ISSN 2349-4379

Volume 3 Number 4
International Journal of Electronics & Data Communication

FOOTSTEP ENERGY GENERATION BY PIEZOELECTRIC EFFECT: A

CASE STUDY ON NEW DELHI RAILWAY STATION
Arwinderpal Singh (1), Harinder Singh Sandhu (2) , Pardeep Singh (3)
(1)
Research Scholar, Department of Electrical Engineering, AIET, Faridkot
arwinderpalsingh3@gmail.com
(2)
Assistant Professor, Department of Electrical Engineering, AIET, Faridkot
harindersinghsandhu@gmail.com
(3)
Assistant Professor, Department of Electrical Engineering, AIET, Faridkot
pspardeepsidhu@gmail.com

ABSTRACT
Now a days energy and power are the one of the basic necessities regarding this modern world. As the demand of energy
is increasing day by day, so the ultimate solution to deal with these sorts of problems is just to implement the renewable
sources of energy. In our research work, we have used the technique of power generation through footsteps as a source
of renewable energy that we can obtained while walking on to the certain arrangements like footpaths, stairs, plate forms
and these systems can be install elsewhere specially in the dense populated areas. The basic working principle of our
project footstep power generation system is based on the piezoelectric sensor. So in order to implement this foot step
power generation system we have proposed a foot path of piezo electric tiles at the New Delhi railway station. It has the
ability to produce electric power from mechanical reaction (force). This kind of technology can be used as the alternative
electric power generator. The economic, environmental and social aspects of installing energy-harvesting Pavegen
piezoelectric floor tiles at railway station has been investigated. The Pavegen floor tiles use the kinetic energy of a footstep
to strain a piezoelectric material. This strain produces a voltage, which when integrated into a circuit can be used to
produce green electricity.

Keywords
Renewable Energy, Piezoelectricity, Piezoelectric tiles, Pavegen.

INTRODUCTION
Energy has come to be known as a `strategic commodity and any uncertainty about its supply can threaten the
functioning of the economy, particularly in developing economies. Achieving energy security in this strategic sense is of
fundamental importance not only to Indias economic growth but also for the human development objectives that aim at
alleviation of poverty, unemployment and meeting the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs). The Indian economy has
experienced unprecedented economic growth over the last decade. The economy of India is the seventh-largest in the
world by nominal GDP (behind United States, China, Japan, Germany, United Kingdom and France) and the third-largest
by purchasing power parity (PPP) behind China and United States, as per International Monetary Fund World Economic
Outlook (IMF-WEO) April 2015. As per the real GDP growth (%change) India ranks at 9. According to IMF-WEO Indian
economy has enjoyed a real GDP growth of to 7.5% in 2014-15 as compared with 7.2% in the last. Most of the commercial
energy demand in India is met largely by imported fossil fuels. In 2013, India was the 4th biggest consumer and net
importer of crude and petroleum products in the world. As the country is essentially dependent on energy import, any
shortfall due to unforeseen geopolitical situation may cause acute energy scarcities which will consecutively impede the
industrial growth and economic progress. In order to achieve energy independence, the dependency on imported oil has
to be reduced by developing alternate energy sources. The average per capita consumption of energy in India is still much
lower than that of developed countries. However, the same is expected to rise sharply due to high economic growth and
scope for rapid industrialization. The sustainable renewable energy can be a vital link in industrialization and development
of nation. In the near-term, total fossil energy demand will likely increase even faster because of steady industrial and in
mitigating the climate change. The competitiveness of alternate energy source is further enhanced due to rise in oil price
and the added yields from carbon emission reduction credits under clean development management. The alternate energy
technologies will create of sustainable energy sources for independence from politically sensitive fossil fuel imports and
also reduce hazardous greenhouse gas emissions. The fluctuation of oil price due to increased geopolitical turmoil
demands a transparent integrated energy policy for accelerated growth of domestic energy resources.

