the complex conjugate, and u(r ) with a beam waist of 25 mm in the window plane is about
JIN et al.: QO MODE CONVERTER/MIRROR SYSTEM FOR A HIGH-POWER COAXIAL-CAVITY GYROTRON 1511

Fig. 6. Conversion efficiency in the window plane.

85%. In order to enhance the conversion efficiency of the output

wave beam into the ideal Gaussian distribution, as given in (2),
a second phase-correcting mirror with a nonquadratic surface
contour is used instead of the middle toroidal mirror in Fig. 2.
The influence of the focal lengths of the quasi-elliptical mirror
on the conversion efficiency is investigated, and, then, the focal
length L2 is optimized. In our simulation, the focal length L1 is
fixed to 100 mm and is equal to the x-coordinate of the center
of the first mirror.
In the procedure for the mirror-system optimization, as
shown in Fig. 4, the initial surfaces of the second and third
mirrors are plane. The optimization of the focal length L2 of the
quasi-elliptical mirror is carried out by changing the value of L2
to match the ABG angle to obtain a high conversion efficiency
to the reference Gaussian distribution (2). The results are shown
in Fig. 6 for the three different values of the focal length L2
equal to 1200, 2100, and 5100 mm, respectively. From that
figure, we can see that, depending on the beam waist w0 , the
focal length L2 may have a strong influence on the conver-
sion efficiency v . In Fig. 6, with a short focal length L2 of
1200 mm, an optimized conversion efficiency of more than
95% can be obtained only for a wave beam with an ABG angle
larger than 3.0 corresponding to a beam waist of 11 mm. This
can explain why the existing mirror system provided a low Fig. 7. (a) Amplitude contour and (b) phase pattern of the input field on the
scalar correlation coefficient of the wave beam of only about second mirror.
85% to the desired ideal fundamental Gaussian distribution
with a beam waist of 25 mm measured at the output window ABG angle can be found by optimizing the second and third
[14]. When the focal length L2 is increased to 2100 mm, high mirrors with different ABG angles. For the second mirror, all
conversion efficiency of more than 95% can be obtained up to the scalar correlation coefficients s could be improved for
a beam waist w0 = 22.4 mm corresponding to an ABG angle all L2 values, whereas the conversion efficiency v could not
of 1.43 . In Fig. 6, the optimized conversion efficiencies, which be enhanced. This means that the second mirror can correct
depend on the beam waist, are also given for the focal length the amplitude distribution only but cannot improve the phase
L2 of 5100 mm. According to the results, a high conversion distribution. Taking the wave beam corrected by the second
efficiency over the largest range of the ABG angles can be mirror as the input, the third mirror is also optimized to provide
obtained with a focal length of 2100 mm. a high conversion efficiency. The results are shown in Fig. 6.
In the case of L2 = 2100 mm, when the ABG angle is larger
than 1.47 , the optimized conversion efficiency is stable at the
V. I NVESTIGATION OF THE ABG A NGLE
value of about 98%. As the beam waist increases to the value of
From the discussion in Section IV, we can conclude that just 22.5 mm, we can see that the optimized conversion efficiency
using a phase-correcting mirror with a nonquadratic surface of the third mirror is decreased to 92.7%. Taking the size of
contour to replace the middle mirror is not enough to provide the mirrors and the conversion efficiency into account, the focal
a high conversion efficiency; there is a great influence of the length L2 of the first mirror of 2100 mm and the ABG angle
ABG angle on the conversion efficiency. The optimum of the of 1.6 are chosen for the high-power 170-GHz TE34,19 mode
1512
Fig. 8. (a) Amplitude contour and (b) phase pattern of the input field on the
third mirror.
coaxial-cavity gyrotron, where the conversion efficiency can be
enhanced to 98.3% in the window plane. The third mirror acts
as a phase-correcting mirror. Figs. 711 present the contours of
amplitude and the patterns of the phase of the outgoing wave
beam with an ABG angle of 1.6 and a focal length L2 of the
quasi-elliptical mirror of 2100 mm. The corresponding beam
waist in the window plane is 20 mm. The power transmission is
determined as the relative power

2
|u| ds
pr = S (13)
pin
where pin corresponds to the input power of the launcher, S is
an aperture, and u is the field distribution on the aperture. In the
window plane, the aperture size is r2 , where r = 50 mm, and
is 440 440 mm2 at other positions.
As described in Section I, due to the ratio of caustic to cavity
radius of 0.323, the transformation of the cavity mode cannot
be done very well to provide a wave beam with high Gaussian
IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON PLASMA SCIENCE, VOL. 34, NO. 4, AUGUST 2006
Fig. 9. (a) Amplitude contour and (b) phase pattern of the field in the window
plane.
contents and low fields on the edges of cuts. The fields radiated
from the launcher are calculated using the scalar diffraction
integral equation. Due to the diffraction and production of stray
radiation, power is lost, and the relative power on the second
mirror is only 94.4%. Such a large loss of power is unacceptable
for a high-power gyrotron (see Section I), and the launcher
for the TE34,19 mode coaxial gyrotron should be improved.
