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WhatstheBestBattery?

Weoftengetpuzzledbyannouncementsofnewbatteriesthataresaidtoofferveryhighenergydensities,deliver1000charge/dischargecycleandare
paperthin.Aretheyreal?Perhapsbutnotinoneandthesamebattery.Whileonebatterytypemaybedesignedforsmallsizeandlongruntime,this
packwillnotlastandwearoutprematurely.Anotherbatterymaybebuiltforlonglife,butthesizeisbigandbulky.Athirdbatterymayprovideallthe
desirableattributes,butthepricewouldbetoohighforcommercialuse.
Batterymanufacturersarewellawareofcustomerneedsandhaverespondedbyofferingpacksthatbestsuitthespecificapplications.Themobilephone
industryisanexampleofcleveradaptation.Emphasisisplacedonsmallsize,highenergydensityandlowprice.Longevitycomesinsecond.

TheinscriptionofNiMHonabatterypackdoesnotautomaticallyguaranteehighenergydensity.AprismaticNickelMetalHydridebatteryforamobile
phone,forexample,ismadeforslimgeometry.Suchapackprovidesanenergydensityofabout60Wh/kgandthecyclecountisaround300.In
comparison,acylindricalNiMHoffersenergydensitiesof80Wh/kgandhigher.Still,thecyclecountofthisbatteryismoderatetolow.HighdurabilityNiMH
batteries,whichendure1000discharges,arecommonlypackagedinbulkycylindricalcells.Theenergydensityofthesecellsisamodest70Wh/kg.
Compromisesalsoexistonlithiumbasedbatteries.Liionpacksarebeingproducedfordefenseapplicationsthatfarexceedtheenergydensityofthe
commercialequivalent.Unfortunately,thesesuperhighcapacityLiionbatteriesaredeemedunsafeinthehandsofthepublicandthehighpriceputsthem
outofreachofthecommercialmarket.
Inthisarticlewelookattheadvantagesandlimitationsofthecommercialbattery.Thesocalledmiraclebatterythatmerelyliveincontrolledenvironments
isexcluded.Wescrutinizethebatteriesnotonlyintermsofenergydensitybutalsolongevity,loadcharacteristics,maintenancerequirements,self
dischargeandoperationalcosts.SinceNiCdremainsastandardagainstwhichotherbatteriesarecompared,weevaluatealternativechemistriesagainst
thisclassicbatterytype.

NickelCadmium(NiCd)matureandwellunderstoodbutrelativelylowinenergydensity.TheNiCdisusedwherelonglife,highdischargerateandeconomical
priceareimportant.Mainapplicationsaretwowayradios,biomedicalequipment,professionalvideocamerasandpowertools.TheNiCdcontainstoxicmetalsandis
environmentallyunfriendly.

NickelMetalHydride(NiMH)hasahigherenergydensitycomparedtotheNiCdattheexpenseofreducedcyclelife.NiMHcontainsnotoxicmetals.Applications
includemobilephonesandlaptopcomputers.

LeadAcidmosteconomicalforlargerpowerapplicationswhereweightisoflittleconcern.Theleadacidbatteryisthepreferredchoiceforhospital
equipment,wheelchairs,emergencylightingandUPSsystems.
LithiumIon(Liion)fastestgrowingbatterysystem.Liionisusedwherehighenergydensityandlightweightisofprimeimportance.Thetechnologyis
fragileandaprotectioncircuitisrequiredtoassuresafety.Applicationsincludenotebookcomputersandcellularphones.

LithiumIonPolymer(Liionpolymer)offerstheattributesoftheLiioninultraslimgeometryandsimplifiedpackaging.Mainapplicationsaremobile
phones.
Figure1comparesthecharacteristicsofthesixmostcommonlyusedrechargeablebatterysystemsintermsofenergydensity,cyclelife,exercise
requirementsandcost.Thefiguresarebasedonaverageratingsofcommerciallyavailablebatteriesatthetimeofpublication.
NiCd NiMH LeadAcid Liion Liionpolymer Reusable
Alkaline

GravimetricEnergyDensity(Wh/kg) 4580 60120 3050 110160 100130 80(initial)

InternalResistance 100to200 1 200to300 1 <100 1 150to250 1 200to300 1 200to2000 1

(includesperipheralcircuits)inm 6Vpack 6Vpack 12Vpack 7.2Vpack 7.2Vpack 6Vpack

CycleLife(to80%ofinitialcapacity) 1500 2 300to500 2,3 200to 500to1000 3 300to 50 3

300 2 500 (to50%)

FastChargeTime 1htypical 24h 816h 24h 24h 23h

OverchargeTolerance moderate low high verylow low moderate

Selfdischarge/Month(room 20%4 30%4 5% 10%5 ~10%5 0.3%

temperature)

CellVoltage(nominal) 1.25V 6 1.25V 6 2V 3.6V 3.6V 1.5V

LoadCurrent
peak 20C 5C 5C7 >2C >2C 0.5C
bestresult 1C 0.5Corlower 0.2C 1Corlower 1Corlower 0.2Corlower

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NiCd NiMH LeadAcid Liion Liionpolymer Reusable
Alkaline

OperatingTemperature(dischargeonly) 40to 20to 20to 20to 0to 0to

60C 60C 60C 60C 60C 65C

MaintenanceRequirement 30to60days 60to90days 3to6months9 notreq. notreq. notreq.