PIEZOELECTRICITY
In 1880 Pierre and Jacques Curie, during their experimental work on crystallography, showed that some crystalline
materials, such as Rochelle salt, generate electric charges when subjected to mechanical stresses, known as the direct
piezoelectric effect. The inverse effect, i.e., that an applied electric field induces a mechanical deformation, was
mathematically predicted by Lippman in 1881 from basic thermodynamic principles and successively verified
experimentally by Curie brothers. Piezoelectricity is a result of the material properties at the microscopic level.
Piezoelectric ceramics are crystalline materials whose basic cell, below a given temperature (Curie temperature), has an
asymmetric distribution of charge giving a permanent polarization. A macroscopic block of crystalline material is made up
of an assembly of grains and domains. Each domain has a direction prevalent polarization. However, in normal conditions,

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the domains are randomly oriented and the overall polarization of the block is statistically null. If a strong electric field
(2000V/m) is applied for a sufficiently long time, the domains tend to statistically orient in the direction of the electric field
and a net polarization is induced. The polarization remains when the polarizing field is removed. The obtained material
block is polarized piezoelectric ceramic. The coupling between deformation and electric field is due to the geometric
effects related to domain reorientation caused by an applied electric field. The piezoelectric effect is a property that exists
in many materials. The name is made up of two parts; piezo, which is derived from the Greek work for pressure, and
electric from electricity. The rough translation is, therefore, pressure - electric effect. In a piezoelectric material, the
application of a force or stress results in the development of a charge in the material. This is known as the direct
piezoelectric effect.

Figure 1. Piezoelectric Mechanism

A piezoelectric substance is one that produces an electric charge when a mechanical stress is applied (the substance is
squeezed or stretched). Conversely, a mechanical deformation (the substance shrinks or expands) is produced when an
electric field is applied. This effect is formed in crystals that have no center of symmetry. To explain this, we have to look
at the individual molecules that make up the crystal. Each molecule has a polarization, one end is more negatively
charged and the other end is positively charged, and is called a dipole. This is a result of the atoms that make up the
molecule and the way the molecules are shaped. The polar axis is an imaginary line that runs through the center of both
charges on the molecule. In a monocrystal the polar axes of all of the dipoles lie in one direction. The crystal is said to be
symmetrical because if you were to cut the crystal at any point, the resultant polar axes of the two pieces would lie in the
same direction as the original. In a polycrystal, there are different regions within the material that have a different polar
axis. It is asymmetrical because there is no point at which the crystal could be cut that would leave the two remaining
pieces with the same resultant polar axis illustrates this concept. The difference between the monocrystal and polycrystal
structure is illustrated in Figure 2.

Figure 2. Mono vs. Poly Crystals

RELATED WORK
Jedol Dayou (2016) has stated the usage of piezoelectric material to generate electricity. This includes the basic
theoretical modelling of the electrical power generation mechanisms and optimization of the piezo-host system. With
proper configuration, a single piezo-film can generate enough electrical density that can be stored in a rechargeable
battery for later usage. Nilotpal Manna (2014) has proposed a model to minimize the carbon emission of the datacenters
by using non-conventional energy source. Conventional energy resource in form of electricity is cost effective.
Piezoelectric generator (PEG) is one type of non-conventional energy source that can convert mechanical energy to
electrical energy. Kiran Boby (2014) has stated to produce electricity by using piezo electric transducers. The utilization of
waste energy of foot power with human locomotion is very much relevant and important for highly populated countries like
India where the railway station, temples etc., are overcrowded all round the clock .When the flooring is engineered with
piezo electric technology, the electrical energy produced by the pressure is captured by floor sensors and converted to an
electrical charge by piezo transducers, then stored and used as a power source. V. Prasannabalaji (2013) discussed the
prototype of a piezoelectric generator that harvests mechanical vibrations energy available on a Staircase. We will put
sensors on the stair steps to get signal of people walking on the stairs. A good way to incorporate the lighting system into
the stairs is that when people are walking up or down the stairs, LEDs for the next two or three steps will light up.
Embarked piezoelectric transducer, which is an electromechanical converter, undergoes mechanical vibrations therefore
produce electricity. Mohammed Riaz (2011) has represented the piezoelectric power generation from ZnO nanowire
arrays grown on different substrates using different methods. ZnO nanowires were grown on n-SiC and n-Si substrates
using both the high-temperature vapor liquid solid (VLS) and the low-temperature aqueous chemical growth (ACG)
methods. A conductive atomic force microscope (AFM) is used in contact mode to deflect the ZnO nanowire arrays. Triet
T. Le (2006) has presented a new power conversion circuits to interface to a piezoelectric micro-power generator have
been fabricated and tested. The measured power efficiency of the synchronous rectifier and voltage double circuit
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fabricated in a 0.35- m CMOS process is 88% and the output power exceeds 2.5 W with a 100-k, 100-nF load. The two
full-wave rectifiers (passive and synchronous) were fabricated in a 0.25- um CMOS process. Stephen R. Platt (2005)
presents the results of tests that demonstrate the feasibility of using piezoelectric (PZT) ceramics to generate in vivo
electrical energy for orthopedic implants. By embedding PZT materials within orthopedic implants, a small amount of the
mechanical energy generated during normal physical activity can be converted into useful electrical energy. This in vivo
energy source can power embedded microprocessors and sensors for a broad range of biomedical uses.

