Complex Analysis

Mathematics II
Dr. Devendra Kumar

Department of Mathematics
Birla Institute of Technology & Science, Pilani
March 15, 2017
Devendra Kumar BITS, Pilani Mathematics II

Chapter 2
Analytic Functions

Function of a Complex Variable
Function of a complex variable

Let S be a set of complex numbers. Then function f
defined on S is a rule that assigns to each z S , a
complex number w, and we write
f ( z) = w.
The set S is called domain of definition of f .

Suppose that w = u + iv is the value of the function f
at z = x + i y, so that u + iv = f ( x + i y). Thus each of
real number u and v depends on the real variables x
and y i.e.,
f ( z) = u( x, y) + iv( x, y).
Similarly, in the polar form
f ( z) = u( r, ) + iv( r, ).

Examples
f ( z) = z2 = ( x2 y2) + i (2 x y). Here u( x, y) = x2 y2
and v( x, y) = 2 x y.

Examples
and v( x, y) = 2 x y.
f ( z) = e z = e x (cos y + i sin y). Here u( x, y) = e x cos y

and v( x, y) = e x sin y.

Examples
and v( x, y) = 2 x y.
f ( z) = e z = e x (cos y + i sin y). Here u( x, y) = e x cos y

and v( x, y) = e x sin y.
In polar form f ( z) = z2 gives

f ( z) = ( re i )2 = r 2 e2 i = r 2(cos 2 + i sin 2 ).
Here u( r, ) = r 2 cos 2 and v( r, ) = r 2 sin 2 .

Examples
Polynomial function:
f ( z) = a 0 + a 1 z + a 2 z2 + + a n z n ,
where n is zero or a positive integer and
a 0, a 1, . . . , a n are complex constants and a n , 0. The
domain of definition is the entire z-plane.

Examples
Polynomial function:
f ( z) = a 0 + a 1 z + a 2 z2 + + a n z n ,
where n is zero or a positive integer and
a 0, a 1, . . . , a n are complex constants and a n , 0. The
domain of definition is the entire z-plane.
Rational function: the quotients P ( z)/Q ( z) of

polynomials. The domain of definition is
{ z C : Q ( z) , 0}.

Limit
Limit
Let f be a function defined at all points of z in some
deleted nbd of z0, then
lim f ( z) = w0,
z z0
if given > 0, there exists a > 0 such that

| f ( z) w0| < whenever 0 < | z z 0 | < .

That means the point w = f ( z) can be made
arbitrarily close to w0 if we choose the point z close
enough to z0 but distinct from it.

Remark
If lim f ( z) exists, then it is unique.
z z0

Remark
z z0
Example
lim zz does not exist.
z 0

Remark
z z0
Example
z 0
Sol. Along x-axis, we have
z x
lim = lim = 1,
z 0 z x 0 x

Remark
z z0
Example
z 0
z x
lim = lim = 1,
z 0 z x 0 x
and along y-axis, we have
z iy iy
lim = lim = lim = 1,
z 0 z y 0 i y y 0 i y

Remark
z z0
Example
z 0
z x
lim = lim = 1,
z 0 z x 0 x
and along y-axis, we have
z iy iy
lim = lim = lim = 1,
z 0 z y 0 i y y 0 i y
therefore limit does not exit.

z 2
Homework Show that lim does not exist.
z 0 z

z 2
Homework Show that lim does not exist.
z 0 z
Sol. Use two paths test.

Some Theorems on Limits
Theorem 1
Let
f ( z) = u( x, y) + iv( x, y), ( z = x + i y),
and
z0 = x0 + i y0, w0 = u 0 + iv0,
then
lim f ( z) = w0,
z z0
if and only if
lim u( x, y) = u 0 and lim v( x, y) = v0.
( x, y)( x0, y0) ( x, y)( x0, y0)

Theorem 2
Let lim f ( z) = a 0 and lim g( z) = b 0, then
z z0 z z0

Theorem 2
z z0 z z0
lim [ f ( z) g( z)] = a 0 b 0.
z z0

Theorem 2
z z0 z z0
lim [ f ( z) g( z)] = a 0 b 0.
z z0
lim [ f ( z) g( z)] = a 0 b 0.
z z0

Theorem 2
z z0 z z0
lim [ f ( z) g( z)] = a 0 b 0.
z z0
lim [ f ( z) g( z)] = a 0 b 0.
z z0
h i
f ( z)
lim g ( z) = ab0 , provided b 0 , 0.
z z0 0

Point at Infinity
Point at Infinity
The point at infinity is denoted by , and the
complex plane together with is called the extended
complex plane.

Point at Infinity
Point at Infinity
The point at infinity is denoted by , and the
complex plane together with is called the extended
complex plane.
The region
S = { z : | z | > R },
where R is sufficiently large is called a nbd of .

Stereographic Projection and the Riemann Sphere
Stereographic Projection and the Riemann

Sphere
If we identify, via stereographic projection, points in
the complex plane with points in S \{ N } and further
identify with N then we have a bijection between
the extended complex plane C and S . Under this
identification this bijection is called the
stereographic projection and the sphere S is known
as the Riemann sphere.

