Networking and Basics

Module Outline
What is Networking?
Types Of Network and Networking Devices
Ports
Protocols
Addressing and Types of Addressing
IP Address Classes
Internet & Intranet
Domain and DNS
Linux
Virtualization
 What is Networking?

Networking is connecting devices together so that they can communicate with each
other, in order to share data, files, and computing resources.

Networking happens all around us, In our PCs, ATMs, cell phones, and much more.

We will Learn Computer Networking in this Module.

 Types of Network Topologies

Star:

Mesh:
 Primary Types of a Network

LAN Local Area Network

WAN - Wide Area Network

WLAN Wireless Local Area Network

 Common Network Devices

Hub (Layer 1)

Switch (Layer 2)

Router (Layer 3)

Wireless Access Point (Layer 2/3)

 LAN Local Area Network

A local area network (LAN) is a computer network covering a small physical

area, like a home, office, or small groups of buildings, such as a school, or an
airport. The defining characteristics of LANs, in contrast to wide area networks
(WANs), include their usually higher data-transfer rates, smaller geographic
area, and lack of a need for leased telecommunication lines.

ARCNET, Token Ring and other technologies have been used in the past, but
Ethernet over twisted pair cabling, and Wi-Fi are the two most common
technologies currently in use.

Large LAN Structure Small LAN Structure

 WAN Wide Area Network

A Wide area network (WAN) is a computer network that covers a broad area (i.e.,
any network whose communications links cross metropolitan, regional, or national
boundaries). This is in contrast with personal area networks (PANs), local area
networks (LANs), campus area networks (CANs), or metropolitan area
networks(MANs) which are usually limited to a room, building, campus or specific
metropolitan area (e.g., a city) respectively.
 WLAN Wireless Local Area Network

A wireless local area network(WLAN) links two or more devices using some
wireless distribution method (typically spread-spectrum or OFDM radio), and usually
providing a connection through an access point to the wider internet. This gives users
the mobility to move around within a local coverage area and still be connected to the
network.

Wireless LANs have become popular in the home due to ease of installation, and the
increasing popularity of laptop computers. Public businesses such as coffee shops
and malls have begun to offer wireless access to their customers; sometimes for free.
Large wireless network projects are being put up in many major cities: New York
City, for instance, has begun a pilot program to cover all five boroughs of the city with
wireless Internet access.
 Common Ports & Port Numbers

ftp 21/tcp #FTP. control

Ssh 22/tcp #SSH Remote Login Protocol
telnet 23/tcp
Smtp 25/tcp #Simple Mail Transfer Protocol
http 80/tcp #World Wide Web
kerberos 88/tcp #Kerberos
pop3 110/tcp #Post Office Protocol - Version 3
imap 143/tcp #Internet Message Access Protocol
ldap 389/tcp #Lightweight Directory Access Protocol
https 443/tcp #HTTP over TLS/SSL
ftps-data 989/tcp #FTP data, over TLS/SSL
ftps 990/tcp #FTP control, over TLS/SSL
telnets 992/tcp #Telnet protocol over TLS/SSL
imaps 993/tcp #IMAP4 protocol over TLS/SSL
pop3s 995/tcp #pop3 protocol over TLS/SSL
 TCP

TCP:- The Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) is one of the core protocols of the
Internet Protocol Suite. TCP is one of the two original components of the suite,
complementing the Internet Protocol (IP) and therefore the entire suite is
commonly referred to as TCP/IP. TCP provides the service of exchanging data
reliably directly between two network hosts, whereas IP handles addressing and
routing message across one or more networks. In particular, TCP provides reliable,
ordered delivery of a stream of bytes from a program on one computer to another
program on another computer. TCP is the protocol that major Internet applications
rely on, such as the World Wide Web, e-mail, and file transfer. Other applications,
which do not require reliable data stream service, may use the User Datagram
Protocol (UDP) which provides a datagram service, which emphasizes
reduced latency over reliability.
 Internet Protocol

The Internet Protocol (IP) is the principal communications protocol used for relaying
datagrams (packets) across an internetwork using the Internet Protocol Suite.
Responsible for routing packets across network boundaries, it is the primary protocol
that establishes the Internet.