RESEARCH MOTIVATION
The rapid depletion of fossil fuel resources on a world-wide basis has necessitated an urgent search for alternative energy
sources to cater to the present day demands. Alter-native energy resources such as solar and wind have attracted energy
sectors to generate power on a large scale. Fortunately, the problems caused by the variable nature of availability of these
resources can have the bad impact on the overall efficiency of the project. We are totally dependent on solar, wind and
hydro for our renewable energy sources but they have some shortcomings like:
No electricity will be generated when the wind or the solar is not available. It depends upon the weather as well as
geographical locations where the solar and wind is available in abundant.
Strength of wind is not constant because it varies from time to time. This means that wind turbines do not produce the
same amount of electricity all the time.
Solar energy is also not constant in the night time or during the sunny days.
Hydro power plant cant be used everywhere. It requires a constant pressure of flowing water for its operation.
Electricity from thermal power plants has led to various environmental impacts.
70% of the world electricity energy sources are fossil fuels.
2.8 billion tons of CO2 emitted each year from U.S power plants.
So taking view of the above written problems, we have proposed a power generation model using piezeoelectric elements
that will resolve the rural electrification problems and hence will also help in meeting the current energy demands of the
country. It will reduce our dependency on the fossil fuels as we have used the non-conventional sources of energy in our
hybrid system.

OBJECTIVES
So taking view of above difficulties, in this research work, we will investigate different uses for harvesting energy off of
human movement using piezoelectric materials. The idea is that walking in a necessary part of our daily lives and the
impact of our feet on the ground is wasted energy. To use piezoelectric materials to harness energy from humans walking.
We will analyze various situations in which humans move in their everyday lives. To overcome the previously discussed
problems, we are proposing the energy generation using piezoelectric elements:
To reduce the load of power consumption on the grid.
To reduce the CO2 emissions generated by thermal power plants.
This research work will investigate energy generation using piezo electric elements, the monetary cost and the
practicality.
Evaluate the cost analysis of using the piezo electric elements to harvest energy on a large scale.
To simulate the proposed model in Matlab.
To evaluate the results of the proposed model and compare them with the existing model and check whether its
profitable to design such model or not.
These objectives will be taken into account to determine whether or not piezoelectric energy harvesting is a realistic
pursuit. In the proposed thesis work, a higher efficiency cost analysis of energy generation piezo electric elements is
developed. The modeling and simulation of the proposed model is done using MATLAB/SIMULINK for economization and
analyzing the reliability of the system. The whole modeling and simulation is carried out in MATLAB using PSB (Power
System Block Set) of SIMULINK tool. PSB can be utilized with several toolboxes and block sets existent in the
Matlab/Simulink environment. Moreover, the graphical interfaces of this program are very friendly. The Piezo Stack block
represents the electrical and force characteristics of a piezoelectric stacked actuator using the following equations:

Where:
S is the strain tensor.

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T is the stress tensor.

