Catena 107 (2013) 4656

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Catena
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The erubz volcanic soil of Hungary: Mineralogy and classication

Balzs Madarsz a,, Tibor Nmeth b, Gergely Jakab a, Zoltn Szalai a
a
Geographical Institute, Research Centre for Astronomy and Earth Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, 45. Budarsi St., Budapest, Hungary
b
Institute for Geological and Geochemical Research, Research Centre for Astronomy and Earth Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, 45. Budarsi St., Budapest, Hungary

a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t

Article history: In this study the erubz soil, a shallow soil inuenced by volcanic parent rocks is examined with special
Received 18 October 2011 emphasis on its clay content and clay-mineral-composition. Fifteen proles at seven study areas and with
Received in revised form 28 January 2013 four different parent material types are analysed. Bulk soil mineralogical and clay-mineralogical properties
Accepted 4 February 2013
are examined by X-ray diffractometry (XRD). According to the mineralogical analysis the presence of the un-
stable mac silicates indicates that the composition of the parent rock is still well reected in the examined
Keywords:
Volcanic soil
soil proles. Illite is the most common clay mineral followed by kaolinite and smectite. Kaolinite and illite
Classication contain ca. 1520% and 10% interlayered of smectite, respectively. Poor crystallisation and composition of
X-ray diffractometry secondary minerals suggest that these soils are in an early stage of their pedogenic evolution, but are more
Phaeozems developed than the typical Andosols. Presence of opal-C and cristobalite in the andesitic samples is characteristic.
Andosols Our study revealed that the erubz soil type is not as homogeneous as it was suggested before. According to
our analysis, mainly on the basis of their mineralogy, these soils can be divided into two well-dened groups.
These two groups (erubz soils formed on intermediate-acidic and on basic lithology) can be regarded as
subtypes of the erubz soil type. Moreover, two varieties (black and brown), mostly based on colour and
SOM content, are distinguished. In these varieties the conditions of the decomposition of organic material
are very different due to the moisture content, temperature and pH-conditions of the soil.
The studied soil proles were included into the WRB-system. On the basis of threshold-values of their diagnostic
horizons, the studied proles did not full the criteria of the Andosol group and were inserted into the assem-
blage of Phaeozems.
2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

1. Introduction
In the Hungarian genetic soil classication system the shallow soil
type inuenced by the volcanic parent rock is called erubz. This
name was created by the amalgamation of the attributes eruptive
and basic, which refers to the typical occurrence of this soil on
basic volcanic rocks (however, it occurs on intermediate and acidic
rocks as well). It was utilised rst by HoyningenHuehne (1931) and
Kubina (1953). In Hungary the name erubz was adapted when
the basis of the Hungarian soil classication system was created
(Stefanovits, 1951, 1956, 1959; Stefanovits and Szcs, 1961).
According to the former denition (Agrotopo, 1982; Stefanovits
and Szcs, 1961) the smectite group is the predominant clay mineral
of the erubz soils. There are signicant differences between the
properties of the smectites and illites (Vaughan and Wogelins, 2000;
White, 2006). Contrary to illites, smectites have signicant cation ex-
change, expansion and adhesion capacity. These features inuence
substantially the soil physical properties.
Despite the detailed soil studies of the last decade (Barczi, 2000;
Fehr, 2007; Fehr et al., 2006; Madarsz, 2009; Michli et al., 2006),
Corresponding author. Tel./fax: +36 13092686.
E-mail address: madarasz.balazs@csfk.mta.hu (B. Madarsz).
this soil type remained one of the least studied and most neglected
soils. Formerly no subtypes and varieties were distinguished within
the erubz soil type. The present tendency to reconsider national and
international soil classication systems brings about new requirements
on the recognition of soil-genetic processes and their evaluation. In the
World Reference Base for Soil Resources (WRB, 2006) the volcanic soils
form the so called Andosols reference group. Several studies recognised
Andosols on older volcanic material recently (Kleber and Jahn, 2007;
Kleber et al., 2004; Quantin, 2004, 2007). Besides, numerous studies
identied Andosols in the inner volcanic arc of the Carpathians (Fehr,
2007; Fleky et al., 2006; Jakab et al., 2004; Jurani, 2002; Jurni and
Blackovi, 2007; Perepelita et al., 1986).
Secondary minerals in typical Andosols are generally non-crystalline
or poorly crystalline. The most characteristic secondary minerals formed
in volcanic ash soils are imogolite and allophane. These nano-crystalline
phases are intermediate products in the usual weathering sequence
volcanic glass allophane kaolinite and other 2:1 clay minerals,
which is the most characteristic mineral transformation in volcanic
soils (Ping, 2000).
Our study aims at a detailed eld and laboratory examination of
this barely known soil type. We analyse several soil proles from dif-
ferent locations, with special emphasis on their clay mineral content,
which is crucial concerning soil characteristics. We dene types and

0341-8162/$ see front matter 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.catena.2013.02.004
 B. Madarsz et al. / Catena 107 (2013) 4656 47

subtypes of the erubz soil group. Finally, on the basis of these data
we show whether this soil formed on volcanic material may be clas-
sied into the Andosol or into another reference group of the WRB.
Madarsz (2010) deals with the problematic WRB classication of
the erubz soils, thus detailed description of this procedure is out of
the scope of this study. Here we aim at presenting the result of the
WRB classication of each prole.
2. The studied area
2.1. Volcanic rocks in Hungary and location of erubz soils
Volcanism had a special role in the MiocenePliocene evolution of
the Pannonian Basin. Volcanic rocks occur in a more or less continuous
arch following the inner side of the Carpathian mountain chain, but they
occur in small patches in most of the area of the basin system (Kartson,
1997, 2007; Martin and Nmeth, 2004; Szab et al., 1992).
The volcanism was triggered by the Neogene subduction zone de-
veloped along the Carpathians. Two main types of the volcanism are
distinguished: (1) the calcalkaline volcanism can be directly connected
to the subduction (North Hungarian Mountain Range, NHM) and
(2) the alkalibasaltic volcanism, which occurred in the back-arc region
of the subduction zone (Balaton Highland, BH; Fig. 1). The calcalcaline
volcanism is divided into two types: acidic and intermediate (Szakcs
and Kartson, 2002). Today, the formerly extensive volcanic elds are
restricted to smaller areas due to subsequent erosion and sedimentary
cover (Csontos and Vrs, 2002; Kartson, 1999; Pcsi, 1993; Szkely,
1997). Accordingly, erubz soils occur in small spots in forested, hilly re-
gions in a mosaic-like pattern on a large variety of volcanic rocks dis-
persed throughout the country. These areas are mostly unsuitable for
agriculture, thus they were out of the focus of soil research of the last
century.
2.2. Climate and environment of the study area
In general, the climatic conditions are controlled by elevation and
topography. The NHM (2001000 m asl.) belong to the humid conti-
nental climate zone. The mean annual temperature is around 9.3 C
in the lower region and 67 C in the higher zone. The mean annual
precipitation varies between 600 and 900 mm (Dvnyi, 2010). On
the territory of the BH (150500 m asl.) the climate is mild, with a
mean annual temperature of 1010.5 C and mean annual precipita-
tion of 600700 mm (Dvnyi, 2010).
Soil temperature regime at the study sites is Mesic. Soil moisture
regime in the NHM is Ustic. In the BH it is dominantly Ustic, however,
on the southern slopes it shows elements of Xeric moisture regime,
which is related to the Mediterranean climatic inuence. Extreme mi-
croclimatic conditions are controlling soil formation: in summer erubz
soils dry out, in winter they are frozen. This microclimate is reected by
the vegetation. Erubz soils occur under forested areas, mostly under
oak and beech forests at higher elevations and at lower altitudes under
closed meadow patched in otherwise forested areas.