IP is the primary protocol in the Internet Layer of the Internet Protocol Suite and has
the task of delivering datagrams from the source host to the destination host solely
based on their addresses. For this purpose, IP defines addressing methods and
structures for datagram encapsulation.
 Unified Datagram Protocol (UDP)

The User Datagram Protocol (UDP) is one of the core members of the Internet
Protocol Suite, the set of network protocols used for the Internet. With UDP, computer
applications can send messages, in this case referred to as datagrams, to other hosts
on an Internet Protocol (IP) network without requiring prior communications to set
up special transmission channels or data paths. The protocol was designed by David P.
Reed in 1980 and formally defined in RFC 768

UDP uses a simple transmission model without implicit hand-shaking dialogues for
providing reliability, ordering, or data integrity. Thus, UDP provides an unreliable
service and datagrams may arrive out of order, appear duplicated, or go missing
without notice. UDP assumes that error checking and correction is either not
necessary or performed in the application, avoiding the overhead of such processing
at the network interface level.
History of Networking
 History of Networking

PID:- In the very Beginning, When computers were used for business and educational
purposes only, a question arose, which was that if a standalone computer can process
information at such speeds, what if they started working in combination and
collaborations with other peers. However for networking some identification number
was needed which could uniquely identify every computer on the network. For this
purpose, PID (which is nothing but a Product Identification number which is provided
by the Manufacturer and is hardcoded on the Network Interface Card) was used.

But the problem came when more than one manufacturer started manufacturing
Network Interface Cards and their Product Identification number started conflicting
with each other due to which PID could not be used to uniquely identify a system on a
network.
 History of Networking

So, to sort out this problem, IEEE had announced that any company who wishes to
manufacture networking devices must take permission from IEEE and they would
assign them a Company ID which had to be used along with their product IDs. This is
what we know today as a Mac Address.

Mac Address: A Media Access Control (MAC) is a 48 bit hexadecimal number which is
a unique identifier assigned to most network adapters or network interface cards
(NICs) by the manufacturer for identification. It is combination of CID(Company ID) and
PID(Product ID). It may also be known as a hardware address, adapter address,
or physical address.

E.g. 00:1E:40:58:B6:59
 History of Networking

Now, As networks grew rapidly, it became very difficult to remember or to use these
long and complicated MAC addresses for networking. A solution was produced in the
form of Addressing.

Addressing: A network address serves as a unique identifier for a computer on a

network. When set up correctly, computers can determine the addresses of other
computers on the network and use these addresses to send messages to each other. One
of the best known form of network addressing is the Internet Protocol (IP) address. IP
addresses consist of four bytes (32 bits) that uniquely identify all computers on the
public Internet.

An Internet Protocol (IP) address is a numerical label that is assigned to devices

participating in a computer network, that uses the Internet Protocol for communication
between its nodes. An IP address serves two principal functions: host or network
interface identification and location addressing.
 History of Networking

Static vs. Dynamic IP

Static or Dynamic IP address is not a type of IP address. They are a method of
assigning an IP address to a Machine. If an IP address is assigned on a fixed basis to a
system, in that case the IP address will remain same until it is changed manually.

For example linux.org has static IP address. i.e 198.182.196.48

If this were to change suddenly you would not be able to open linux.org unless you
knew the new IP address.

A Dynamic IP address is a different way of assigning IP Address. A Dynamic IP

address is always assigned by a DHCP Server. An example of this would be the IP
address your ISP (internet service provider) assigns you when you log on to the
internet. You must have an IP address to surf the web but once you disconnect you
loose that address. Then the next time you sign on you are assigned a new one. This is
done using DHCP.
 History of Networking

An Internet Protocol address (IP address) is a numerical label that is assigned to

any device participating in a computer network that uses the Internet Protocol for
communication between its nodes. An IP address serves two principal functions: host
or network interface identification and location addressing. Its role has been
characterized as follows: "A name indicates what we seek. An address indicates where it
is. A route indicates how to get there.
Classes of IP Address
 History of Networking
NetBIOS Name - A name that identifies an IP addresses. For example, the NetBIOS name
Microsoft represents an IP addresses. NetBIOS names are used in URLs to identify
particular Web pages. For example, in the URL http://microsoft/index.html, the
NetBIOS name is Microsoft. All NetBIOS names are 16 characters Long and can consist
of alphanumeric value.

NetBIOS Name have been replaced by the Domain Names as they can not satisfy the
global demand, as there are limited number of words possible that can be assigned to
IP address under NetBIOS.

For example:

Google
Yahoo
amazon
 History of Networking

DOMAIN NAME - A Domain name is an identification label that defines a realm of

administrative autonomy, authority, or control on the Internet, based on the Domain
Name System (DNS).