This will be discussed in a separate paper. The input fields on
the second mirror are quite complicated. This can be found in
Fig. 7, which shows the contour of the amplitude and the pattern
of the phase on the second mirror. After the correction by the
second mirror, the amplitude contour and the phase pattern
on the third mirror are shown in Fig. 8. Comparing Fig. 7(a)
with Fig. 8(a), we can see that the amplitude distribution is
rectified, and the scalar Gaussian content is enhanced to 98.8%,
whereas the phase pattern on the third mirror shown in Fig. 8(b)
is still very irregular compared to that in Fig. 7(b). Formed
by the third mirror, both the amplitude contour and the phase
JIN et al.: QO MODE CONVERTER/MIRROR SYSTEM FOR A HIGH-POWER COAXIAL-CAVITY GYROTRON
Fig. 10. (a) Amplitude contour and (b) phase pattern of the field at 300 mm
before the window.
pattern in the window plane shown in Fig. 9 are strongly
improved, and the total conversion and power transmission
efficiencies v and pr are now 98.3% and 92.7%, respectively.
The power transmission of the two phase-correcting mirrors can
be described as the ratio of the power in the window plane to
the power on the second mirror and is 98.2%. The amplitude
contours and phase patterns at 300 mm before and after the
window are given in Figs. 10 and 11, where the conversion
efficiencies are 97.2% and 98.7%, respectively. The conversion
efficiency and the relative power along the path of propaga-
tion are shown in Figs. 12 and 13, where z = 350 mm and
x = 0 mm. From Fig. 12, we can see that the conversion
efficiency on the third mirror is 97.1%, which means that the
high-order modes in the outgoing wave beam are suppressed,
and most of the outgoing wave beam has been converted into
the reference fundamental Gaussian beam mode as defined in
(2); the loss of power after correction is small, as follows out
of Fig. 13. The conversion efficiency v is slightly increased
1513
Fig. 11. (a) Amplitude contour and (b) phase pattern of the field at 300 mm
after the window.
to 98.3% at the output window and 99.0% at 740 mm after the
window due to the loss of high-order modes in the beam wave.
The influence of mechanical accuracy of machining the
phase-correcting mirrors with adapted nonquadratic surface has
been investigated for a curvature radius of the milling tools of
2 mm. The calculation results show that a conversion efficiency
of 95.3% can be achieved with the focal length L2 = 2100 mm
and the beam waist of 20 mm in the window plane. However,
it seems that the taken curvature radius of the milling tools of
2 mm may be somewhat small. The influence of the tolerance
conditions on the performance of the mirror system is under
investigation.
VI. C ONCLUSION
A mirror system designed for a high-power coaxial-cavity
gyrotron has been investigated. The calculation shows that there
1514
Fig. 12. Conversion efficiencies along the path of propagation.
Fig. 13. Relative power along the path of propagation.
is a great influence of the focal length of the first mirror (quasi-
elliptical) on the optimized conversion efficiency defined as
the correlation factor in amplitude and phase with a circular
Gaussian reference beam. The focal lengths of the quasi-
elliptical mirror have been optimized to match the ABG angle.
Based on the KSA, the second and third mirrors are optimized
to correct the phase distribution of the outgoing wave beam. A
three-mirror system has been designed for the 170-GHz TE34,19
mode coaxial-cavity gyrotron. As a reference, a Gaussian beam
with an ABG angle of 1.6 and a corresponding beam waist
of 20 mm has been chosen. The optimized mirror system can
provide a high conversion efficiency of 98.3% to the desirable
fundamental Gaussian mode with a given structure, and the
power transmission of the phase-correcting mirrors is 98.2%.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
The authors would like to thank Prof. E. Borie for the critical
reading of the manuscript.
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Jianbo Jin was born in Guizhou, China, in April
1968. He received the B.S. degree from the Shanghai
Railway Institute, Shanghai, China, in 1989 and the
M.Sci. degree from Southwest Jiaotong University,
Chengdu, China, in 1993. He is currently work-
ing toward the Ph.D. degree at Forschungszentrum
Karlsruhe (FZK), Karlsruhe, Germany.
His research interests include high-power micro-
wave generators, free-electron lasers, and numerical
simulations in electromagnetic engineering.
JIN et al.: QO MODE CONVERTER/MIRROR SYSTEM FOR A HIGH-POWER COAXIAL-CAVITY GYROTRON
Bernhard Piosczyk received the Dipl.Ing. degree
in physics from the Technical University of Berlin,
Berlin, Germany, in 1969 and the Dr.rer.nat. de-
gree from the University of Karlsruhe, Karlsruhe,
Germany, in 1974.