Fig. 1. Location of the sampled soil proles. NH1. Brzsny 1, NH2 Brzsny 2, NH3 Brzsny 3, NH4. Kesers-Hill., NH5. reg-Pap-Hill, NH6. Markaz, NH7. Domoszl, NH8.
Andornaktlya, NH9. Tokaj-Hill, NH10. Tolcsva, BH1. Szent-Gyrgy-Hill, BH2. Badacsony, BH3. Csobnc, BH4. Fekete-Hill, BH5. Tihany.
48 B. Madarsz et al. / Catena 107 (2013) 4656

3. Materials and methods
3.1. Sample sites
Fifteen soil proles were selected to represent all varieties of parent
rocks of the erubz soils (Fig. 1). Miocene andesite and ignimbrite was
the parent rock of the samples from the NHM: NH1NH10 in Table 1
and Fig. 1. Soil proles developed on Pliocene basalt and basalt tuff
were sampled in the BH (BH1BH5 in Table 1 and Fig. 1). Most of the
soil proles were located on the higher, undisturbed and forest-covered
regions of the volcanic hills. Nevertheless, three proles (NH6, NH7,
NH8) were situated at the edge vineyards abandoned for 5 years.
3.2. Laboratory methods
The colour of the samples was identied by the Munsell colour
scale in dry and wet state. CaCO3 content of the samples was mea-
sured by the Scheibler gas-volumetric method and soil pH (pH [H2O];
pH [KCl]) was determined by the potentiometric method (Buzs,
1988, 1993). The bulk density was determined on undisturbed core
samples of known volume using a drying oven (Buzs, 1988, 1993).
Particle size distribution was determined by the laser diffractometry
method after the oxidation of organic matter with H2O2 (Buurman et
al., 1996). Exchangeable cation determination was done by Mehlich-
method (Mehlich, 1953). Base saturation was estimated following
Beery and Wilding (1971). Inorganic carbon content of the samples
was determined by using NDIR spectrometry by Tekmar-Dohrman
9000 N. The Soil Organic Matter (SOM) content was calculated according
to the equation SOM% = Total Organic Carbon% 1.72 (Stefanovits et
al., 1999). Pedogenic Fed- and Ald-components were extracted using
sodiumdithionite solution (Mehra and Jackson, 1960).
Components of amorphous and weakly crystallised oxides (Alo,
Feo, Sio) were dissolved using ammoniumoxalate (Schwertmann,
1964). Alp- and Fep-content attached to the organic phase of the soil
was assessed by a solution created by pyrophosphate-selective ex-
traction (Blakemore et al., 1987). The Fe-, Al- and Si-contents were
selectively dissolved and determined using atomic adsorption spec-
trophotometer (AAS).
3.3. Bulk soil mineralogical and clay-mineralogical analysis
Eighteen samples taken from 8 proles were utilised for the anal-
ysis of soil mineralogy (NH1, 2, 3, 6, 7, BH1, 3, 4). We analysed clay
mineralogy of 11 soil proles (NH1, 2, 3, 6, 7, 9, BH1-5) on 27 samples
altogether. Mineral composition of the soil samples was determined by
X-ray diffraction (XRD) performed on a Philips PW-1730 diffractometer
using CuK radiation (applying an acceleration voltage of 45 kV, and
a tube current of 35 mA), at a data collection speed of 1 s/0.05 2.
The mineral composition of the bulk soil was determined on random-
powdered samples by semi-quantitative phase analysis according to
the modied direct method of Brdossy et al. (1980). Clay fraction
(b2 m) of the soil samples was separated by sedimentation. Clay min-
erals were identied by XRD diagrams obtained from parallel-oriented
specimens. Swelling clay minerals were diagnosed by ethylene glycol
solvation. Smectite was differentiated from vermiculite by Mg saturation
followed by glycerol solvation, and by estimating the layer charge by K
saturation. Heating at 350 and 550 C was used to chloritekaolinite
differentiation and to detect hydroxy-interlayering. The Green-Kelly
(1953) test (Li saturation) was used to distinguish between montmo-
rillonite and beidellite.
Clay mineralogy of three samples (NH9, BH2, BH9) were studied
in Halle (Institut fr Bodenkunde und Panzenernhrung) by a Siemens
D5005 diffractometer using CuK radiation at 40 kV and 30 mA.
The semi-quantitative mineral composition of the clay fraction
was determined by the method of Tributh (1991) using Gjems (1967)
and Laves and Jhn (1972) intensity factors.
3.4. Data processing
The World Reference Base for Soil Resources (2006) guidebook
was used for the WRB classication of the proles. Groups of different
types of the erubz soils were created using cluster-analysis with the
SPSS program. For the classication of the soil proles, a hierarchic
cluster-analysis was done by the nearest neighbour method. Squared
Euclidean Distance and Z score standardizing were applied for the
measurements. After Z score standardizing, a non-hierarchic K-Means
Cluster-analysis was performed by 2 cluster setting (Sajtos and Mitev,
2007).
4. Results
4.1. Prole morphology
Parent material of the studied erubz soils was basalt, basalt tuff,
andesite and loose ignimbrite. Depth of the proles was less than
5060 cm regardless of the underlying lithology.
The morphology of the proles developed on basalt, basalt tuff
and andesite was quite uniform. Their A-horizon could be divided in
an upper part (Ah1) with a dense network of very ne roots, it is loose
with a high porosity and it contains only a few small size weathered
rock fragments. Its bulk density is somewhat below 1 g/cm 3. The
lower Ah2 horizon is more compacted, contains less very ne roots

Table 1
Description of the sample locations.