Domain names are used in various networking contexts and application-specific

naming and addressing purposes. They are organized in subordinate levels
(subdomains) of the DNS root domain, which is nameless. The first-level set of domain
names are the top-level domains (TLDs), including the generic top-level
domains (gTLDs), such as the prominent domains com, net and org, and the country
code top-level domains (ccTLDs). Below these top-level domains in the DNS hierarchy
are the second-level and third-level domain names that are typically open for
reservation by end-users that wish to connect local area networks to the Internet, run
web sites, or create other publicly accessible Internet resources. The registration of
these domain names is usually administered by domain name registrars who sell their
services to the public.
 Intranet & Internet
The Internet is a global system of interconnected computer networks that use the
standard Internet Protocol Suite (TCP/IP) to serve billions of users worldwide. It is
a network of networks that consists of millions of private, public, academic, business,
and government networks, of local to global scope, that are linked by a broad array of
electronic and optical networking technologies. The Internet carries a vast range
of information resources and services, such as the inter-linked hypertext documents
of the World Wide Web(WWW) and the infrastructure to support electronic mail.
An Intranet is a private computer network that uses Internet Protocol technologies to
securely share any part of an organization's information or network operating system
within that organization. The term is used in contrast to internet, a network between
organizations, and instead refers to a network within an organization. Sometimes the
term refers only to the organization's internal website, but may be a more extensive
part of the organization's information technology infrastructure. It may host multiple
private websites and constitute an important component and focal point of internal
communication and collaboration.
 DNS

DNS:- The Domain Name System (DNS) is a distributed hierarchical naming system
for computers, services, or any resource connected to the Internet or a private
network. It associates various information with domain names assigned to each of
the participants. Most importantly, it translates domain names meaningful
to humans into the numerical (binary) identifiers associated with networking
equipment for the purpose of locating and addressing these devices worldwide. An
often-used analogy to explain the Domain Name System is that it serves as the
"phone book" for the Internet by translating human-friendly
computer hostnames into IP addresses. For example, www.example.com translates to
the addresses 192.0.32.10 (IPv4) and2620:0:2d0:200::10 (IPv6).
How DNS protocol works ?
 DHCP

DHCP:- Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) is a network protocol that enables a
server to automatically assign an IP address to a computer from a defined range of
numbers (i.e. a scope) configured for a given network.

DHCP server can be configured on Windows Operating System or any UNIX based
Operating System like Linux.

These days, ADSL routers that are configured in homes and offices that have DHCP server
installed in them by default. A Home user does not need to worry about configuring DHCP
server.
 Address Resolution Protocol

ARP protocol was introduced in 1982 and ARP is a layer 3 protocol i.e network layer.
Address resolution protocol, is used to resolve IP (Internet protocol) address into
MAC(Media Access Control) Address.

Due to the introduction of DHCP server in networks, DHCP server assigns different IP
address every time when it is switched on, So to make the communication more reliable
one can not directly send any data to IP address instead data is send to combination of IP
address and Mac address on the network for which Implementation of ARP protocol is
necessary.
 Internet Control Message Protocol

The Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP) is one of the core protocols of the Internet
Protocol Suite. It is chiefly used by the operating systems of networked computers to send
error messagesindicating, for instance, that a requested service is not available or that a
host or router could not be reached.

ICMP relies on IP to perform its tasks, and it is an integral part of IP. It differs in purpose
from transport protocols such as TCP and UDP in that it is typically not used to send and
receive data between end systems. It is usually not used directly by user network
applications, with some notable exceptions being the ping tool and traceroute.

ICMP for Internet Protocol version 4 (IPv4) is also known as ICMPv4. IPv6 has a similar
protocol, ICMPv6.
 File Transfer Protocol

File Transfer Protocol (FTP) is a standard network protocol used to copy a file from one
host to another over a TCP/IP-based network, such as the Internet. FTP is built on a client-
server architecture and utilizes separate control and data connections between the client
and server. FTP is used with user-based password authentication or with anonymous user
access.
Applications were originally interactive command-line tools with a standardized command
syntax, but graphical user interfaces have been developed for all desktop operating
systems in use today.
How FTP protocol works ?
 TELNET
TELNET is a network protocol used on the Internet or local area networks to provide a
bidirectional interactive text-oriented communications facility via a virtual terminal
connection. User data is interspersed in-band with TELNET control information in an 8-
bit byte oriented data connection over the Transmission Control Protocol (TCP).

Telnet was developed in 1969 beginning with RFC 15, extended in RFC 854, and
standardized as Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) Internet Standard STD 8, one of the
first Internet standards.