TypicalBatteryCost $50 $60 $25 $100 $100 $5

(US$,referenceonly) (7.2V) (7.2V) (6V) (7.2V) (7.2V) (9V)

CostperCycle(US$)11 $0.04 $0.12 $0.10 $0.14 $0.29 $0.100.50

Commercialusesince 1950 1990 1970(sealedlead 1991 1999 1992

acid)

Figure1:Characteristicsofcommonlyusedrechargeablebatteries

1.Internalresistanceofabatterypackvarieswithcellrating,typeofprotectioncircuitandnumberofcells.ProtectioncircuitofLiionandLipolymer
addsabout100m.
2.Cyclelifeisbasedonbatteryreceivingregularmaintenance.Failingtoapplyperiodicfulldischargecyclesmayreducethecyclelifebyafactorof
three.
3.Cyclelifeisbasedonthedepthofdischarge.Shallowdischargesprovidemorecyclesthandeepdischarges.
4.Thedischargeishighestimmediatelyaftercharge,thentapersoff.TheNiCdcapacitydecreases10%inthefirst24h,thendeclinestoabout10%
every30daysthereafter.Selfdischargeincreaseswithhighertemperature.
5.Internalprotectioncircuitstypicallyconsume3%ofthestoredenergypermonth.
6.1.25Vistheopencellvoltage.1.2Visthecommonlyusedvalue.Thereisnodifferencebetweenthecellsitissimplyamethodofrating.
7.Capableofhighcurrentpulses.
8.Appliestodischargeonlychargetemperaturerangeismoreconfined.
9.Maintenancemaybeintheformofequalizingortoppingcharge.
10.Costofbatteryforcommerciallyavailableportabledevices.
11.Derivedfromthebatterypricedividedbycyclelife.Doesnotincludethecostofelectricityandchargers.

Observation:ItisinterestingtonotethatNiCdhastheshortestchargetime,deliversthehighestloadcurrentandoffersthelowestoverallcostpercycle,
buthasthemostdemandingmaintenancerequirements.

TheNickelCadmium(NiCd)battery
TheNiCdprefersfastchargetoslowchargeandpulsechargetoDCcharge.Allotherchemistriespreferashallowdischargeandmoderateloadcurrents.
TheNiCdisastrongandsilentworkerhardlaborposesnoproblem.Infact,theNiCdistheonlybatterytypethatperformswellunderrigorousworking
conditions.Itdoesnotliketobepamperedbysittinginchargersfordaysandbeingusedonlyoccasionallyforbriefperiods.Aperiodicfulldischargeisso
importantthat,ifomitted,largecrystalswillformonthecellplates(alsoreferredtoasmemory)andtheNiCdwillgraduallyloseitsperformance.

Amongrechargeablebatteries,NiCdremainsapopularchoiceforapplicationssuchastwowayradios,emergencymedicalequipmentandpowertools.
BatterieswithhigherenergydensitiesandlesstoxicmetalsarecausingadiversionfromNiCdtonewertechnologies.

AdvantagesandLimitationsofNiCdBatteries

Advantages Fastandsimplechargeevenafterprolongedstorage.

Highnumberofcharge/dischargecyclesifproperlymaintained,the
NiCdprovidesover1000charge/dischargecycles.

GoodloadperformancetheNiCdallowsrechargingatlow
temperatures.

Longshelflifeinanystateofcharge.

Simplestorageandtransportationmostairfreightcompaniesaccept
theNiCdwithoutspecialconditions.

Goodlowtemperatureperformance.

ForgivingifabusedtheNiCdisoneofthemostruggedrechargeable
batteries.

EconomicallypricedtheNiCdisthelowestcostbatteryintermsof
costpercycle.

Availableinawiderangeofsizesandperformanceoptionsmost
NiCdcellsarecylindrical.

Limitations Relativelylowenergydensitycomparedwithnewersystems.

MemoryeffecttheNiCdmustperiodicallybeexercisedtoprevent
memory.

EnvironmentallyunfriendlytheNiCdcontainstoxicmetals.Some
countriesarelimitingtheuseoftheNiCdbattery.

Hasrelativelyhighselfdischargeneedsrechargingafterstorage.

Figure2:AdvantagesandlimitationsofNiCdbatteries.

TheNickelMetalHydride(NiMH)battery

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ResearchoftheNiMHsystemstartedinthe1970sasameansofdiscoveringhowtostorehydrogenforthenickelhydrogenbattery.Today,nickel
hydrogenbatteriesaremainlyusedforsatelliteapplications.Theyarebulky,containhighpressuresteelcanistersandcostthousandsofdollarspercell.

IntheearlyexperimentaldaysoftheNiMHbattery,themetalhydridealloyswereunstableinthecellenvironmentandthedesiredperformance
characteristicscouldnotbeachieved.Asaresult,thedevelopmentoftheNiMHsloweddown.Newhydridealloysweredevelopedinthe1980sthatwere
stableenoughforuseinacell.Sincethelate1980s,NiMHhassteadilyimproved.
ThesuccessoftheNiMHhasbeendrivenbyitshighenergydensityandtheuseofenvironmentallyfriendlymetals.ThemodernNiMHoffersupto40
percenthigherenergydensitycomparedtoNiCd.Thereispotentialforyethighercapacities,butnotwithoutsomenegativesideeffects.

TheNiMHislessdurablethantheNiCd.Cyclingunderheavyloadandstorageathightemperaturereducestheservicelife.TheNiMHsuffersfromhigh
selfdischarge,whichisconsiderablygreaterthanthatoftheNiCd.

TheNiMHhasbeenreplacingtheNiCdinmarketssuchaswirelesscommunicationsandmobilecomputing.Inmanypartsoftheworld,thebuyeris
encouragedtouseNiMHratherthanNiCdbatteries.Thisisduetoenvironmentalconcernsaboutcarelessdisposalofthespentbattery.

ExpertsagreethattheNiMHhasgreatlyimprovedovertheyears,butlimitationsremain.Mostoftheshortcomingsarenativetothenickelbased
technologyandaresharedwiththeNiCdbattery.ItiswidelyacceptedthatNiMHisaninterimsteptolithiumbatterytechnology.

AdvantagesandLimitationsofNiMHBatteries

Advantages 3040percenthighercapacityoverastandardNiCd.TheNiMHhas
potentialforyethigherenergydensities.

LesspronetomemorythantheNiCd.Periodicexercisecyclesare
requiredlessoften.
Simplestorageandtransportationtransportationconditionsarenot
subjecttoregulatorycontrol.