Prole Location Coordinate Parent material Altitude Aspect Slope gradient

(asl)
N E %

NH1 Brzsny 47 56 42 18 56 37 Andesite 833 0

NH2 Brzsny 47 56 40 18 56 42 Andesite 798 SE 20
NH3 Brzsny 47 56 56 18 56 55 Andesite 932 ESE 25
NH4 Visegrd Mts. 47 44 07 18 55 20 Andesite 620 01
NH5 Visegrd Mts. 47 44 39 18 58 32 Andesite 560 12
NH6 Mtra 47 49 36 20 04 07 Andesite 227 S 25
NH7 Mtra 47 49 38 20 06 23 Andesite 215 S 25
NH8 Bkk 47 51 22 20 24 49 Ignimbrite 219 NNW 510
NH9 Zempln Mts. 48 07 16 21 22 46 Andesite 482 W 10
NH10 Zempln Mts. 48 16 22 21 22 25 Ignimbrite 308 ESE 10
BH1 Szt. Gyrgy Hill 46 50 28 17 26 53 Basalt 414 SE 12
BH2 Badacsony Hill 46 48 00 17 29 46 Basalt 420 S 510
BH3 Csobnc Hill 46 52 19 17 30 16 Basalt 370 12
BH4 Fekete Hill 46 54 13 17 35 39 Basalt 359 SW 01
BH5 Tihany Peninsula 46 54 33 17 51 23 Basalt piroklastit 162 SE 25
 B. Madarsz et al. / Catena 107 (2013) 4656 49

Table 2
Selected physical and chemical properties of the pedons under study.

Prole Horizon Depth pH SOM C/N CaCO3 Bulk density Fine earth Sand Clay BS Exchangeable cations
cmol(+) kg1

cm H2O KCl % % % g cm3 % % % Ca Mg K Na

NH1 Ah1 025 5.60 4.60 13.01 14.93 0.00 0.98 83.05 65.02 17.47 64 nd nd nd nd
Ah2 2532 6.00 4.70 9.84 9.83 0.00 1.02 62.23 61.67 19.41 71 nd nd nd nd
NH2 Ah1 020 5.70 4.50 5.61 10.20 0.00 0.97 86.19 57.75 22.70 66 nd nd nd nd
Ah2 2040 6.30 5.20 3.08 8.57 0.00 1.00 73.48 51.58 26.17 76 nd nd nd nd
NH3 Ah1 520 5.60 4.80 12.61 13.83 0.00 0.98 85.02 57.92 21.77 64 nd nd nd nd
Ah2 2040 6.00 4.90 7.56 9.03 0.00 1.05 70.98 51.48 25.57 71 nd nd nd nd
NH4 Ah1 020 5.90 4.65 5.36 15.65 0.00 0.97 96.85 63.12 19.56 69 nd nd nd nd
Ah2 2040 6.00 4.74 2.92 9.12 0.00 1.03 81.56 60.01 21.72 71 nd nd nd nd
NH5 Ah1 016 5.43 4.52 8.26 17.23 0.00 0.99 91.64 59.32 20.47 62 nd nd nd nd
Ah2 1634 5.66 4.77 3.93 9.86 0.00 1.05 79.23 54.85 24.68 65 nd nd nd nd
NH6 Ah1 08 7.60 6.15 2.43 9.48 1.70 nd 75.32 35.33 22.51 97 11.05 7.24 1.99 0.90
Ah2 815 7.42 6.12 2.12 9.93 0.00 nd 70.03 32.98 44.11 94 9.57 6.94 1.73 0.84
AC 1522 7.59 6.26 2.48 10.14 0.00 nd 59.64 25.54 48.92 97 9.57 5.82 1.60 0.90
NH7 Ah1 020/25 6.43 5.37 4.37 12.25 0.00 nd 81.43 34.29 22.87 78 9.90 9.59 0.92 0.73
Ah2 20/2555 6.80 5.47 2.92 11.24 0.00 nd 73.91 32.64 44.89 84 12.72 11.83 0.52 0.92
AC 55+ 6.90 5.90 0.31 5.34 0.00 nd 32.85 36.48 42.02 86 18.32 19.88 0.43 1.73
NH8 Ah 525 6.29 5.72 1.87 nd 0.00 1.09 nd 32.78 17.62 76 nd nd nd nd
AC 2544 6.56 5.41 0.52 nd 0.00 0.88 nd 70.80 2.35 80 nd nd nd nd
C 44+ 6.65 5.20 0.21 nd 0.00 nd nd 81.48 0.06 82 nd nd nd nd
NH9 Ah1 012/20 5.14 4.57 7.81 11.70 0.00 0.97 90.47 7.00 25.00 57 13.17 0.08 0.69 0.09
Ah2 12/2045 5.34 4.74 6.62 12.00 0.00 1.05 90.73 15.00 27.00 60 13.17 0.16 0.47 0.09
AC 4560 5.80 5.07 2.32 nd 0.00 1.20 31.32 61.00 3.00 68 8.06 0.07 0.37 0.07
NH10 A 012 6.49 5.67 4.47 nd 0.00 0.98 nd 50.46 14.05 79 nd nd nd nd
AC1 1225 6.20 5.04 0.96 nd 0.00 0.98 nd 42.00 23.62 74 nd nd nd nd
AC2 2555 6.37 5.06 0.64 nd 0.00 nd nd 59.93 9.47 77 nd nd nd nd
BH1 Ah1 215 6.60 5.50 14.93 11.70 0.00 0.93 72.71 56.66 22.40 81 nd nd nd nd
Ah2 1530 6.20 6.00 11.66 9.94 0.00 1.02 71.47 57.06 22.41 74 nd nd nd nd
BH2 Ah1 07 5.57 5.21 7.66 13.86 0.00 0.97 93.51 69.69 13.52 64 17.91 1.31 0.69 0.16
Ah2 725 5.20 4.72 4.52 10.80 0.00 1.02 95.05 62.58 17.91 58 16.71 0.44 0.46 0.12
A+R 2550 5.61 4.84 4.80 14.40 0.00 1.08 86.79 nd nd 65 13.61 0.27 0.25 0.11
BH3 Ah1 1015 5.60 5.21 14.75 16.19 0.00 0.92 85.14 55.19 23.51 64 13.39 4.19 1.32 0.73
Ah2 1522 5.80 5.28 14.42 16.79 0.00 1.02 73.95 54.09 22.70 68 23.19 3.80 1.20 0.68
BH4 Ah1 020 6.10 5.10 7.86 14.54 0.00 1.05 93.57 41.64 24.74 73 nd nd nd nd
Ah2 2026 6.50 5.60 4.30 10.84 0.00 1.07 87.64 36.74 37.45 79 nd nd nd nd
BH5 Ah1 015 6.67 5.78 10.72 11.27 0.00 0.98 73.67 33.57 39.29 82 21.43 9.85 1.02 0.21
Ah2 1535 7.41 5.81 6.89 11.28 0.60 0.97 71.64 35.92 38.32 94 21.43 9.89 0.53 0.23

