Phys 2011 12 Interference

INTERFERENCE
Topics
Two source interference
Double-slit interference
Coherence
Intensity in double slit interference
Interference from thin film
Michelsons Interferometer
Text Book:
PHYSICS VOL 2 by Halliday, Resnick and Krane (5th Edition)
MIT-MANIPAL BE-PHYSICS- INTERFERENCE-2011-12
1
TWO-SOURCE INTERFERENCE
When identical waves from two sources overlap at a

point in space, the combined wave intensity at that
point can be greater or less than the intensity of either
of the two waves. This effect is called interference.
The interference is constructive when the net intensity

is greater than the individual intensities.
The interference is destructive when the net intensity is
less than individual intensities.

2
Maximal constructive
interference of two
waves occurs when their
phase difference is 0, 2,
4 , (the waves are in-
phase)
Complete destructive interference of two waves occur when

their phase difference is , 3 , 5 , (the waves are 180o out
of phase)
3
INTERFERENCE PATTERN PRODUCED BY WATER

WAVES IN A RIPPLE TANK
Maxima: where the shadows show the crests and valleys

Minima: where the shadows are less clearly visible
MIT-MANIPAL BE-PHYSICS- INTERFERENCE-2011-12 4
DOUBLE-SLIT INTERFERENCE
A train of plane light waves is incident on two narrow parallel

slits separated by distance d (>>). The interference pattern
on the screen consists of bright and dark fringes.
Consider two coherent sources S1 and

S2 separated by a distance d and kept
at a distance D from the screen.
For D>>d, we can approximate rays r1
and r2 as being parallel.
Path difference between two waves
from S1 & S2 (separated by a distance
d) on reaching a point P on a screen at
a distance D from the sources is S1b =
d sin .

For maximum at point P

S1b = m m = 0, 1, 2, . . .
Which can be written as,
d sin = m m = 0, 1, 2, . . .
m = 0 is the central maximum.
For minimum at point P
S1b = (m + 21 ) m = 0, 1, 2, . . .
Which can be written as,
d sin = (m + 21 ) m = 0, 1, 2, . . .

For small value of , we can make

following approximation.
sin
y
sin tan =
D
Path difference:
y d
d sin = S 1b =
D

mth maximum is located at

ym given by
m ym
=
d D
or
D
ym = m
d
where m = 0, 1, 2, . . .

9
Separation between adjacent maxima

(for small ) is independent of m
y = ym+1 ym
D D
= (m+1) m
d d
D
y =
d
The spacing between the adjacent
minima is same the spacing between
adjacent maxima.
10
YOUNGS DOUBLE SLIT EXPERIMENT
Double slit experiment was first

performed by Thomas Young in 1801.
So double slit experiment is known as
Youngs Experiment.
He used sun light as source for the
experiment.
In his experiment, he allowed sun light
to pass through narrow opening (S0)
and then through two openings (S1
and S2).

Problem: SP 41-1
The double slit arrangement is illuminated by light of
wavelength 546 nm. The slits are 0.12 mm apart and the
screen on which interference pattern appears is 55cm
away.
a) What is the angular position of (i) first minima and (ii)
tenth maxima?
b) What is the separation between two adjacent
maxima?
Problem: E 41-2
Monochromatic light illuminates two parallel slits a

distance d apart The first maximum is observed at
an angular position of 15. By what percentage
should d be increased or decreased so that the
second maximum will instead be observed at 15 ?

Problem: E 41-5
A double-slit arrangement produces interference

fringes for sodium light (wavelength = 589 nm) that
are 0.23 apart. For what wavelength would the
angular separation be 10% greater ? Assume that the
angle is small.

Problem: E 41-8
In an interference experiment in a large ripple tank
(see Fig 41-2) the coherent vibrating sources are
placed 120 mm apart. The distance between
maxima 2.0 m away is 180 mm. If the speed of the
ripples is 25 cm/s, calculate the frequency of the
vibrating sources.
Problem: E 41-11
Sketch the interference pattern expected from using two

pin-holes rather than narrow slits.

COHERENCE A SECTION OF INFINITE WAVE
For interference
pattern to occur, the
phase difference at
point on the screen
must not change with A WAVE TRAIN
time. OF FINITE LENGTH L
This is possible only when the two sources are completely

coherent.
If the two sources are completely independent light sources,
no fringes appear on the screen (uniform illumination) . This
is because the two sources are completely incoherent.
17
A WAVE TRAIN
OF FINITE LENGTH L
Common sources of visible light emit light wave trains of

finite length rather than an infinite wave.
The degree of coherence decreases as the length of wave
train decreases.