Environmentallyfriendlycontainsonlymildtoxinsprofitablefor
recycling.

Limitations Limitedservicelifeifrepeatedlydeepcycled,especiallyathighload
currents,theperformancestartstodeteriorateafter200to300cycles.
Shallowratherthandeepdischargecyclesarepreferred.

LimiteddischargecurrentalthoughaNiMHbatteryiscapableof
deliveringhighdischargecurrents,repeateddischargeswithhighload
currentsreducesthebatteryscyclelife.Bestresultsareachievedwith
loadcurrentsof0.2Cto0.5C(onefifthtoonehalfoftherated
capacity).
MorecomplexchargealgorithmneededtheNiMHgeneratesmore
heatduringchargeandrequiresalongerchargetimethantheNiCd.The
tricklechargeiscriticalandmustbecontrolledcarefully.

HighselfdischargetheNiMHhasabout50percenthigherself
dischargecomparedtotheNiCd.Newchemicaladditivesimprovethe
selfdischargebutattheexpenseoflowerenergydensity.

PerformancedegradesifstoredatelevatedtemperaturestheNiMH
shouldbestoredinacoolplaceandatastateofchargeofabout
40percent.
Highmaintenancebatteryrequiresregularfulldischargetoprevent
crystallineformation.
About20percentmoreexpensivethanNiCdNiMHbatteries
designedforhighcurrentdrawaremoreexpensivethantheregular
version.

Figure3:AdvantagesandlimitationsofNiMHbatteries

TheLeadAcidbattery
InventedbytheFrenchphysicianGastonPlantin1859,leadacidwasthefirstrechargeablebatteryforcommercialuse.Today,thefloodedleadacid
batteryisusedinautomobiles,forkliftsandlargeuninterruptiblepowersupply(UPS)systems.

Duringthemid1970s,researchersdevelopedamaintenancefreeleadacidbatterythatcouldoperateinanyposition.Theliquidelectrolytewas
transformedintomoistenedseparatorsandtheenclosurewassealed.Safetyvalveswereaddedtoallowventingofgasduringchargeanddischarge.

Drivenbydifferentapplications,twobatterydesignationsemerged.Theyarethesmallsealedleadacid(SLA),alsoknownunderthebrandnameofGelcell,
andthelargevalveregulatedleadacid(VRLA).Technically,bothbatteriesarethesame.(Engineersmayarguethatthewordsealedleadacidisa
misnomerbecausenoleadacidbatterycanbetotallysealed.)Becauseofouremphasisonportablebatteries,wefocusontheSLA.

Unlikethefloodedleadacidbattery,boththeSLAandVRLAaredesignedwithalowovervoltagepotentialtoprohibitthebatteryfromreachingitsgas
generatingpotentialduringcharge.Excesschargingwouldcausegassingandwaterdepletion.Consequently,thesebatteriescanneverbechargedtotheir
fullpotential.
Theleadacidisnotsubjecttomemory.Leavingthebatteryonfloatchargeforaprolongedtimedoesnotcausedamage.Thebatteryschargeretentionis
bestamongrechargeablebatteries.WhereastheNiCdselfdischargesapproximately40percentofitsstoredenergyinthreemonths,theSLAself
dischargesthesameamountinoneyear.TheSLAisrelativelyinexpensivetopurchasebuttheoperationalcostscanbemoreexpensivethantheNiCdif
fullcyclesarerequiredonarepetitivebasis.

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TheSLAdoesnotlenditselftofastchargingtypicalchargetimesare8to16hours.TheSLAmustalwaysbestoredinachargedstate.Leavingthe
batteryinadischargedconditioncausessulfation,aconditionthatmakesthebatterydifficult,ifnotimpossible,torecharge.
UnliketheNiCd,theSLAdoesnotlikedeepcycling.Afulldischargecausesextrastrainandeachcyclerobsthebatteryofasmallamountofcapacity.
Thisweardowncharacteristicalsoappliestootherbatterychemistriesinvaryingdegrees.Topreventthebatteryfrombeingstressedthroughrepetitive
deepdischarge,alargerSLAbatteryisrecommended.
Dependingonthedepthofdischargeandoperatingtemperature,theSLAprovides200to300discharge/chargecycles.Theprimaryreasonforits
relativelyshortcyclelifeisgridcorrosionofthepositiveelectrode,depletionoftheactivematerialandexpansionofthepositiveplates.Thesechangesare
mostprevalentathigheroperatingtemperatures.Cyclingdoesnotpreventorreversethetrend.

TheoptimumoperatingtemperaturefortheSLAandVRLAbatteryis25C(77F).Asaruleofthumb,every8C(15F)riseintemperaturewillcutthe
batterylifeinhalf.VRLAthatwouldlastfor10yearsat25Cwillonlybegoodfor5yearsifoperatedat33C(95F).Thesamebatterywouldendurealittle
morethanoneyearatatemperatureof42C(107F).

Amongmodernrechargeablebatteries,theleadacidbatteryfamilyhasthelowestenergydensity,makingitunsuitableforhandhelddevicesthatdemand
compactsize.Inaddition,performanceatlowtemperaturesispoor.

TheSLAisratedata5hourdischargeor0.2C.Somebatteriesareevenratedataslow20hourdischarge.Longerdischargetimesproducehigher
capacityreadings.TheSLAperformswellonhighpulsecurrents.Duringthesepulses,dischargerateswellinexcessof1Ccanbedrawn.
Intermsofdisposal,theSLAislessharmfulthantheNiCdbatterybutthehighleadcontentmakestheSLAenvironmentallyunfriendly.

AdvantagesandLimitationsofLeadAcidBatteries

Advantages Inexpensiveandsimpletomanufactureintermsofcostperwatt
hours,theSLAistheleastexpensive.

Mature,reliableandwellunderstoodtechnologywhenusedcorrectly,
theSLAisdurableandprovidesdependableservice.