Fine earth = b2 mm; clay = b2 m; silt = 220 m; sand = 202000 m; nd = no data; BS = base saturation.

Table 3
Ratios of selectively dissolved components.

Prole Horizon Dithionite-extractable Oxalate-extractable Pyrophosphate-extractable Alo%+ 0.5Feo% Alp/Alo Feo/Fed

Ald% Fed% Sid% Alo% Feo% Sio% Alp% Fep% Sip% % % %

NH6 Ah1 0.12 0.72 0.38 0.12 0.17 0.04 0.05 0.05 0.01 0.20 0.43 0.23
Ah2 0.12 0.75 0.41 0.13 0.16 0.05 0.11 0.07 0.23 0.21 0.87 0.22
AC 0.11 0.71 0.40 0.13 0.15 0.06 0.15 0.09 0.21 0.21 1.17 0.22
NH7 Ah1 0.18 1.65 0.41 0.20 0.40 0.07 0.11 0.11 0.03 0.40 0.56 0.24
Ah2 0.17 1.69 0.47 0.19 0.32 0.07 0.11 0.09 0.03 0.34 0.59 0.19
AC 0.10 0.65 0.42 0.15 0.06 0.06 0.03 0.01 0.10 0.18 0.22 0.09
NH8 Ah 0.10 0.85 nd 0.11 0.11 0.04 0.06 0.05 nd 0.17 0.55 0.13
AC 0.04 0.31 nd 0.06 0.02 0.02 0.01 0.01 nd 0.07 0.17 0.06
C 0.02 0.14 nd 0.03 0.00 0.01 0.01 0.01 nd 0.03 0.33 0.00
NH9 Ah1 0.17 0.92 0.08 0.23 0.21 0.00 0.10 0.18 nd 0.34 0.43 0.23
Ah2 0.16 1.06 0.10 0.21 0.29 0.00 0.07 0.65 nd 0.36 0.33 0.27
AC 0.12 0.93 0.10 0.17 0.19 0.00 0.04 0.40 nd 0.27 0.24 0.20
NH10 A 0.08 0.48 nd 0.08 0.08 0.02 0.16 0.09 nd 0.12 1.98 0.16
AC1 0.07 0.49 nd 0.09 0.03 0.03 0.67 0.31 nd 0.10 7.44 0.07
AC2 0.06 0.42 nd 0.08 0.03 0.03 0.30 0.15 nd 0.09 3.75 0.07
BH1 Ah1 0.02 0.14 0.08 0.03 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.01 0.03 0.00 0.33 0.00
Ah2 0.24 1.78 0.47 0.36 0.88 0.13 0.67 0.65 0.23 0.80 1.86 0.49
BH2 Ah1 0.21 1.27 0.11 0.32 0.58 0.05 0.11 0.29 nd 0.61 0.34 0.46
Ah2 0.24 1.45 0.12 0.34 0.73 0.05 0.15 0.49 nd 0.71 0.44 0.50
A+R 0.24 1.78 0.16 0.36 0.88 0.06 0.10 0.49 nd 0.80 0.28 0.49
BH3 Ah1 0.17 0.75 0.30 0.17 0.32 0.13 0.15 0.12 0.06 0.33 0.89 0.43
Ah2 0.11 0.76 0.33 0.14 0.32 0.13 0.14 0.12 0.08 0.30 1.00 0.42
BH5 Ah1 0.23 2.08 0.43 0.35 0.49 0.10 0.06 0.17 nd 0.60 0.17 0.24
Ah2 0.23 2.28 0.49 0.40 0.50 0.13 0.05 0.06 nd 0.65 0.13 0.22

Data are missing for the NH1-5, BH4 proles; Alo% + 0.5Feo% = Allophane; * Alp/Alo 1 values are indicative of dispersion problems.
 50
Table 4
Mineral composition of the clay fraction and the composition of the bulk soil samples, %.

Clay mineralogy Bulk soil mineralogy

Prole Smectite Vermiculite Chlorite HIS-HIV Illite, Kaolinite, Quartz Cristobalite Feldspars Others Smektite 10 Chlorite Kaolinite Sum of Quartz Feldspars Ambole Pyroxene Cristobalite, Others
horizon I/S K/S mica, clay OpalC
illite minerals*

NH1 Ah1 10 10 17 7 16 35 am: 5 nd nd nd nd nd nd nd nd nd nd nd

Ah2 5 15 17 4 22 35 am: 2, 1 6 5 7 40 15 25 goethite: 2
goethite: hematite: 1, am
itr
NH2 Ah1 5 15 24 12 20 20 am: 2, 1 9 2 32 25 6 24 goethite: b1
goethite: 2 hematite: 3, am
Ah2 8 20 27 11 17 15 am: 2, 2 7 2 25 33 10 20 goethite: b1
goethite: hematite: 2,