18
Two waves are said to be

coherent when they
are of :
mutually comparable A WAVE TRAIN

OF FINITE LENGTH L
amplitude
same frequency Laser light is highly coherent whereas

same phase or are of a
a laboratory monochromatic light
source (sodium vapor lamp) may be
constant phase partially coherent.
difference
19
INTENSITY IN DOUBLE SLIT INTERFERENCE
Electric field components at P due to S1 and S2 are,
E1= E0 sin t & E2= E0 sin (t + ) respectively.
Resultant field E = E1 + E2

Resultant of E1= E0 sin t & E2= E0 sin (t + )
Phasor Rotating vector.

ADDITION OF TWO VECTORS USING PHASORS
E2 E0 Let two vectors be, E1= E0 sin t &
E0 E2= E0 sin (t + )
E1
Resultant field E = E1 + E2
t +
t

Resultant of E1= E0 sin t & E2= E0 sin (t + )
From phasor diagram,

E = E 1 + E2 E0
= E sin(t + ) E2
E
= 2E0 cos sin(t + )
E
But = /2. So above eqn can be
E0
written as, E1
t
E = 2 E0 cos(/2) sin(wt+/2)

/2) sin(wt+
E = 2 E0 cos( /2)
So intensity at an arbitrary point P on the screen due to

interference of two sources having phase difference ;

I 2
4 E cos
0
2

2

4 0 cos 2

2
where = E 2 is intensity due to single source
0 0

PHASE AND PATH DIFFERENCE
Phase difference Path difference

=
2
Path difference corresponds

.
to phase difference of 2

24

4 0 cos 2

2
where = E 2 is intensity due to single source
0 0
Since = 2 dsin / ,
2 d sin
= 4 0 cos

From above equation,
At maxima : = 2 m or d sin = m
At minima : = ( 2 m + 1) or d sin = (m + 1 )
2
where m = 0, 1, 2, . . .

Problem: SP 41-2
Find graphically the resultant E(t) of the following wave

disturbances.
E1 = E0 sin t
E2 = E0 sin (t + 15o)
E3 = E0 sin (t + 30o)
E4 = E0 sin (t + 45o)

Problem: E 41-15
Source A of long-range radio waves leads source B by 90

degrees. The distance rA to a detector is greater than the
distance rB by 100m. What is the phase difference at the
detector?
Both sources have a wavelength of 400m.

Problem: E 41-18
Find the sum of the following quantities (a) graphically,
using phasors; and (b) using trigonometry:
y1 = 10 sin (t)
y2 = 8.0 sin (t + 30)

INTERFERENCE FROM THIN FILMS
A film of thickness of the order of a

micron.
Thickness of the film is comparable

with the wavelength.
Greater thickness spoils the coherence

A soapy water film on a
of the light to produce colour. vertical loop viewed by
reflected light

The region ac looks bright or dark for an observer depending

on the path difference between the rays r1 and r2.
Phase change on Reflection
It has been observed that if the medium beyond the interface
has a higher index of refraction, the reflected wave undergoes a
phase change of (=180o).
If the medium beyond the interface has a lower index of
refraction, there is no phase change of the reflected wave.
Phase changes on reflection at a

junction between two strings of
different linear mass densities.
OPTICAL PATH
Distance traveled by light in a medium in the time interval
of t is d = vt
Refractive index n = c/v
Hence, ct = nd
nd Optical path.
Optical path is the distance traveled by light in vacuum in

same time t.
If n is wavelength in the film of refractive index n and is

the wavelength in vacuum then n = / n
Equations for Thin Film Interference:

Normal incidence (i = 0)
Path difference = 2 d + () n

FRONT SURFACE
Constructive interference:
2 d + () n = m n m = 1, 2, 3, . . . (maxima)
Destructive interference:
2 d + () n = (m+) n m = 0, 1, 2, . . . (minima)

WEDGE SHAPED FILM
In wedge shaped thin film,

constructive interference occurs in
certain part of the film [2 d + () n =
m n] and destructive interference in
others [2 d + () n = (m+) n].
Then bands of maximum and

minimum intensity appear, called
fringes of constant thickness.
Problem: SP 41-3
A soap film (n=1.33) in air is 320nm thick. If it is

illuminated with white light at normal incidence, what
color will it appear to be in reflected light?