Stereographic Projection and the Riemann Sphere

Definition of lim f ( z) = f 0
z
Let f ( z) be a complex function of the complex
variable z, and f 0 be a complex constant. If for every
real number , there exists a real number r such that
| f ( z) f 0| < for every | z| > r , then we say that
lim f ( z) = f 0.
z

Definition of lim f ( z) =
z z0
Let f ( z) be a complex function of the complex
variable z, and z0 be a complex constant. If for every
real number , there exists a real number r such that
| f ( z)| > for every | z z0| < r , then we say that
lim f ( z) = .
z z0

Theorem Related to
lim f ( z) = lim f (1z) = 0.
z z0 z z0

Theorem Related to
lim f ( z) = lim f (1z) = 0.
z z0 z z0
1
lim f ( z) = w0 lim f z = w0.
z z 0

Theorem Related to
lim f ( z) = lim f (1z) = 0.
z z0 z z0
1
lim f ( z) = w0 lim f z = w0.
z z 0
lim f ( z) = lim 11 = 0.
z z 0 f z

Continuity
Continuous Function
A function f ( z) is said to be continuous at a point z0
if

Continuity
Continuous Function
if
f ( z0) is defined.

Continuity
Continuous Function
if
f ( z0) is defined.
lim f ( z) exists.
z z0

Continuity
Continuous Function
if
f ( z0) is defined.
lim f ( z) exists.
z z0
lim f ( z) = f ( z0).
z z0

Continuity
Continuous Function
In terms of , notation, a function f ( z) is said to be
continuous at a point z0 if for a given > 0, there is a
> 0, such that
| f ( z ) f ( z 0 )| < whenever | z z 0 | < .

Continuity
Continuous Function
In terms of , notation, a function f ( z) is said to be
continuous at a point z0 if for a given > 0, there is a
> 0, such that
| f ( z ) f ( z 0 )| < whenever | z z 0 | < .
A function f ( z) is said to be continuous in a region R
if it is continuous at all the points of the region R .

Some Results on Continuity
Theorem 1.
A composition of continuous functions is itself
continuous.

Theorem 1.
A composition of continuous functions is itself
continuous.
Theorem 2.
f ( z) = u( x, y) + iv( x, y) is continuous iff both u( x, y)
and v( x, y) are continuous.

Theorem 3.
If f ( z) and g( z) are continuous, then

Theorem 3.
f ( z) g( z),

Theorem 3.
f ( z) g( z),
f ( z) g( z), and

Theorem 3.
f ( z) g( z),
f ( z) g( z), and
f ( z)
g ( z) , g( z) , 0,
all are continuous.

Theorem 4.
Let f ( z) is continuous at z0 and f ( z0) , 0. Then
f ( z) , 0 throughout in some nbd of z0.

Theorem 4.
Let f ( z) is continuous at z0 and f ( z0) , 0. Then
f ( z) , 0 throughout in some nbd of z0.
Proof. Since f ( z) is continuous at z0, therefore for
each > 0, there is a > 0 such that
| f ( z ) f ( z 0 )| < whenever 0 < | z z 0 | < . (1)
Equation (1) is valid for all , so in particular it holds
| f ( z )|
for = 2 0 .

Then there exists > 0 such that when 0 < | z z0| <
| f ( z 0 )|
| f ( z ) f ( z 0 )| < .
2

Then there exists > 0 such that when 0 < | z z0| <
| f ( z 0 )|
| f ( z ) f ( z 0 )| < .
2
| f ( z )|
If f ( z) = 0 in some nbd of z0, then | f ( z0)| < 2 0 ,
which is a contradiction. Therefore, we must have
f ( z) , 0 for all z in some nbd of z0.

Theorem 5.
Every continuous function in a closed and bounded
region R is bounded i.e.,
| f ( z)| M for all z R.

Examples
Discuss the continuity of f ( z) = 1Re z
+| z| at z = 0.

Examples
+| z| at z = 0.
Sol. We have f (0) = 0. Now
x
lim f ( z) = lim p = 0 = f (0).
z 0 ( x, y)(0,0) 1 + x2 + y2
Therefore f ( z) is continuous at 0.

Examples
+| z| at z = 0.
x
lim f ( z) = lim p = 0 = f (0).
z 0 ( x, y)(0,0) 1 + x2 + y2
Discuss the continuity of f ( z) = Rez z at z = 0.

Examples
+| z| at z = 0.
x
lim f ( z) = lim p = 0 = f (0).
z 0 ( x, y)(0,0) 1 + x2 + y2
Discuss the continuity of f ( z) = Rez z at z = 0.

Sol. Since f (0) is not defined, therefore f ( z) is not
continuous at 0.

Derivatives
Differentiable Function
Let f be a function defined on S containing N ( z0). If
f ( z ) f ( z 0)
lim ,
z z0 z z0
or equivalently
f ( z0 + z ) f ( z0)
lim ,
z 0 z
exists then we say f is differentiable at z0 and the
value of the limit denoted by f ( z0) is the derivative
of f at z0.