B. Madarsz et al. / Catena 107 (2013) 4656

itr am
NH3 Ah1 10 15 20* 10 15 25 am: 2, 11 21 35 10 16 goethite: 3,
goethite: 3 hematite: 1
zeolite: 2, am
Ah2 10 20 22* 8 15 20 am: 2, 9 17 40 5 20 goethite: 3,
goethite: 3 hematite:? am
NH6 Ah1 20 10 22 35 6 4 am: 3 7 3 8 60 19 2 2
Ah2 18 14 8 15 35 5 3 am: 2 14 7 9 59 8 3
AC 80 16 itr 2 am: 2 68 7 3 10 12 amorphous
NH7 Ah1 40 8 30 5 10 2 am: 5 15 3 8 55 10 12
Ah2 43 4 34 3 10 1 am: 5 14 3 9 54 8 2 calcite: 1
AC 42 6 30 2 12 3 am: 5 23 3 12 37 10 15
NH9 Ah1 90 5 2 3 nd nd nd nd nd nd nd nd nd nd nd
Ah2 88 4 5 3 nd nd nd nd nd nd nd nd nd nd nd
Bw 1 1 78 6 4 6 4 nd nd nd nd nd nd nd nd nd nd nd
BH1 Ah1 52 17 10 18 am: 3 13 6 28 46 7 magnetite: b1
Ah2 36 22 3 36 am: 3 18 8 18 38 10 magnetite: b1
BH2 Ah1 2 8 70 7 7 7 nd nd nd nd nd nd nd nd nd nd nd
Ah2 2 7 70 9 6 7 nd nd nd nd nd nd nd nd nd nd nd
AR 7 5 70 6 4 7 nd nd nd nd nd nd nd nd nd nd nd
BH3 Ah1 9 55 10 12 10 am: 4, 3 10 3 60 12 8 hematite,
rutile?: itr magnetite: 3
am
Ah2 4 60 10 10 12 am: 4 itr 7 55 25 6 hematite,
magnetite: 4
am
BH4 Ah1 12 20 15 30 20 am: 3 b1 4 3 53 35 3 magnetite: b1
Ah2 20 30 27 10 10 am: 3 1 5 5 48 38 5 magnetite: b1
BH5 Ah1 16 2 74 3 3 2 nd nd nd nd nd nd nd nd nd nd nd
Ah2 19 2 74 3 2 nd nd nd nd nd nd nd nd nd nd nd

*It can be clorite as well;. **It was impossible to determine the quantity of clay minerals, it was only possible to assess their total amount (illite, kaolinite, clorite, smectite).; itr: in traces; am: amorphous; nd: not determined.
 B. Madarsz et al. / Catena 107 (2013) 4656
Fig. 2. SOM content of 15 proles.
and some weathered rock fragments. Its bulk density is usually
11.05 g/cm 3 (Table 2). Their transition is gradual. Their structure is
granular, texture is loam. Clay content of the horizons is usually similar
and signs of clay migration are missing. Under the Ah1 and Ah2 hori-
zons (AC) the proportion of rock fragments is increasing abruptly, it
can reach 4080%.
The morphology of the proles developed on loose ignimbrite
(NH8, NH10) is different because of the high porosity of the parent
material. Their humic horizon is well developed but it could not be
divided into upper and lower parts. Its material is loam with a granu-
lar structure and contains small ignimbrite crumbs. The transition
between the soil and the parent rock is gradual, with a well observable
weathering front. Proportion and size of the coarse rock fragments,
similar to the basaltic and andesitic proles, are increasing with depth,
but their size remains below 23 cm. Growth of the roots is scarcely
limited by the parent rock, which they penetrate as deep as 1.52 m.
4.2. Physical and chemical properties
SOM content of the erubz soils is variable, which is reected by
their colour. According to our study, two groups of the erubz soil
can be distinguished on the basis of their colour: black and brown
erubz soils. Colour of the black erubz in air-dry state is very dark
brown/greyishbrown (10YR 2/2 and 10YR 3/2), in wet state it is
also very dark brown and black (10YR 2/2 and 10YR 2/1). The brown
erubz soils are dark brown/greyishbrown (10 YR 4/2, 4/3, 5/3)
when air dry and very dark brown/greyishbrown (10 YR 3/2, 3/3) in
wet state (Table 2).
According to their colour, the proles can be divided into the two
groups as follows:
Black erubz: NH1, NH3, NH6, NH9; BH1, BH2, BH3, BH4, BH5;
Brown erubz: NH2, NH4, NH5, NH7, NH8, NH10.
51
Most of the studied proles are slightly acidic. The average pH of
the samples is 6.2 (pHwater). The BH5 Ah2 horizon has an outstanding
pH value (Table 2), which is due to its CaCO3 content. This prole is
situated on a tuff ring of a former maar volcano, and the carbonate
content is originated from the carbonate rocks exploded from the
basement (e.g. Triassic limestone) and deposited in the tuff ring
mixed with the volcanic material. The other outstanding pH value
was measured in the Ah1 of the NH6 prole, which also contains
CaCO3 coming from the liming of the former vineyard. There is no
CaCO3 in the other proles.
Texture of the proles is usually (sandy-, sandyclay-, clay-) loam
(Table 2). Clay content of the proles is usually 1040%, only two pro-
les belong to the clay category (NH6, NH7). In most of the samples a
secondary grain size maximum is observed at 2050 m, probably
due to aeolian dust mixing into the soil material.
4.3. Mineralogy and clay mineralogy
4.3.1. Samples of North Hungarian Mountains
4.3.1.1. NH1NH3 (Brzsny Hills). It is a common feature that mineral
composition of the parent rock is reected in the soil mineralogy.
Soils from the Brzsny Hills were formed on andesite, thus contain
signicant amount of plagioclase feldspars and amphiboles as inherited
rock constituents (Table 4). One of the most considerable mineralogical
peculiarities of the andesitic soil samples is their cristobalite content.
It might be the weathering product of the ne sized matrix of the
andesite. Cristobalite is a characteristic component in the red clayey
supercial alteration product of andesite accompanied by smectite,
kaolinite/smectite (K/S) mixed layer minerals and hematite (Bernyi
veges et al., 2002). The Brzsny soil samples contain small amount
of goethite.
Generally, the amount of clay minerals is not high, and the clay
minerals are poorly crystallised with very broad and low intensity
basal reection, and with a usually intense 020, 110 reection at
around 4.5 (Fig. 3a,b; Table 4). The clay mineralogy of NH1, NH2
and NH3 samples is very similar, the clay fraction is dominated by
low crystallinity 7 phase (disordered kaolinite or halloysite) and
less illite and minor amount of smectite. It is noteworthy that the less
than 2 m fraction is abundant in non-clay minerals: plagioclase feld-
spar, quartz, cristobalite and occasionally goethite. Quartz is present
only in the uppermost horizons. Generally there is no considerable
difference between the clay mineralogy of Ah1 and Ah2 horizons.
However, the clay mineral content increases downward in NH4 pro-
le, and is substantially heightened in AC horizon, mainly due to
smectite. Cristobalite also increases downward, while quartz content
decreases from 60% in Ah1 and Ah2 horizons to less than 5% in AC
horizon. Feldspar content remains constant with depth. Clay mineral
character of the AC horizon markedly differs from that of the Ah hori-
zons. Ah1 and Ah2 horizons contain illite, illite/smectite (I/S) mixed
layer mineral, kaolinite/smectite, smectite. In addition, a high-charge
layer charged vermiculitic phase appears besides low charged smectite,
presumably formed during the soil evolution. On the contrary, low layer
charged smectite is the dominant clay mineral in the AC horizon, with
minor amount of kaolinite, K/S. According to the Green-Kelly test the
smectite in the whole prole is montmorillonite (Fig. 3).
4.3.1.2. NH6, NH7 (Mtra foreland). The examined soil proles in the
foreland of the Mtra Hills have developed on slope debris of andesitic
lithology. The bulk samples contain dominantly quartz, and a signicant
amount of cristobalite/opal-C and amorphous phase. Surprisingly, the
amount of feldspar is relatively low. Quartz content is higher in the
upper Ah1 and Ah2 horizons than in the AC horizon.
The proportion of the clay fraction is higher than that of the other
NH proles (4249% in the Ah2 and AC horizons). This is due to the
parent rock weathered and reworked by slope movements. Mineralogy
52 B. Madarsz et al. / Catena 107 (2013) 4656