Problem: SP 41-4
Lenses are often coated with thin films of transparent

substances such as MgF2 (n=1.38) to reduce the
reflection from the glass surface. How thick a coating is
required to produce a minimum reflection at the center
of the visible spectrum? ( wavelength = 550nm)

Problem: E 41-23
A disabled tanker leaks kerosene (n=1.20) into the Persian
Gulf, creating a large slick on top of water (n = 1.33).
(a)If you look straight down from aeroplane on to the region
of slick where thickness is 460nm, for which wavelengths
of visible light is the reflection is greatest?
(b)If you are scuba diving directly under this region of slick,
for which wavelengths of visible light is the transmitted
intensity is strongest?

Problem: E 41-25
If the wavelength of the incident light is = 572 nm,

rays A and B in Fig 41-24 are out of phase by
1.50 . Find the thickness d of the film.

Problem: E 41-29
A broad source of light (wavelength = 680nm) illuminates

normally two glass plates 120 mm long that touch at one
end and are separated by a wire 0.048mm in diameter at
the other end. How many bright fringes appear over 120
mm distance?

Newtons rings (sample problem 41-5):
Constructive interference
2d = (m - ) (n = 1 for air film)
d = R R 2
r 2
1
r
2 2
= R R 1
R
r R << 1 using binomial expansion

1 r
2
r2
d = R R 1 + . . .
2 R 2R

Newtons rings
Substituting d in
2d = (m - )
we get
r = (m 1
2
) R
m = 1, 2 , . . . (maxima)

Problem: E41-33
In a Newtons ring experiment, the radius of curvature R of

the lens is 5.0m and its diameter is 20mm.
(a) How many ring are produced?
(b) How many rings would be seen if the arrangement is
immersed in water (n = 1.33)?
(Assume wavelength = 589nm)

MICHELSONS INTERFEROMETER
Light from an extended monochromatic

source P falls on a half-silvered mirror M.
The incident beam is divided into reflected

and transmitted beams of equal intensity.
These two beams travel almost in

perpendicular directions and will be
reflected normally from movable mirror
(M2) and fixed mirror (M1).

The two beams finally proceed
towards a telescope (T) through
which interference pattern of
circular fringes will be seen.
The interference occurs because
the two light beams travel
different paths between M and M1
or M2.
Each beam travels its respective
path twice. When the beams
recombine, their path difference is
2 (d2 d1)

45
The path difference can be changed
by moving mirror M2. As M2 is
moved, the circular fringes appear to
grow or shrink depending on the
direction of motion of M2. New rings
appear at the center of the
interference pattern and grow
outward or larger rings collapse
disappear at the center as they
shrink.

46
For the center of the fringe pattern to
change from bright dark and to bright
again, the path difference between two
beams must change by one
wavelength, which means that mirror
M2 moves through a distance of /2. If
N fringes cross the field of view when
mirror M2 is moved by d, then
d = N (/2)
d is measured by a micrometer
attached to M2. Thus microscopic
length measurements can be made by
this interferometer.
47
Problem: SP 41-6
Yellow light (wavelength = 589nm) illuminates a Michelson

interferometer. How many bright fringes will be counted as
the mirror is moved through 1.0 cm?

MICHELSONS INTERFEROMETER Problem: E41-40
An airtight chamber 5.0 cm
long with glass windows is
placed in one arm of a
Michelsons interferometer as
indicated in Fig 41-28 . Light of
wavelength = 500 nm is used.
The air is slowly evacuated
from the chamber using a
vacuum pump. While the air is
being removed, 60 fringes are
observed to pass through the
view. From these data find the
index of refraction of air at
atmospheric pressure.
QUESTIONS INTERFERENCE
What is the necessary condition on the path length

difference (and phase difference) between two waves that
interfere (A) constructively and (B) destructively ? [2]
Obtain an expression for the fringe-width in the case of

interference of light of wavelength , from a double-slit of
slit-separation d. [5]
Explain the term coherence. [2]
Obtain an expression for the intensity of light in double-slit

interference using phasor-diagram. [5]