E is the electric field vector.
D is the electric displacement vector.
E
s is the elastic compliance matrix when subjected to a constant electric field.
d is the piezoelectric constant matrix.
T
is the permittivity measured at a constant stress.
The block has the following ports:
+ Positive electrical port
- Negative electrical port
C Mechanical translational conserving port
R Mechanical translational conserving port

Figure 3. Matlab Simulink model of Piezoelectric generator

PIEZOELECTRIC FLOOR TILES

The demand for energy harvesting technologies is growing as we continue to seek out greener and more efficient
solutions. Like a wind generator or solar cells, piezoelectricity is also a type of technology used for energy harvesting.
Piezoelectricity is electrical energy harvested from mechanical pressure such as walking motion. When pressure is applied
on an object, a negative charge is created on the expanded side and a positive charge is created on the compressed side.
As this pressure is relieved, electric current flows across the substance. Piezoelectric floors are designed to capture the
wasted energy and resources, and store or redistribute them where they are needed. Energy is generated when a person
steps on tiles that feature piezoelectric attributes. The amount of energy generated depends upon the weight of the
person, maximum deflection, and type of movement. This kinetic energy is converted into electricity. The piezoelectric
floor tile is shown in figure 4.

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Figure 4. Piezoelectric floor tile

EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS
Power generated from the piezo electric element is directly proportional to force/stress applied on it. As the stress
increases up to the threshold value, the power is also increased. If the force applied is between the rated values of the
manufacturer, then the power output will be equal to the rated power of the PZT. Finally, if the stress applied is not within
the specified range, then no output will be produced from the device.

Figure 5. Current Generation on Footsteps

Now plotting the curve of current generation depending upon the footstep in the figure 5. The piezoelectric material
converts the pressure applied to it into electrical energy. The source of pressure can be either from the weight of the
moving vehicles or from the weight of the people walking over it. The output of the piezoelectric material is not a steady
one. Figure 6 shows simulated results for voltage and power generated from the piezoelectric device. It is noted that the
power increases whenever the current starts to flow. Figure 7 shows I-V characteristic of the piezo electric generator when
the force is applied on it. Open circuit output voltage and generated electrical energy of piezoelectric ceramic body
increased with the increasing of the applied mechanical energy. With the same impact mechanical energy, the
piezoelectric ceramic body with greater (t/D) can produce a higher open circuit output voltage and higher generated
electrical energy.

Figure 6. P-V Graph

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COST ANALYSIS OF PIEZO POWER PLANT AT DELHI RAILWAY STATION

This research work investigates the economic, environmental and social aspects of installing 1Km footpath using energy-
harvesting Pavegen piezoelectric floor tiles at the Railway Station of New Delhi. The Pavegen floor tiles use the kinetic
energy of a footstep to strain a piezoelectric material. This strain produces a voltage, which when integrated into a circuit
can be used to produce green electricity. This electricity can be stored in batteries and used to power various devices.

Figure 7. V-I GRAPH

Table 1. Specifications of Piezoelectric Tile

Parameter Value

Tile Size 1.6m * 0.45m

Tile Lifespan 5 years

Tile Cost $7.6

7W at 12V DC (average human foot

Energy Generation
step)

Recyclable 100%

DISTANCE COVERED BY PEDESTRIANS

The New Delhi Railway Station (station code NDLS), situated between Ajmeri Gate and Paharganj is the main railway
station in Delhi. It is the busiest Railway Station in the country in Terms.of Both Trains and Passenger Movement It
handles near about 400 Trains and 500,000 passengers daily with 16 platforms. The New Delhi railway station holds the
record for the largest route interlocking system in the world along with the Kanpur Central Railway Station i.e. 48. The
station is about two kilometres north of Connaught Place, in central Delhi (Wikipedia).
Table 2. Distance covered by Pedestrians

Parameter Value

Daily Pedestrian 5 Lakh (per day)

Walk of 1 Pedestrian
1KM
(from Parking to Platform)

Distance covered by 5Lakh Pedestrians 5 Lakh Kilometers

TOTAL FOOTSTEPS
On average, adults have a step length of about 2.2 to 2.5 feet.