Fig. 3. XRD records by treatments of the clay fraction of the (a) Ah1 and (b) Ah2 horizons of the NH3 prole.

of the clay fraction of the soils can be characterised by the dominance of
smectite (Fig. 4, Table 4). Based on the Green-Kelly test the layer charge
of this smectite is predominantly originated from the octahedral sheet,
so this is montmorillonite. This montmorillonite has low layer charge
which is typical feature of smectites deriving from the surcial alter-
ation of volcanic materials such as glass and feldspars (Thorez, 1976).
Montmorillonite reaches its maximum in the lowest, AC horizon.
Further characteristic clay minerals are badly ordered kaolinite and
K/S mixed layer minerals. Illite is subordinate in the whole NH7 pro-
le, while in NH6 soil illite occurs only in Ah1 and Ah2 horizons, be-
sides montmorillonite and kaolinite. In NH6 prole the occurrence of
a high charged swelling clay mineral besides montmorillonite sug-
gests the increase of layer charge during the soil development. In the
uppermost Ah1 or Ah2 horizons where the pH is close to 5.05.5

Fig. 4. XRD curve of the clay fraction of the Ah1, Ah2 and AC samples of the NH6 prole.
 B. Madarsz et al. / Catena 107 (2013) 4656
Fig. 5. XRD curve of the clay fraction of the Ah1 and Ah2 samples of the (a) BH3 and (b) BH4 proles. S = Smectite.
the smectite exhibits the typical alteration process in acidic soils of
temperate zone: it is partially hydroxy-interlayered. Based on its miner-
alogy and clay-mineralogy the NH6 prole appears to be a genetically
inhomogeneous prole. The AC horizon is lot more weathered than
the Ah1 and Ah2 horizons, thus the NH6 is most probably affected by
slope movements (Fig. 4).
4.3.1.3. NH9 (Tokaj Hill). From the soil prole developed on andesite
at Tokaj only clay mineralogical analysis was performed. The results
differ signicantly from the other NH proles (Table 4). The dominant
clay mineral is illite, with subordinate K/S and kaolinite. In the AC hori-
zon some smectite and hydroxy-interlayered smectite occur. Cristobalite
is absent in the Ah horizons, it is present only in AC. Quartz and feldspar
content is constant and minor in the whole prole.
4.3.2. Samples of Balaton Highland
4.3.2.1. BH1BH5. The relative abundance of quartz in the uppermost
Ah1 horizon in both the bulk soil and the clay fraction is unexpected,
because BH soils are formed on basalt, which does not contain this
mineral. Primary constituents of basalt, plagioclase feldspar, pyroxene
and iron-oxides, are present in the soils in signicant quantity (Table 4).
General tendency is that the proportion of primary, inherited minerals
decreases in the Ah2 horizon, giving place to the secondary minerals.
The amount of clay is usually around 20% except for the BH5 prole de-
veloped on basalt pyroclastit of a tuff ring (Table 2). The dominant clay
mineral is illite and I/S with only 1020% swelling component (Fig. 5a,b;
53
Table 4). Besides the illite, some percent amorphous phase and small
amount of kaolinite, K/S and chlorite are present in the clay fraction.
Smectite and smectite rich I/S occur in considerable amount only in
the clay fraction of Ah2 horizon of BH4 and BH5 soils. A common char-
acteristic of the clay minerals occurring in these samples is their low
crystallinity.
5. Discussion
5.1. Colour and soil organic matter content
One of the most important differences between the brown and
black erubz soils (dened in Section 4.2) is their SOM content. The
black colour is probably the result of the high proportion of the
humic-acids and humin. Average SOM content of the Ah1 and Ah2
horizons of the black erubz soils is more than 8.8%, in the case of
the brown erubz soils it is only 4.3%. These average values cover sig-
nicant differences (Fig. 2). The variation coefcient (CV) is 0.46 at
the black and 0.43 at the brown variety. Maximum SOM values of
the black erubz reach 15%, but in the case of the brown variety it
reaches 8% in only one prole. The smallest SOM content was 2.1%
and 1.9%, respectively. The NH6 prole, which gives the minimum
values of the black erubz samples (2.12.5%) is not a typical erubz
because its material may have been transported and re-sedimented
by slope movements. If the data of the NH6 prole is skipped, the
average SOM content of the black erubz group is 9.7%, the minimum
is 0.04 and its CV is 0.37.
54 B. Madarsz et al. / Catena 107 (2013) 4656
5.2. Bulk soil mineralogy and clay mineralogy
The presence of the unstable mac silicates, amphiboles and
pyroxenes, indicates that the composition of the parent material is
still well reected in the examined soil proles. These minerals are
usually absent, or present only in very small quantity in well-developed
soils. Among the examined soil proles, pyroxene was characteristic
primarily in soils of basaltic rocks and amphibol was typical in soils
developed on andesite (Table 4).
A common characteristic of all samples is that they possess relatively
small amount of quartz and signicantly more feldspar, which again is
indicative of the inuence of the parent rock. The amount of quartz is
usually higher in the upper soil, which indicates the presence of aeolian
dust in the soil material.
Previous studies concluded that the smectite group was the predom-
inant clay mineral of the erubz soils (Agrotopo, 1982; Stefanovits and
Szcs, 1961). Apparently, the predominance of smectites as swelling
clay minerals is supported by the fact that the erubz soils have and
adhesive, adherent appearance but the proportion of the clay fraction
in the mechanical composition of the studied soils is relatively small
(usually 1525%, exceptionally up to 40%; Table 2).
However, our XRD measurements suggest that the illite is the
most frequent clay-mineral of the erubz soils, which is followed by the
kaolinite and the smectite. Illites and kaolinites are poorly crystallised,
disordered and sometimes interlayered with smectite. As a maximum
of 1520% smectite interlayering is present in the kaolinite, while the
smectite/illite group contains only cca. 10% interstratied smectite.