Lowselfdischargetheselfdischargerateisamongthelowestin
rechargeablebatterysystems.
Lowmaintenancerequirementsnomemorynoelectrolytetofill.

Capableofhighdischargerates.

Limitations Cannotbestoredinadischargedcondition.

Lowenergydensitypoorweighttoenergydensitylimitsuseto
stationaryandwheeledapplications.
Allowsonlyalimitednumberoffulldischargecycleswellsuitedfor
standbyapplicationsthatrequireonlyoccasionaldeepdischarges.
Environmentallyunfriendlytheelectrolyteandtheleadcontentcan
causeenvironmentaldamage.
Transportationrestrictionsonfloodedleadacidthereare
environmentalconcernsregardingspillageincaseofanaccident.

Thermalrunawaycanoccurwithimpropercharging.

Figure4:Advantagesandlimitationsofleadacidbatteries.

TheLithiumIonbattery
Pioneerworkwiththelithiumbatterybeganin1912underG.N.Lewisbutitwasnotuntiltheearly1970sthatthefirstnonrechargeablelithiumbatteries
becamecommerciallyavailable.Lithiumisthelightestofallmetals,hasthegreatestelectrochemicalpotentialandprovidesthelargestenergydensityper
weight.

Attemptstodeveloprechargeablelithiumbatteriesfollowedinthe1980s,butfailedduetosafetyproblems.Becauseoftheinherentinstabilityoflithium
metal,especiallyduringcharging,researchshiftedtoanonmetalliclithiumbatteryusinglithiumions.Althoughslightlylowerinenergydensitythanlithium
metal,theLiionissafe,providedcertainprecautionsaremetwhencharginganddischarging.In1991,theSonyCorporationcommercializedthefirstLiion
battery.Othermanufacturersfollowedsuit.Today,theLiionisthefastestgrowingandmostpromisingbatterychemistry.
TheenergydensityoftheLiionistypicallytwicethatofthestandardNiCd.Improvementsinelectrodeactivematerialshavethepotentialofincreasingthe
energydensityclosetothreetimesthatoftheNiCd.Inadditiontohighcapacity,theloadcharacteristicsarereasonablygoodandbehavesimilarlytothe
NiCdintermsofdischargecharacteristics(similarshapeofdischargeprofile,butdifferentvoltage).Theflatdischargecurveofferseffectiveutilizationof
thestoredpowerinadesirablevoltagespectrum.

Thehighcellvoltageallowsbatterypackswithonlyonecell.Mostoftodaysmobilephonesrunonasinglecell,anadvantagethatsimplifiesbattery
design.Tomaintainthesamepower,highercurrentsaredrawn.Lowcellresistanceisimportanttoallowunrestrictedcurrentflowduringloadpulses.

TheLiionisalowmaintenancebattery,anadvantagethatmostotherchemistriescannotclaim.Thereisnomemoryandnoscheduledcyclingisrequired
toprolongthebatteryslife.Inaddition,theselfdischargeislessthanhalfcomparedtoNiCd,makingtheLiionwellsuitedformodernfuelgauge
applications.Liioncellscauselittleharmwhendisposed.

Despiteitsoveralladvantages,Liionalsohasitsdrawbacks.Itisfragileandrequiresaprotectioncircuittomaintainsafeoperation.Builtintoeachpack,
theprotectioncircuitlimitsthepeakvoltageofeachcellduringchargeandpreventsthecellvoltagefromdroppingtoolowondischarge.Inaddition,the
celltemperatureismonitoredtopreventtemperatureextremes.Themaximumchargeanddischargecurrentislimitedtobetween1Cand2C.Withthese
precautionsinplace,thepossibilityofmetalliclithiumplatingoccurringduetooverchargeisvirtuallyeliminated.
AgingisaconcernwithmostLiionbatteriesandmanymanufacturersremainsilentaboutthisissue.Somecapacitydeteriorationisnoticeableafterone
year,whetherthebatteryisinuseornot.Overtwoorperhapsthreeyears,thebatteryfrequentlyfails.Itshouldbenotedthatotherchemistriesalsohave
agerelateddegenerativeeffects.ThisisespeciallytruefortheNiMHifexposedtohighambienttemperatures.

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StoringthebatteryinacoolplaceslowsdowntheagingprocessoftheLiion(andotherchemistries).Manufacturersrecommendstoragetemperaturesof
15C(59F).Inaddition,thebatteryshouldbepartiallychargedduringstorage.

ManufacturersareconstantlyimprovingthechemistryoftheLiionbattery.Newandenhancedchemicalcombinationsareintroducedeverysixmonthsor
so.Withsuchrapidprogress,itisdifficulttoassesshowwelltherevisedbatterywillage.
ThemosteconomicalLiionbatteryintermsofcosttoenergyratioisthecylindrical18650cell.Thiscellisusedformobilecomputingandother
applicationsthatdonotdemandultrathingeometry.Ifaslimmerpackisrequired(thinnerthan18mm),theprismaticLiioncellisthebestchoice.There
arenogainsinenergydensityoverthe18650,however,thecostofobtainingthesameenergymaydouble.

Forultraslimgeometry(lessthan4mm),theonlychoiceisLiionpolymer.Thisisthemostexpensivesystemintermsofcosttoenergyratio.Thereare
nogainsinenergydensityandthedurabilityisinferiortotherugged18560cell.

AdvantagesandLimitationsofLiionBatteries

Advantages Highenergydensitypotentialforyethighercapacities.
Relativelylowselfdischargeselfdischargeislessthanhalfthatof
NiCdandNiMH.

LowMaintenancenoperiodicdischargeisneedednomemory.

Limitations Requiresprotectioncircuitprotectioncircuitlimitsvoltageand
current.Batteryissafeifnotprovoked.

Subjecttoaging,evenifnotinusestoringthebatteryinacoolplace
andat40percentstateofchargereducestheagingeffect.

