Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
Protection Techniques
Inelectricalpowersupplysystems,currentsandvoltages InstrumenttransformersGTU103.1
areconstantlymeasuredandmonitoredtoensurethat determination of the transformation ratio of a current transformer for
theyremainwithincertainlimits. variousprimarycurrentsandinvestigationontheinfluenceoftheloadon
These values are needed in order to provide constant thetransformationratio
informationonthestateofthesystem,tocalculatethe explanationoftheterms:ratioerror(currenterror),accuracyclassand
amountofpowersuppliedtoacustomerandtoswitch ratedaccuracylimitfactor
offrapidlyfaultysectionsofanetworkincaseofafault. testontheperformanceofthecurrenttransformeratovercurrent
In general, the current and voltage values are so high assemblyofthecommoncurrenttransformercircuitformeasurement
onthreephasenetwork
that they cannot be measured directly and special
measurement of the zerophase sequence current of a threephase
transformershavetobeusedtoreducethesevaluesto
system
alevelwhichcanbemeasuredsafelyandeconomically. measurementsonasummationcurrenttransformer
In this laboratory single and threephase current and demonstrationoftheprincipleofdifferentialprotection
voltagetransformersarestudied. determinationofthetransformationratioofavoltagetransformerfor
But,averyimportantsubjectmustalsobeconsidered, variousprimaryvoltagesandinvestigationontheinfluenceoftheload
the one related to the protection of electrical power onthetransformationratio
systems, in order to avoid that any fault could spread explanationoftheterms:ratioerror(voltageerror)andaccuracyclass
through the network and result in a collapse of the assemblyofthecommonvoltagetransformercircuitformeasurements
entirepowersupplysystem.Incasesofshortcircuit,for inthreephasenetwork
instance, the very high fault currents produced can measurement of the residual voltage in a threephase system with a
faulttoground
destroy parts of the system and could often even
assemblyofavoltagetransformercircuitinopendeltaconnection
endangerthelivesofhumans. measurement of the three conductor voltages on symmetrical and
For these reasons, special protection systems, which asymmetricalloads
must react quickly and reliably in the event of faults,
have been developed in the area of electrical power
ProtectiverelaysGTU103.2
distribution.
connection of an under/over voltage relay in a threephase net work
A fundamental task of a protective system is to
and investigation on its behaviour with respect to under and over
recognizethedamagedsystemcomponentand,where
voltages
possible,todisconnectonlythiscomponentsothatthe determinationoftheresettingratioofanunder/overvoltagerelay
remainingpowerdistributioncanbemaintained. measurementoftheoperatingtimeofanunder/overvoltagerelay
In this laboratory a number of protective relays are connection of a definite time overcurrent relay in a threephase
analyzed:under/overvoltagetimerelays,definitetime network and investigation on its behaviour with respect to different
overcurrent relays, inverse time overcurrent relays, settings
earthfaultrelays,etc.). determinationoftheresettingratioofadefinitetimeovercurrentrelay
Then, special attention is paid to the problem of high measurementoftheoperatingtimeofadefinitetimeovercurrentrelay
voltagelineprotection,withdiscussionsonthecriteria connection of an inverse time overcurrent relay in a threephase
about the most suitable protective system to be used. network and investigation on its behaviour with respect to different
settings
Experiments on overvoltage and undervoltage
measurement of the operating time of an inverse time overcurrent
monitoring, shortcircuit protection and earthfault
relay
monitoringcompletetheanalysisofthisveryimportant investigationonanearthfaultrelay
problem. checkoftheoperatetimeset
demonstrationofanearthfaultalarminathreephasenetwork
ProtectionofHVlineGTU103.3 reactiontosocalledtransientearthfaults
demonstration of how an under/over voltage time relay investigation on a directional earthfault relay behaviour for effective
monitors the protection of a load against under and over currentsandonthedirectionofoperation
voltage investigation on a combined overcurrent and earthfault relay
demonstration of the protection of a transmission line behaviourconnectedinasolidearthedthreephasenetwork
connectedinasolidearthednetwork,whenthereisathree demonstrationofhowtheexternalblockinginputworks
phase,twophaseorsinglephaseshortcircuit
demonstrationofhowanearthfaultwarningrelaymonitors
the transmission line for an earth fault in a network with
isolatedneutralconnection
ELECTRICAL POWER ENGINEERING
Finally, special attention is given to the issue of Transmission protection - GTU103B
protection of the generation (GTU 103A), of the Overcurrent protection
transmission (GTU 103B) and of transformers (GTU Unbalanced load protection
103C). Directional power protection
Distance protection
Differential protection
Generation protection - GTU103A
Overcurrent protection
Earth fault protection Transformer protection - GTU103C
Unbalanced protection Overcurrent protection
Over voltage/under voltage protection Unbalanced load protection
Frequency protection Directional power protection
Differential protection Differential protection