The presence of the smectites is the highest in the colluvium type
soils (NH6, NH7), where it is over 40%.
As Fe-clays are common in volcanic soils (Delvaux et al., 1990),
presence of nontronite was checked in the samples. Neither the Green-
Kelly test, nor the 060 reection indicated the occurrence of nontronite.
Nevertheless, high iron content of the montmorillonite is very probable.
The amorphous material is present in all samples, but it is prob-
lematic to quantify it because of the poorly developed clay minerals,
which may give similar XRD effects.
X-ray diffractograms of the clay fractions are very similar to those
shown for volcanic soils formed on Etna in Egli et al. (2008) with
dominant clay minerals kaolinite and illite. Although, the Etna soils
cover 115,000 year range, surprisingly no signicant difference in clay
mineralogy was found during soil evolution. Volcanic soils in Hungary
are probably older, but essentially represent similar clay mineralogy,
with the only small difference that they contain more interlayered swell-
ing clay minerals. The more pronounced presence of swelling clays can
be the consequence of the older soil age, therefore smectitization can
be a later stage of clay mineral transformation sequence of volcanic soil
pedogenesis.
5.3. Cluster analysis
The cluster-analysis was done using 11 proles for which both the
standard laboratory and the clay-mineralogical analyses were available.
Bulk soil mineralogical investigation was performed only for 8 proles,
therefore this was not utilised during the analysis. Inner structure of the
data was revealed using non-hierarchic K-Means Cluster-analysis by 2
clusters setting. Results of the calculations are in standardized form
and can be interpreted using the
y xSD M
equation, where x is the standardized cluster value, SD is the scatter and
M is the average of the original variable. Two clusters were created by
the cluster analysis (Table 5):
Cluster 1: NH1, NH2, NH3, NH6, NH7, BH4
Cluster 2: BH1, BH2, BH3, BH5, NH9
Major differences of the two clusters are manifested in their clay
mineralogy.
The major differences are in the illite, I/S and kaolinite, K/S content:
illite content of the Cluster 2 is three times higher than that of the pro-
les in Cluster 1. On the contrary, kaolinite content of the Cluster 1 is
four times more than that of the Cluster 2. Smectite content of the Clus-
ter 1 is two times higher than that of the soils in Cluster 2. The opal
crystobalite and the crystobalite occur only in Cluster 1 samples,
Goethite is a characteristic mineral in soils forming on volcanic
rocks, even though it occurred only in samples from the Brzsny.
The amount of quartz in the Ah2 horizon is similar in both clusters,
while it is the double in the Ah1 horizon in the soils belonging to the
Cluster 1 with respect to the Cluster 2. The amount of feldspars is
higher in both horizons in the Cluster 1.
With one exception in each cluster, proles developed on andesite
belong to Cluster 1 and those formed on basaltic rocks to Cluster 2.
The exceptions are NH9 and BH4, respectively. The NH9 has an ex-
traordinarily high illite and I/S content compared to the other andesit-
ic proles, which makes it similar to the BH proles. On the other hand
BH4 has a surprisingly low illite and I/S content and has high smectite,
kaolinite and K/S content with respect to the basaltic proles.
The differentiation of the two clusters of the erubz soils is
supported by the bulk soil mineralogy of the studied proles. Namely,
the amphibole and the crystobalite occurred only in the andesitic
samples, while the pyroxene is typical in the basaltic proles (Table 4).
5.4. Genetic classication of the erubz soils
In the Hungarian soil classication no sub-types of the erubz soil
existed. Our study revealed that this soil type is far from having as
uniform appearance as it was suggested by earlier studies (Stefanovits,
1951, 1956, 1959). According to our study, the erubz soils can be divided
in two well-dened groups, where eld properties (parent lithology,
colour, texture) and standard laboratory analysis conform to results
on bulk soil mineralogy and clay mineralogy. As a result erubz soils
developed on basaltic and on andesitic lithology were distinguished.
Unfortunately, no mineralogical analysis was done on the proles de-
veloped on ignimbrite (NH8 and NH10), but their eld and standard
laboratory data showed similarity to the erubz soils developed on
andesite.
According to the cluster analysis, two subtypes of the erubz soils
exist: erubz soils formed on (1) Basic- and (2) Intermediate-Acidic li-
thology. In andesitic erubz soils opalcrystobalite and the crystobalite
are typical, while in basaltic erubz soils they are absent. In andesitic
erubz soils kaolinite content is 4 times, smectite content is 2 times
higher than that of the basaltic group, where the amount of illites is 3
times higher.
Besides, based on colour and SOM content, two varieties of the
erubz soils could be distinguished the Black and the Brown erubz.
In these varieties the conditions of the decomposition of organic ma-
terial are very different due to the moisture content, temperature and
pH-conditions of the soil (Madarsz, 2009). Both varieties exist in the
case of erubz soils formed on Intermediate-Acidic rocks, where the
brown variety may be regarded as a transition towards the brown
forest soils, with no division into horizons yet. All of the proles de-
veloped on Basic lithology belong to the black erubz variety.
5.5. WRB classication of the erubz soils
It may seem obvious to verify the andic properties of the Hungarian
erubz soils. Kleber et al. (2004) succeeded in recognizing andic
properties on soils developed on Quaternary volcanites in Germany.
However they concluded that the areal extent of Andosols is usually
restricted on erosion-prone volcanic landscapes with undulating ter-
rain and steep slopes, indicating a topography-limited pattern, similar
to the occurrence of the erubz soils in Hungary. Quantin (2004) found
 B. Madarsz et al. / Catena 107 (2013) 4656 55