Moderatedischargecurrent.
Subjecttotransportationregulationsshipmentoflargerquantitiesof
Liionbatteriesmaybesubjecttoregulatorycontrol.Thisrestriction
doesnotapplytopersonalcarryonbatteries.
Expensivetomanufactureabout40percenthigherincostthanNiCd.
Bettermanufacturingtechniquesandreplacementofraremetalswith
lowercostalternativeswilllikelyreducetheprice.
Notfullymaturechangesinmetalandchemicalcombinationsaffect
batterytestresults,especiallywithsomequicktestmethods.

Figure5:AdvantagesandlimitationsofLiionbatteries

TheLithiumPolymerbattery
TheLipolymerdifferentiatesitselffromotherbatterysystemsinthetypeofelectrolyteused.Theoriginaldesign,datingbacktothe1970s,usesadry
solidpolymerelectrolyte.Thiselectrolyteresemblesaplasticlikefilmthatdoesnotconductelectricitybutallowsanexchangeofions(electricallycharged
atomsorgroupsofatoms).Thepolymerelectrolytereplacesthetraditionalporousseparator,whichissoakedwithelectrolyte.

Thedrypolymerdesignofferssimplificationswithrespecttofabrication,ruggedness,safetyandthinprofilegeometry.Thereisnodangerofflammability
becausenoliquidorgelledelectrolyteisused.Withacellthicknessmeasuringaslittleasonemillimeter(0.039inches),equipmentdesignersareleftto
theirownimaginationintermsofform,shapeandsize.

Unfortunately,thedryLipolymersuffersfrompoorconductivity.Internalresistanceistoohighandcannotdeliverthecurrentburstsneededformodern
communicationdevicesandspinninguptheharddrivesofmobilecomputingequipment.Heatingthecellto60C(140F)andhigherincreasesthe
conductivitybutthisrequirementisunsuitableforportableapplications.
TomakeasmallLipolymerbatteryconductive,somegelledelectrolytehasbeenadded.MostofthecommercialLipolymerbatteriesusedtodayfor
mobilephonesareahybridandcontaingelledelectrolyte.ThecorrecttermforthissystemisLithiumIonPolymer.Forpromotionalreasons,mostbattery
manufacturersmarkthebatterysimplyasLipolymer.Sincethehybridlithiumpolymeristheonlyfunctioningpolymerbatteryforportableusetoday,we
willfocusonthischemistry.

Withgelledelectrolyteadded,whatthenisthedifferencebetweenclassicLiionandLiionpolymer?Althoughthecharacteristicsandperformanceofthe
twosystemsareverysimilar,theLiionpolymerisuniqueinthatsolidelectrolytereplacestheporousseparator.Thegelledelectrolyteissimplyaddedto
enhanceionconductivity.

TechnicaldifficultiesanddelaysinvolumemanufacturinghavedeferredtheintroductionoftheLiionpolymerbattery.Inaddition,thepromisedsuperiority
oftheLiionpolymerhasnotyetbeenrealized.Noimprovementsincapacitygainsareachievedinfact,thecapacityisslightlylessthanthatofthe
standardLiionbattery.Forthepresent,thereisnocostadvantage.ThemajorreasonforswitchingtotheLiionpolymerisformfactor.Itallowswaferthin
geometries,astylethatisdemandedbythehighlycompetitivemobilephoneindustry.

AdvantagesandLimitationsofLiionPolymerBatteries

Advantages Verylowprofilebatteriesthatresembletheprofileofacreditcardare
feasible.
Flexibleformfactormanufacturersarenotboundbystandardcell
formats.Withhighvolume,anyreasonablesizecanbeproduced
economically.
Lightweightgelledratherthanliquidelectrolytesenablesimplified
packaging,insomecaseseliminatingthemetalshell.
Improvedsafetymoreresistanttooverchargelesschancefor
electrolyteleakage.

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Limitations LowerenergydensityanddecreasedcyclecountcomparedtoLiion
potentialforimprovementsexist.
Expensivetomanufactureoncemassproduced,theLiionpolymer
hasthepotentialforlowercost.Reducedcontrolcircuitoffsetshigher
manufacturingcosts.

Lastupdated20170321

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Comments
OnOctober22,2010at3:58am

EdIglehartwrote:

Verygoodoverview.Helpedmedecideonapowertoolpurchase.

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Thanks

OnOctober29,2010at9:03am

Renegadewrote:

Howoldisthisarticle?LiPolyiswaybeyondthisnow.WhataboutLithiumIronPolymer?

OnNovember7,2010at12:29pm

LeszekJwrote:

Isuggesttocorrectsomeunits.
Namely,internalresistanceunit.

OnNovember19,2010at2:03am

Michaelwrote:

Reallyitsverygood.Itgavemeclearideasonwhatpartsdowe(nextgeneration)havetofocus.EspeciallyontheLiionbatteryonwhichIaminterestedin.

OnNovember19,2010at4:16am

PietHumanwrote:

WeareinvetigatingtheRegenerationofLeadAcidbatteriesprincipals,thefeasabilityofthisprocedureetc.andrequiremoreinformationregardingthisnewtechnology.Can
youassistorrefermetosomebodywhocanassistmeplease?

OnNovember22,2010at6:51am

Generalmanagerwrote:

Lookingforthelatestbestbatterychargerforrechargeblebestbatteriesforelectroniclocks,remoteandcommercialuse.andsafety.

OnNovember24,2010at1:45pm

holtb.harrisonwrote:

canyougivemethenamesofthepubliclytradedstocksmakingyourreccomendedelectriccarbatteries?thankyou,HoltHarrison

OnDecember23,2010at6:14am

Heburawrote:

Verygoodbasicsforanewpractitionerinthebatteryfield.