Historically, telnet provided access to a command-line interface (usually, of an operating

system) on a remote host. Most network equipment and operating systems with a TCP/IP
stack support a Telnet service for remote configuration (including systems based
on Windows NT). Because of security issues with Telnet, its use for this purpose has waned
in favor of SSH.
 Simple Mail Transfer Protocol

Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP) is an Internet standard for electronic mail (e-mail)
transmission across Internet Protocol (IP) networks. SMTP was first defined by RFC
821 (STD 10) (1982), and last updated by RFC 5321 (2008) which includes
the extended SMTP (ESMTP) additions, and is the protocol in widespread use today.
SMTP is specified for outgoing mail transport and uses TCP port 25. The protocol for
new submissions is effectively the same as SMTP, but it uses port 587 instead.
 Hyper Text Transfer Protocol

The Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) is a networking protocol for distributed,

collaborative, hypermedia information systems. HTTP is the foundation of data
communication for the World Wide Web.
The standards development of HTTP has been coordinated by the Internet Engineering
Task Force (IETF) and the World Wide Web Consortium, culminating in the publication of a
series of Requests for Comments (RFCs), most notably RFC 2616 (June 1999), which
defines HTTP/1.1, the version of HTTP in common use.
 Post Office Protocol

A protocol used to retrieve emails from a email server.

Indicates the action of transferring emails from the inbox of mail server to the inbox of
the client

POP3 is an enhanced version that works with/without SMTP mail gateways

POP3 services run on port number 110 as defined by the IANA

Features:
Supports offline mail processing and persistent message IDs
Offers access to new mail from various client platforms anywhere across the
network
 Linux

Linux refers to the family of Unix-like computer operating systems using

the Linux kernel. Linux can be installed on a wide variety of computer
hardware, ranging from mobile phones, tablet computers and video
game consoles, to mainframes and supercomputers. Linux is the leading
server OS, accounting for more than 60% of installations. Desktop use of
Linux has increased in recent years, partly owing to the popular Ubuntu,
Fedora, and openSUSE distributions and the emergence of netbooks and
smartphones running an embedded Linux.

The development of Linux is one of the most prominent examples of free

and open source software collaboration; typically all the underlying
source code can be used, freely modified, and redistributed, both
commercially and non-commercially, by anyone under licenses such as
the GNU General Public License. Typically Linux is packaged in a format
known as a Linux distribution for desktop and server use. Linux
distributions include the Linux kernel and all of the supporting software
required to run a complete system, such as utilities and libraries, the X
Window System, the GNOME and KDE desktop environments, and the
Apache HTTP Server. Commonly used applications with desktop Linux
systems include the Mozilla Firefox web-browser, the OpenOffice.org
office application suite and the GIMP image editor.
 Virtualization - Memory

Virtual memory: Giving an application program the impression that it has contiguous
working memory, isolating it from the underlying physical memory implementation

Memory virtualization: aggregating RAM resources from networked systems into a

single memory pool
 Virtualization - Storage

Storage virtualization: the process of completely abstracting logical storage from

physical storage
 Virtualization - Software

Operating system-level virtualization: hosting of multiple virtualized environments

within a single OS instance
Application virtualization: the hosting of individual applications in an
environment separated from the underlying OS
Cross-platform virtualization: allowing software compiled for a specific CPU and
operating system to run unmodified on different CPUs and/or operating systems
Virtual appliance: a virtual machine image designed to run on a virtualization platform
Virtual machine: (VM), a software (possibly hardware assisted) implementation of a
machine (computer) that executes programs like a real machine
VirtualBox
Case Studies
Intranet - Structure of a Bank.
Client Server Relationship in a Web
Browser
 Domain Name and Translation - DNS

Step 1: User Send Query for Google.com to DNS Server.

Step 2: DNS Server Replies back with the IP
Step 3: The User can now connect to the server since it has the IP Address.
Advantage of Virtualization - Web Hosting
Practicals
Viewing all TCP/UDP Connections
using Netstat
Viewing the ARP Table using arp
Conversion of Domain Name to IP using
Ping/Nslookup
Showing Telnet on Command Line.
Linux Setup on VMware
Showing Various Services on BT4
Demonstrating Protocols on Wireshark
 Assignments and Research

Assignments:

1: Find out different types of Networking Devices.

2: Find the difference between IPv4 and IPv6.
3: Research over Private IP, Public IP, Static IP & Dynamic IP.
4: Research over various protocols and their respective port numbers.
5: Find out how DHCP works.
6: Try using all switches of netstat.
7: Try all switches of ping.
8: Run 2 Parallel OS along with Host Machine in VMware/Virtual Box.
 References

Some Content in the Presentation has been adapted or used from Wikipedia, under the
Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License.

We would like to Thank Wikipedia for being such a great resource.

End of Module