Table 5 Table 6
K-Means Cluster-analysis data of the standard laboratory analysis results and Genetic and WRB classication of the studied soil proles.
clay-mineral composition of the soil proles: 1. andesitic cluster; 2. basaltic cluster.
Prole Genetic classication WRB classication
Horizon Cluster
Variety Subtype Type Prex Q. RSG Sufx Q.
1 2
NH1 Black I-A Erubz Epileptic Phaeozem Endosiltic
Depth (cm) Ah1 + Ah2 34.0 42.0 NH2 Brown I-A Erubz Epileptic Phaeozem Endosiltic
pH (H2O) Ah1 5.8 5.7 NH3 Black I-A Erubz Epileptic Phaeozem Endosiltic
Ah2 6.0 6.0 NH4 Brown I-A Erubz Epileptic Phaeozem Endosiltic
pH (KCl) Ah1 5.1 5.4 NH5 Brown I-A Erubz Epileptic Phaeozem Endosiltic
Ah2 5.4 5.4 NH6 Humic ESD SD Mollic Leptosol Humic, Euteric
Humus Ah1 8.7 10.2 NH7 Brown I-A Erubz Endoleptic Phaeozem Pachic, Endosiltic
% Ah2 5.9 8.1 NH8 Brown I-A Erubz Epileptic Phaeozem Endosiltic
C/N Ah1 12.4 13.3 NH9 Black I-A Erubz Endoleptic Phaeozem Endosiltic
Ah2 9.9 12.7 NH10 Brown I-A Erubz Endoleptic Phaeozem Endosiltic
Fine earth Ah1 82.5 85.7 BH1 Black B Erubz Epileptic Phaeozem Endosiltic
% Ah2 72.8 82.8 BH2 Black B Erubz Endoleptic Phaeozem Endosiltic
Silt Ah1 28.1 33.3 BH3 Black B Erubz Mollic Leptosol Humic, Euteric
% Ah2 22.3 31.6 BH4 Black B Erubz Mollic Leptosol Humic, Euteric
Clay Ah1 22.1 25.3 BH5 Black B Erubz Epileptic Phaeozem Endosiltic
% Ah2 31.4 26.5
Q: Qualiers, RSG: Reference Soil Group, IA: IntermediateAcidic, B: Basic,
Smectite Ah1 13.9 6.8
SD: Slope Debris, ESD: Erubz Slope Debris.
% Ah2 14.9 6.3
Vermikulite Ah1 1.4 0.0
% Ah2 2.0 0.0
Chlorite Ah1 0.0 2.5 The mineral composition (amount of quartz increasing upwards)
% Ah2 0.0 2.3
and a secondary grain size maximum observed at 2050 m of the
Illite, I/S Ah1 20.3 72.3
% Ah2 20.0 73.0 samples suggest that erubz soils are usually affected by aeolian
Kaolinite, K/S Ah1 22.6 6.3 dust mixing into the soil material, which is not surprising as loess for-
% Ah2 26.3 6.5 mation was usual in the hilly regions of Hungary during the cold and
Quartz Ah1 11.4 6.0 dry periods of the Quaternary.
% Ah2 6.3 5.3
On the basis of the secondary mineral assemblage (poorly
Cristobalite Ah1 9.3 0.0
% Ah2 9.6 0.0 crystallised and disordered illites and kaolinites) described by the XRD
Feldspars Ah1 17.1 5.5 diffractograms we can conclude that volcanic soils in Hungary are not
% Ah2 16.7 6.0 Andosols, but more developed soils. On the other hand, the presence
Goethite Ah1 0.7 0.0
of unstable mac silicates (amphibole, pyroxene), together with the
% Ah2 0.6 0.0
above-described secondary minerals, are still indicative of an early
stage of soil formation. In the neighbourhood of the erubz soils
Luvisols have developed on volcanic material. In these soils the pres-
that Aluandosols have developed on weathered material of Mio-Pliocene ence of unstable mac silicates is insignicant, thus their differentia-
lavas, and that udic or perudic moisture regime is a key factor of their tion from the erubz soils is straightforward.
formation. Despite that in the erubz soils the volcanic parent lithology is
The erubz and the Andosol Reference Soil Group (RSG) have a well recognisable they could not be inserted into the Andosol RSG
number of similar characteristics (structure, SOM content, colour, of the WRB soil classication system. In the case of the erubz soils,
mineralogy etc.). However, during the diagnostic classication no re- formation of Andic horizons probably was not possible due to (1) the
lationship could be recognised. The erubz soils did not full the less than 1000 mm/year precipitation and to (2) the extreme microcli-
criteria of the Andosols: no Andic (sil-andic or alu-andic) and/or Vitric matic conditions (freezingdrying). These conditions led to a reduced
horizons could be described in any of the erubz proles (Tables 2, 3) intensity of weathering and high humication atypical for Andosols.
(Madarsz, 2010). Neither qualier of the erubz soils reects volcanic The WRB soil classication system emphasizes these steppe-like fea-
lithology. Most of our proles were classied in the WRB system as tures of the studied soil proles, which mostly fell into the Phaeozems
Phaeozems and only some shallow proles appeared to be Leptosols group.
(Table 6). The Phaeozem group is formed by steppe soils, in other
words the WRB classication system emphasizes the steppe-like fea-
tures of the erubz soils (dark colour, high SOM content), while the ef- Acknowledgements
fect of volcanic lithology remains in the background.
In spite of the presence of volcanic material in Hungary, formation of The authors thank Prof. dm Kertsz and Prof. Gyrgy Fleky for
the Andosols is hampered by climatic conditions large amount of pre- the remarks that helped to improve the quality of this project. We are
cipitation (>1000 mm/year), high humidity and intensive weathering grateful to Mr. M. Kleber and the COST Action 622 programme for the
would be essential for the development of the Andosols (Jurni and XRD analysis of 3 proles. The authors are thankful to Norbert Agrdi
Blackovi, 2007; Kleber and Jahn, 2007; Quantin, 2004, 2007). for his technical assistance.

6. Conclusions
Our study demonstrated that illites are the dominant clay minerals
in the erubz soils, not the smectites as it was suggested by earlier
works (Agrotopo, 1982; Stefanovits and Szcs, 1961). On the basis of
our eld-, standard laboratory-, bulk soil mineralogical- and clay-
mineralogical analyses, a distinction of sub-types (Basic, Intermediate-
Acidic) and varieties (Brown, Black) of the erubz soils was possible.
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