QUESTIONS INTERFERENCE
Draw a schematic plot of the intensity of light in a double-
slit interference against phase-difference (and path-
difference). [2]
Explain the term reflection phase-shift. [1]
Obtain the equations for thin-film interference. [2]
Explain the interference-pattern in the case of wedge-

shaped thin-films. [2]
Obtain an expression for the radius of mTH order bright

ring in the case of Newtons rings. [5]
Explain Michelsons interferometer. Explain how microscopic

length measurements are
MIT-MANIPAL
made in this.
BE-PHYSICS- INTERFERENCE-2011-12
[4]
51
INTERFERENCE ANSWERS TO PROBLEMS
SP41-1: 0.12 degree, 2.5 mm

E41-2: 2.3 mm
E41-5: 650 nm
E41-8: 23 Hz
SP41-2: E(t)= 3.83 Eo sin(t+22.5o )
E41-15: 0 degree
E41-18: (a), (b) 17.4 sin(t+13.3)
SP41-3: 567nm (Yellow-green)
SP41-4: 100nm
E41-23: 552nm, 442nm
E41-25: 215 nm
E41-29: 141
E41-33: 34, 45
SP41-6: 33956 fringes
E41-40: 1.0003

Phys 2011 12 Interference

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INTERFERENCE

When identical waves from two sources overlap at a

The interference is constructive when the net intensity

MIT-MANIPAL BE-PHYSICS- INTERFERENCE-2011-12

Complete destructive interference of two waves occur when

INTERFERENCE PATTERN PRODUCED BY WATER

Maxima: where the shadows show the crests and valleys

A train of plane light waves is incident on two narrow parallel

Consider two coherent sources S1 and

MIT-MANIPAL BE-PHYSICS- INTERFERENCE-2011-12 6

For maximum at point P

MIT-MANIPAL BE-PHYSICS- INTERFERENCE-2011-12 7

For small value of , we can make

MIT-MANIPAL BE-PHYSICS- INTERFERENCE-2011-12 8

mth maximum is located at

MIT-MANIPAL BE-PHYSICS- INTERFERENCE-2011-12

Separation between adjacent maxima

Double slit experiment was first

MIT-MANIPAL BE-PHYSICS- INTERFERENCE-2011-12 11

Monochromatic light illuminates two parallel slits a

MIT-MANIPAL BE-PHYSICS- INTERFERENCE-2011-12 13

A double-slit arrangement produces interference

MIT-MANIPAL BE-PHYSICS- INTERFERENCE-2011-12 14

Sketch the interference pattern expected from using two

MIT-MANIPAL BE-PHYSICS- INTERFERENCE-2011-12 16

This is possible only when the two sources are completely

Common sources of visible light emit light wave trains of

MIT-MANIPAL BE-PHYSICS- INTERFERENCE-2011-12

Two waves are said to be

mutually comparable A WAVE TRAIN

same frequency Laser light is highly coherent whereas

E1= E0 sin t & E2= E0 sin (t + ) respectively.

MIT-MANIPAL BE-PHYSICS- INTERFERENCE-2011-12 20

Phasor Rotating vector.

E2 E0 Let two vectors be, E1= E0 sin t &

MIT-MANIPAL BE-PHYSICS- INTERFERENCE-2011-12 21

From phasor diagram,

MIT-MANIPAL BE-PHYSICS- INTERFERENCE-2011-12 22

So intensity at an arbitrary point P on the screen due to

MIT-MANIPAL BE-PHYSICS- INTERFERENCE-2011-12 23

PHASE AND PATH DIFFERENCE

Phase difference Path difference

Path difference corresponds

MIT-MANIPAL BE-PHYSICS- INTERFERENCE-2011-12

MIT-MANIPAL BE-PHYSICS- INTERFERENCE-2011-12 26

Find graphically the resultant E(t) of the following wave

MIT-MANIPAL BE-PHYSICS- INTERFERENCE-2011-12 27

Source A of long-range radio waves leads source B by 90

MIT-MANIPAL BE-PHYSICS- INTERFERENCE-2011-12 28

MIT-MANIPAL BE-PHYSICS- INTERFERENCE-2011-12 29

A film of thickness of the order of a

Thickness of the film is comparable

Greater thickness spoils the coherence

MIT-MANIPAL BE-PHYSICS- INTERFERENCE-2011-12 30

The region ac looks bright or dark for an observer depending

Phase changes on reflection at a

Refractive index n = c/v

Optical path is the distance traveled by light in vacuum in

If n is wavelength in the film of refractive index n and is

Equations for Thin Film Interference:

MIT-MANIPAL BE-PHYSICS- INTERFERENCE-2011-12 34

In wedge shaped thin film,

Then bands of maximum and

A soap film (n=1.33) in air is 320nm thick. If it is