OnDecember25,2010at11:27pm

Errolwrote:

goodgeneralcover

OnDecember28,2010at12:08am

Mudwrote:

Interestingstuff.Ioriginallywantedtoreadthearticletoanswermyquestionbutitwasnotaddressed.Thequestionis,whenbuildingasolarchargingsystemwithSLAbatteries,isthere
adifferencebetweentypesofdeepcyclebatteries.Iveseensourcesusingdeepcyclebatteriesusedinanumberofapplicationssuchasgolfcarts.Iseemtorecallsomeoneonce
sayingacertaindeepcyclebatteryneedstobeusedinsteadofanother,butIcannotrecallthesource.Ivetriedtoresearchthisquestionbutamnotfindingastraightanswer.Canyou
clarifythisanswer?

OnDecember30,2010at1:48pm

WayneParsonswrote:

Veryinformative

OnJanuary4,2011at9:12pm

BWMichaelwrote:

Mud:Thereare2typesofSLAbatteriesdeepcycleandnondeepcycle.
Thedeepcycleoneswilllastlongerifbeingflattenedandrecharged,whereasthenondeepcyclepreferstobekeptchargedallthetimeandareusuallyusedforUPSsystemsand
housealarmsastheyarenotconstantlybeingused/cycled.

p.sGabrielifyouaregoingtocorrectme,dontbother.Iamright

OnJanuary14,2011at2:54am

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K.SambasivaRaowrote:

Dearsir/madam,

IWantcombtypegriddesigndateilsforleadacidbatteries.Avoidthepastefallingfrompositve&negativeplates.

Regards
K.SambasivaRao
Asst.Designingengineer
HBlPowersystems,
HYD.AP,India.

OnJanuary14,2011at3:05am

K.SambasivaRaowrote:

Dearsir/madam,

IWantcombtypegriddesigndateilsforleadacidbatteries.
Avoidthepasteissheddingfrompositve&negativegrids.

Regards
K.SambasivaRao
Asst.Designingengineer
HBlPowersystems,
HYD.AP,India.

OnJanuary15,2011at10:38pm

awrote:

HowdoesNickelIronfare?FromwhatIvereadthethingsseemawesomeforsolarchargedsystems.

OnFebruary11,2011at11:48pm

Fralamwrote:

HowaboutsomeNiMhbatterycellsofCtypewith1.2v@9000mAmpandweigthofonly63grpercellisthisfake?....plzsomeonetellmebecausethethewattperkgrishigerthanthe
reported

OnFebruary26,2011at1:17pm

nealegrierwrote:

freezingofthesebatterieswillitdamagethem???

OnMarch8,2011at12:03pm

jesperlindskogwrote:

Notetopoethuman

wehavebeenworkingwithregeneretingleadacidbatteriesforover10years.
Wehavealsobeendoingreserchforprolongingthelifetimeofallkindofbatteries.
Contactmeformoreinfoonjesper.lindskog@reacc.se

OnMarch18,2011at6:43am

DeanScottwrote:

Canyoureplace66voltgolfcartbatterieawith312voltona36voltcart?

OnMarch19,2011at6:47pm

Dr.Haddadwrote:

Pleasesendmeuptodateinformation.
Thanyou.
Dr.Haddad

OnJune11,2011at3:45pm

CliveWilsonwrote:

Thisisareallyniceintrotobatteries,veryusefultothenovicelikemyself.
But(theresalwaysabut)pleasecouldyouaddadateelementtothistoindicatehowcurrent(sorry!)thisis.

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OnAugust16,2011at3:05am

Eduardwrote:

Hi,youforgotthebatteriesnickeliron,theseareestimatedlifeof20yearsandmorethan10000chargedischargecycles,withouthavingtoChangetheElectrolite
Theywereruledbyobsolescenceplanned.
Createdmorethantwocenturies,andeven70sbatteriesrunning,Ithinkweshouldkeeptheminmind.
http://www.nickelironbattery.com/

OnAugust23,2011at1:27pm

Andrewwrote:

@Fralam

Thebatteryyouretalkingaboutislistedasa1.2V,9000mAhcell.Somebodyboughtandtestedit,itproduced4Ahnot9.Hoax

OnNovember24,2011at6:51am

NatashaMohanwrote:

Veryinformativearticle.IwantedtoknowwhatthebestbatteryforaUPSsysteminmidpowerrange(online)systemis?Thiswouldmostlybeusedforcommercialapplications.Iknow
leadacidbatteriesarecommonlyusedinUPSsystems,butcanLiionorSodiummetalhalidebatteriesbeused?

OnJanuary3,2012at2:38pm

AlanOppywrote:

Ihavedevelopedasmallportableapplianceforuseintheoutdoorrecreationmarketthatrequiresa12voltpowersourcetooperate.Thispowersourceneedstobeabletodelivera
startupcurrentof1.9ampandaruncurrentof1.5ampsandneedstobeabledeliverthisforapprox34minutesperoperation.Itwillthencease,rest,andrepeatthisfunctionapprox
30to40timesbeforeneedingtoberecharged.Iamseekingadviceastowhichbatterywouldbebestsuitedtomeetingmyneeds.Otherimportantfactorsthatneedtobeconsideredare
weight,size(portability),longevityandofcourseprice.Cananyoneadviseonthis

OnMarch3,2012at2:39am

Alanwrote:

ThankyouJack,Iwillfollowupyoursuggestion

OnMarch19,2012at9:34am

SareyahCookwrote:

Wow,thisreallyhelpedmewithasixgradescienceprojct.iminhighscholnowanyway.

VERYWELLDONE.

OnMarch19,2012at9:35am

Toddwrote:

...Melikeybateries:D

OnMarch30,2012at2:04am

jagmohanwrote:

Hi...
Imworkingasaseniorsolutionarchitect..ineedallbatteryrelatedupdates.

Thankyou
Jagmohan

OnJune1,2012at4:03pm

RafyAzmanwrote:

Thisisaverygoodarticle!THankssomuch!!