Since 1970, he has been with the Research Cen-
ter Karlsruhe, Forschungszentrum Karlsruhe (FZK),
Karlsruhe. He was initially involved in the field of RF
superconductivity for accelerator application, then,
in the development of continuous wave (CW), high-
current H, and H-ion sources, and, since 1987, he has
been involved in the development of high-power gyrotrons. He is responsible
for the development of the coaxial-cavity gyrotron.
Manfred Thumm (SM94F02) was born in
Magdeburg, Germany, on August 5, 1943. He re-
ceived the Dipl.Phys. and Ph.D. degrees in physics
from University of Tbingen, Tbingen, Germany,
in 1972 and 1976, respectively.
While with the University of Tbingen, he was
involved in the investigation of spin-dependent nu-
clear forces in inelastic neutron scattering. From
1972 to 1975, he was a Postdoctoral Fellow with the
Studienstiftung des deutschen Volkes. In 1976, he
joined the Institute for Plasma Research, Electrical
Engineering Department, Universitt Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany, where he
was involved with RF production and RF heating of toroidal pinch plasmas
for thermonuclear fusion research. From 1982 to 1990, his research activities
were mainly devoted to electromagnetic theory in the areas of component
development for the transmission of very high-power millimeter waves through
overmoded waveguides and of antenna structures for RF plasma heating with
microwaves. In June 1990, he became a Full Professor with the Universitt
Karlsruhe, Institut fr Hchstfrequenztechnik and Elektronik, (IHE), and Head
of the Gyrotron Development and Microwave Technology Division, Insti-
tute for Technical Physics, Forschungszentrum Karlsruhe (FZK), Association
EURATOM-FZK, Institut fr Hochleistungsimpuls-und Mikrowellentechnik
(IHM), Karlsruhe, Germany. Since April 1999, he has been the Director of
the Institute for Pulsed Power and Microwave Technology, FZK, Karlsruhe,
Germany, where his current research projects are the development of high-
power gyrotrons, dielectric vacuum windows, transmission lines and antennas
for nuclear-fusion plasma heating, and industrial-material processing. He has
authored or coauthored three books, ten book chapters, 190 research papers in
scientific journals, and 810 conference proceeding papers. He is the holder of
ten patents on active and passive microwave devices.
Dr. Thumm is Vice Chairman of Chapter 8.6 (Vacuum Electronics and
Displays) of the Information Technical Society of the Verein Deutscher Elek-
trotechniker (VDE) and a member of the German Physical Society. He was the
recipient of the 2000 Kenneth John Button Medal and Prize in recognition of
his outstanding contributions to the science of the electromagnetic spectrum. In
2002, he was also the recipient of the title of Honorary Doctor, presented by
St. Petersburg State Technical University for his outstanding contributions to
the development and applications of vacuum electron devices.
1515
Tomasz Rzesnicki was born in Grudziadz, Poland,
on September 20, 1977. He received the Dipl.Ing.
degree in electrical engineering from the Universitt
Karlsruhe, Karlsruhe, Germany, and also from the
Politechnika Gdanska, Gdanska, Poland, in 2002. He
is currently working toward the Ph.D. degree at the
Forschungszentrum Karlsruhe (FZK), Karlsruhe.
His research concerns the field of development of
high-power gyrotrons.
Shichang Zhang received the degree from Sichuan
University, Chengdu, China, and the M.S. and Ph.D.
degrees in electronic physics from the University
of Electronic Science and Technology of China
(UESTC, formerly the Chengdu Institute of Radio
Engineering), Chengdu, in 1969, 1981, and 1987,
respectively.
From 1970 to 1978, he was an Electronic Engi-
neer with the Zigong Radio Factory, and from 1982
to 1984, he was a Lecturer at the Guilin Institute
of Electronic Technology, China. In May 1987, he
joined the Department of Applied Physics, UESTC, as an Associate Professor,
and, then, in December 1988, he became a Full Professor. Since 1991, he has
been a Full Professor and Chairman of the Department of Applied Physics, and
currently the Director with the Institute of Photoelectronics, Southwest Jiaotong
University, Chengdu. He held visiting positions at the Imperial College London,
London, U.K., and the Research Center of Karlsruhe (formerly the KfK),
Karlsruhe, Germany. He has published over 70 journal papers, authored the
book Introduction to Free-Electron Lasers (Chengdu, China: SWJTU Publish-
ing House, 1993) and coauthored the book Quantum Electronics (Tianjing,
China: Tianjing Publishing House, 1990). His research interests include elec-
tromagnetic theories, free-electron lasers, high-power microwave generators
such as gyrotrons, cyclotron autoresonance masers, relativistic magnetrons,
peniotrons, and orbitrons.
Prof. Zhang is a member of the China Center of Advanced Science and
Technology (World Laboratory), New York Academy of Sciences, American
Physical Society, and American Association for the Advancement of Science.
He received the Sino-British Fellowship Trust Award, in 1990, and the K. C.
Wong Fellowship, in 1994, both from the U.K. Royal Society, the Germany
DAAD Fellowship, in 1995, and the Visiting Fellowship from the U.K. Engi-
neering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EPSRC), in 2003.