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Table 3. Calculation of Total Foot Steps

1foot step 2.5 feet

1Km 3289.84 feet

1640420000 feet
5 Lakh Km
= 656,168,000 foot steps / day

ANNUAL ENERGY GENERATED

Table 4. Annual Generated Energy

Parameter Value

1 foot step is kept for .6 seconds

1 foot step production 7 W (for .6 seconds)

Energy 4.2 Joules per foot step

1foot step 4.2 Joules

656,168,000 footsteps / day 2.76 Giga Joules / day

Annual Energy Generation 2.76 * 365 = 1005.90 GJ

NUMBER OF PIEZO FLOOR TILES REQUIRED

Total numbers of piezo modules required in the power plant are estimated by using the total area coverage and the area
covered by the single floor tile.
Number of Piezo modules required = (Total Area Coverage) / (Area covered by Single Tile)
Table 5. Total Tiles Required

2
Area Coverage 1Km * 5 Meters = 5000 m

Tile Size 1.6m * 0.45m

Area Covered By 1 Tile .72 m2

Number Of Tiles Required 6950 Tiles

PIEZO FLOOR TILE COSTS

Piezo floor tiles prices may vary due to transportation costs, number of tiles required, government subsidies, labor costs
and connection costs.

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Table 6. Installation Costs of Piezo Model

Cost Of 1 Tile $7.6

$ 52,820
Cost Of 6950 Tiles
= Rs. 34,86,120

OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE

The operation and maintenance cost can be estimated as either a fixed amount per year or a percentage of the cost of the
turbine. This could also include a service contract with the piezo tile manufacturer which is 1% of the capital costs.
Table 7. Piezo Plant Cost Analysis

Capital Costs (Rs) 34,86,120

Operation & Maintenance Expenses (Rs.Lacs per 1% of capital cost in 1st year with an escalation of
annum) 5.72% for each year thereafter

Plant Life (years) 5

Depreciation (%) 7% per annum

Interest on Debt (%) per annum 12.75

Annual Production (units) 2,79,419

EQUIVALENT ANNUAL COST - EAC

The annual cost of owning an asset over its entire life. Equivalent annual cost is often used by firms for capital budgeting
decisions. Equivalent annual cost is calculated as:

where
Asset Price = Capital Cost of the Component
Discount Rate = The Rate at which bank provides the loan
Number of Periods = Lifetime of Component.
Annualized Cost of the Component = Equivalent Annual Cost + Maintenance Cost
Table 8. Annualized Cost

Annualized Cost (Capital Cost + Maintenance Cost In

Plant Type
Rs.)

Annualized Capital Cost 9,87,734

Maintenance Cost 34,861

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COMPUTATION OF COE
COE = ACS / AEO
= 10,22, 595 / 2,79,419
= 3.66 Rs/ unit
Where
AEO Annual Energy Output (Sum of energy produced by system over a day * 365 days )
ACS Total Annualized Cost
COE - Cost of Electricity ( Rs./KWh)
Table 9. Computation of per unit cost

EXISTING
PIEZO MODEL
MODEL(GRID)

COST PER UNIT (in Rs.) 3.66 8.40

Units Consumed 279419 279419

Bill 1022673.54 2347119.60

The investigation revealed that the installation of the Piezoelectric tiles would led to the huge savings and would contribute
to environmental awareness by promoting sustainability and green energy generation, and the amounts of electricity
harvested over their 5 year lifespan could recover the costs of initial purchase, transport, installation, maintenance and
disposal of the tiles.

CONCLUSION
Piezoelectric materials have the ability to transform mechanical strain energy into electrical charge. Currently, piezoelectric
materials are not a realistic method for generating energy on a large scale. The amount of money spent to install the tiles
far justifies any potential money to be made by the electricity generation. One potential application would be to connect
one of these tiles directly to a low consumptions device. The amount of energy generated depends on the number of
passing pedestrians and the number of piezoelectric elements on the road. It has tremendous scope for future energy/
power solution towards sustainability. The project is successfully tested which is the best economical, affordable energy
solution to common people. This can be used for many applications in city areas where want more power. India is a
developing country where energy management is a big challenge for huge population. By using this project we can drive
loads according to the force.
It is clear that the piezoelectric model will satisfy our energy requirements at a very less rate comparable to the
current prices.
Prices will remain constant (steady) for a long period of time as we have used the renewable sources of energy.
Moreover, government is also taking initiatives to provide the subsidies on renewable energy generation plant which
will further decrease the capitation as well as generation costs.
The proposed model is environmental friendly as it emits no harmful gases and no carbon footprints are released.
The tiles can be recycled, which further reduces the cost involved in their production.

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