OnSeptember12,2012at6:20pm

jhkdhkwrote:

heythisiscoolas

OnSeptember17,2012at1:10am

markezwrote:

Thanksforthisarticle.NowImdoingmyfinalprojectfortheuniversityandthisinformationcanhelpmetounderstandbetterwhatihavetodo.

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OnSeptember17,2012at7:31pm

RumbleBumbleBeewrote:

Thisisfantablious.Ireallylovespendingmyweekendreadingthissortofeducationalinforation.thanks,yourbiggestfanRumbleBumbleBee

OnNovember5,2012at2:51pm

killerwhalewrote:

Thearticleappearstohavebeenwrittenquitesometimeago.Itmakesnomentionofthe(notsonewnow)NiMHlowselfdischargebatteries(enelooptype).

OnNovember23,2012at10:42am

GaryM.FranklinSr.wrote:

Inlawnmowerspoweredbyrechargeablebatteries,whichbatteryareyoubesttohaveasfarasoverchargingandlonglifeareyoubesttohaveLEWADACIDORLITHIUMION?Please
sendmeanemailA.S.A.P.ThanksSincerley,GaryM.FranklinSr.

OnJanuary10,2013at5:10pm

nikwrote:

Informationhereisquiteaged(iwoudlsay5yearsatleast)...LSDNiMHandLIFePObatterieschangedlandscapequiteabit,andevenolderchemistriesbeentweakedquitesignificantly
(makesyourealisehowbatteryimprovementsrackedupinlastyears).

Example:youcangeteneloopcellsforfewyearsalready,parametersinrangeof2.4Wh,1000+cycles,27gweightand2,5$cost...

..andLiFePOnanophosphatecellscouldshameNiCadsinalmosteveryaspectbutprice(NiCadsarenolongerkingofthehillwhenyouneededbothcyclecountsandpowerdelivery)

Arcticleleavesoutsomeusefulcharacteristicsofsomechemistries,whilementioninglessrelevantinformation,ex.woudbenicetomentionthatNiMHarecloseto100%efficientinfirst
80%oftheircapacitycycle,orthatkeepingLiIionchemistriesunder80%SOCnotonlyincreasetheircyclecounts,butsignificanlydecreasesagerelatedcapacityloss(whichunder
manyusesismuchmoresignificantthancyclerelatedcapacityloss)....

...andsoon

OnJuly28,2013at9:17am

jerrycarrwrote:

enersyshastakenawaytheneedfordangerousliionbatteriesbymakingpureledhiprofilebateriesthatarenttoexpensive.onshipsthisisveryimportantbecauseoftheriskoffire,
whichpowerstarsolves.

OnOctober9,2013at10:59am

ariannawrote:

sobored.....

OnApril10,2014at10:14pm

harinathwrote:

reallyinformative

OnMay13,2014at10:20pm

nikhilwrote:

hi,
ihaveasmalldigitalclockcircuitwhichworkson12v1asmpsadapter.iwanttoconnectittoaninverterbattery12v50ah.

myquestioniswhetherineedanyspecialcircuitwithstandthishighcurrent(50ah)?.
andahmeansitjustincreasethebatterybackuptimeandthecircuitdrawsonlythecurrentitneedsregardlessofthebatteryAH.?

pleasereply,

thanks
Nikhil

OnMay31,2014at9:38pm

Tigranwrote:

Veryhelpfuloverview.Ithelpedmeinchoosingthebatterytypeforlongcyclelifesystem.
AlsomotivatedmetothinkaboutothertypesofenergystoragelikeCAES(CompressedAirEnergyStorage)forsolarhomeapplication

OnJune2,2014at2:12pm

RavindraGosaviwrote:

HowtoFastandfullbostcharginginlowconditionbatteriesbyrailwaystation

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OnJuly7,2014at12:10pm

MKpandeywrote:

Pleaseprovideyourinputsforfollowing.
Inapowerdistributioncontrolcircuitsareratedat24Vor48Vdcvoltage.Pleasecommentaswhattypeofbatteriesbeused.Oneoptionisweuse12Vcarbatteriesinseriestoarrive
atrequiredvoltage.Otheroptionistogoforthebatterybankwith2Vcellsinseriestoachieverequiredvoltage.
Iwouldliketoknowwhataretheadvantageofbatterybankwith2Vcellsovera12voltbatterybank,especiallyforprotectionofcontrolcircuitsofapowerdistributioncompany.Please
elaborateyourreplywithconstructiondetails&lifeofthebatterycells.
Pleaseprovidetheinformationasearlyaspossible.

OnAugust4,2014at5:17am

Edwardwrote:

differentkindsofbatterycanmeetdifferentrequirement

OnSeptember16,2014at2:20pm

Alexwrote:

Haveaquestion,thenewKiaSoulEVhaveLithiumPolymerwithenergydensityof200Wh/kg,higherthanothercarmaker.Isthatsomuchimproved,andhowaboutcyclesofKiaSoul
EVbattery?

OnSeptember17,2014at12:39am

Edwardwrote:

DearAlexAsyouknow,theSouthKoreaisverygoodattheLithiumbattery.Sodonotdoubtthat.thecyclesofKiaSoulEvbatteryisnotveryclear.

OnNovember5,2014at7:32am

mr.smarterthanyouwrote:

...MESMARTERTHANYOULOL

OnDecember10,2014at2:21am

NAPASURESHwrote:

HiThere,
CananyoneclarifymethatwecanuseLipolbatteryinhighertemperatureslike>60degCoperatingtemperature?
Imeanchargingat60degCoperatingtemperature.

OnDecember10,2014at5:27am

Edwardwrote:

NAPA,NoitisdangeroustousetheLipolinsuchhightemperaturer,youcanchoosetheNiCdorNiMhhightemperaturerbattery,formoredetailspleasesendmyemail
zzrm316@163.comEdward

OnDecember20,2014at7:09pm

Robdogwoofwrote:

IninterestedintheearlyquestionregardingNickelIronchemistryinstationarysolarorwindpoweredinstallations.Whiletheyhavelowenergydensity,theirrobustnessandcyclelife
seemtomakethemappealing.Soisthereanyreasonnottoemploytheminthisapplication?Imthinkingofa1000AHrinstallation.