Thus
f ( z ) f ( z 0)
f ( z0) = lim ,
z z0 z z0

Thus
f ( z ) f ( z 0)
f ( z0) = lim ,
z z0 z z0
or
f ( z0 + z ) f ( z0)
f ( z0) = lim .
z 0 z

Example
If f ( z) = z2 + 2, then show that f ( z0) = 2 z0.

Example
If f ( z) = z2 + 2, then show that f ( z0) = 2 z0.
Sol. We have
f ( z ) f ( z 0) ( z2 + 2) ( z02 + 2)
lim = lim
z z0 z z0 z z0 z z0
= lim ( z + z0)
z z0
= 2 z0 .
Thus f ( z0) = 2 z0.

Differentiability implies continuity
If f is differentiable at z0 then f is continuous at z0.

Differentiability implies continuity
If f is differentiable at z0 then f is continuous at z0.
Proof.
We can write
lim [ f ( z) f ( z0)]
z z0

f ( z ) f ( z 0)
= lim .( z z0)
z z0
z z0
f ( z ) f ( z 0)
= lim . lim ( z z0)
z z0 z z0 z z0
= f ( z0).0 = 0.
Thus lim z z0 f ( z) = f ( z0). Hence f is continuous at
z0 .

Complex Analysis

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Complex Analysis

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Mathematics II

Dr. Devendra Kumar

Devendra Kumar BITS, Pilani Mathematics II

Devendra Kumar BITS, Pilani Mathematics II

Function of a complex variable

Devendra Kumar BITS, Pilani Mathematics II

Devendra Kumar BITS, Pilani Mathematics II

Devendra Kumar BITS, Pilani Mathematics II

f ( z) = e z = e x (cos y + i sin y). Here u( x, y) = e x cos y

Devendra Kumar BITS, Pilani Mathematics II

f ( z) = e z = e x (cos y + i sin y). Here u( x, y) = e x cos y

In polar form f ( z) = z2 gives

Devendra Kumar BITS, Pilani Mathematics II

Devendra Kumar BITS, Pilani Mathematics II

Rational function: the quotients P ( z)/Q ( z) of

Devendra Kumar BITS, Pilani Mathematics II

if given > 0, there exists a > 0 such that

Devendra Kumar BITS, Pilani Mathematics II

Devendra Kumar BITS, Pilani Mathematics II

Devendra Kumar BITS, Pilani Mathematics II

Devendra Kumar BITS, Pilani Mathematics II

Devendra Kumar BITS, Pilani Mathematics II

Devendra Kumar BITS, Pilani Mathematics II

therefore limit does not exit.

Devendra Kumar BITS, Pilani Mathematics II

Devendra Kumar BITS, Pilani Mathematics II

Devendra Kumar BITS, Pilani Mathematics II

Devendra Kumar BITS, Pilani Mathematics II

Devendra Kumar BITS, Pilani Mathematics II

Devendra Kumar BITS, Pilani Mathematics II

Devendra Kumar BITS, Pilani Mathematics II

Devendra Kumar BITS, Pilani Mathematics II

Devendra Kumar BITS, Pilani Mathematics II

Stereographic Projection and the Riemann

Devendra Kumar BITS, Pilani Mathematics II

Devendra Kumar BITS, Pilani Mathematics II

Devendra Kumar BITS, Pilani Mathematics II

Devendra Kumar BITS, Pilani Mathematics II

Devendra Kumar BITS, Pilani Mathematics II

Devendra Kumar BITS, Pilani Mathematics II

Devendra Kumar BITS, Pilani Mathematics II

Devendra Kumar BITS, Pilani Mathematics II

Devendra Kumar BITS, Pilani Mathematics II

Devendra Kumar BITS, Pilani Mathematics II

Devendra Kumar BITS, Pilani Mathematics II

Devendra Kumar BITS, Pilani Mathematics II

Devendra Kumar BITS, Pilani Mathematics II

Devendra Kumar BITS, Pilani Mathematics II

Devendra Kumar BITS, Pilani Mathematics II

Devendra Kumar BITS, Pilani Mathematics II

Devendra Kumar BITS, Pilani Mathematics II

Devendra Kumar BITS, Pilani Mathematics II

all are continuous.

Devendra Kumar BITS, Pilani Mathematics II

Devendra Kumar BITS, Pilani Mathematics II

Devendra Kumar BITS, Pilani Mathematics II

Devendra Kumar BITS, Pilani Mathematics II

Devendra Kumar BITS, Pilani Mathematics II

Devendra Kumar BITS, Pilani Mathematics II

Devendra Kumar BITS, Pilani Mathematics II

Devendra Kumar BITS, Pilani Mathematics II

Discuss the continuity of f ( z) = Rez z at z = 0.

Devendra Kumar BITS, Pilani Mathematics II

Discuss the continuity of f ( z) = Rez z at z = 0.