OnJanuary28,2015at2:51am

pwrote:

lol

OnFebruary1,2015at12:39pm

mokuyacankybiyatchwrote:

ithinkthisisaveryinnterestingarticle
verinteresting
thanku
fortheniceinformation

OnFebruary2,2015at6:43pm

Dacostawrote:

Thisisaveryinformativearticle.iamworkingonachargingcircuitforaLiionbatteriesanyhelpwillbewelcomed

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OnFebruary4,2015at7:00am

Jeffwrote:

HiDacosta,Iamworkingontherechargeablebattery,keepintouchzzrm316@163.comEdward

OnFebruary5,2015at8:35pm

CamiR.wrote:

Oneofthegreatcontributorsofsoilandwatercontaminationarethebatteries,thehighleadcontentones.Weshouldalllearntodoresponsibledisposalsotoavoidtheriskofhumanand
environmentalhealth.|http://www.advancedchemical.net/

OnFebruary13,2015at2:57am

mehwrote:

doesanyoneknowwhatbatteriesthesilexchreosisgoingtoouseifitexists?

OnApril14,2015at7:04pm

zcccwrote:

Greatarticle.

OnApril26,2015at10:50pm

farhannezamiwrote:

cananyonesuggestmethatwhichisthebestbatteryoutofall

OnMay15,2015at2:49am

NathanMaxfieldwrote:

DeezNutz
Slpurge

OnAugust26,2015at6:19am

shadabarzoo(raja)wrote:

whichisbestLiIonorLiPo?

OnOctober15,2015at5:42am

150321wrote:

batteriescanexplode!

OnNovember6,2015at9:40am

AnzalnaSaifwrote:

Iwantthebriefinformation

OnNovember6,2015at9:43am

AnzalnaSaifwrote:

Iwantthebriefnotabouttheadvantagesanddisadvantagesofbattery

OnFebruary16,2016at10:51am

JaiprakashMorewrote:

whichtypeofbatterytobeusedforprivatesolarsystemwhereregularelectricityisnotpresentatallandneeddeepdischargeseverynight.Andwhereelectricitypresentbutirregular.

OnMarch10,2016at5:15am

Jackwrote:

Sometypesofrechargeablebatteriesandthechargingcircuit

OnMarch30,2016at2:14pm

rolandandersonwrote:

Howdoesthepureleadbatteriescomparetolithium?
Thepureleadisabigimprovementfromwetleadacidisitnot?

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OnApril3,2016at11:09pm

shekharwrote:

isthereanydamagetoleadacidbatteryifweprovideconstantcurrenttoitthroughout?

OnMay11,2016at5:24pm

Robertwrote:

Fromthefirstparagraph
Quote:Wescrutinizethebatteriesnotonlyintermsofenergydensitybutalsolongevity

Andthenthereisnofurthermentionoflongevity,verydisappointingforasitethathasuniversityinitstitle.

IamlookingtofindwhatisbestforabackupbatterythatIexpectwillhardlyeverbeneeded/used/discharged.Socyclesnotequallongevity!

OnAugust22,2016at7:57pm

RenoMagrowrote:

Loveyourarticlesonbatterytechnolgy,thewayofthefuture.Whencoupledtosolarandwindtechnolgy,hopebatteryscankeepup

OnSeptember9,2016at5:43am

MichaelStephenwrote:

TheArticlewassoenrichingandigainalotfromit.IthasalsogivenmeanheadstartonmypresentresearchreviewpaperonpresentdayBatteryTechnologies

OnDecember19,2016at1:12am

zameerwrote:

batterytypeLithiumIon(LiIon)4Cell
batterytypeLithiumIon(LiIon)
whichbatteryisgoodformylaptop?

OnJanuary5,2017at2:32pm

RodolfoMartinezwrote:

IsthereanyinformationonthiswebsiteconcerningLithiumIonIronPhosphatebatteries?

OnJanuary15,2017at11:52pm

KenPagewrote:

WheresNiFe?NickelIronBatteries??:(...

OnFebruary18,2017at8:34am

Miklowrote:

Batterieshavecomealongwaysincecellphoneswerefirstused.Whilebatteriesarestilltheweakpointinmyopiniontheynowlastlongerchargefasterandarenotastoxicasbefore.
Ofcoursetherearestillafewthingsthatshouldbedonetogetthemostfromyourbattery,soitsimportanttofindoutwhatkindofbatteryyouhaveandtheproperwaytomaintain.By
doingthisyouwillextendthelifeofthebattery,andmakelifeeasier.
MIKLO

OnFebruary19,2017at8:18am

Johnwrote:

Iseelotsofunansweredquestionsandcommentshere,butIlltryanyway:WhydoesnttheFTC(FederalTradeCommission)orotherAHJ(AuthorityHavingJurisdiction)requirebattery
manufacturerstoplacetheenergydensityofthebatteryineasilyunderstoodunits,suchaswatthoursonthepackagingandintheadvertisingoftheseproductssothatconsumerscan
haveameaningfulwayofcomparingtheperformanceofbatteriesbyunitpricing($/WH)amongvariousmanufacturersandbrands?Thisshouldapplytorechargableandnon
rechargeablebatteriesalike.Theonlytechnicalinformationaboutbatteryperformancethatiseasilyobtained(fromWebsites)bytheaverageconsumer,arecharge/dischargecurves
undercontrolled,notnecessarilytypicalconditions.TheseareUSELESSinhelpingtheconsumermakeaninformedpurchasedecisionortoprovideanobjectivepricevs.performance
comparisonofavailableproducts.

OnMarch17,2017at6:41pm

davewrote:

Youlistleadacidascommercialusesince1970?Ithinkthatiswrong,theyvebeenaroundforover100years.Maybeyoumeant1870?

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