Sie sind auf Seite 1von 2

Lecture Notes in

Math 123e (Advance College Algebra) Engr. KISSA P. BANAWIS

CHAPTER 12: THE BINOMIAL THEOREM AND MATHEMATICAL INDUCTION

FACTORAL NOTATION n(n1)(n2)


+ 3! an 3 3
x +
If n is any positive integer, the product of the
integers from 1 to n inclusive is designated by n! (read n(n1)(n2)(n3)
n factorial or factorial n). Symbolically, an 4x4
4!
n! = 1 . 2 . 3 . . . n
+ + xn
Exercises:
Exercises:
Evaluate the following expressions: 1. Expand (2 + x)6 and simplify each term.
2. Expand (a2 + 3y)7 and simplify each term.
1. 7! 6. (n + 1) (n!) 3. Expand (a x)6 and simplify each term.

2. 2! 4! 7. (n + 1)! / n! THE rth TERM OF THE BINOMIAL FORMULA

3. 4! + 5! 8. (n + 2)! / (n 1)! n ( n1 ) ( n2 ) (nr + 2)


rth term = ( r1 ) ! an r + 1 xr 1
4. 10! / 8! 9. (n 2)! (n)(n 1)

5. (n 1)! n 10. n! / (n 1)!


Pascals Triangle
(a + x)0 1
THE BINOMIAL EXPANSION (a + x)1 1 1
(a + x)2 1 2 1
(a + x)1 = a + x (a + x)3 1 3 3 1
(a + x)2 = a2 + 2ax + x2 (a + x)4 1 4 6 4 1
(a + x)3 = a3 + 3a2x + 3ax2 + x3 (a + x)5 1 5 10 10 5 1
(a + x)4 = a4 + 4a3x + 6a2x2 + 4ax3 + x4 (a + x)6 1 6 15 20 15 6 1
(a + x)5 = a5 + 5a4x + 10a3x2 + 10a2x3 + 5ax4 + x5

In each of the expansions we observe the following Examples:


facts:
A. Find the specified term in each of the following
1. The number of terms in each expansion is one more powers. Do not find the preceding terms.
than the exponent of the binomial.
2. The first term is a with an exponent the same as the 1. (a + x)8; 5th term
exponent of the binomial, and the exponent of a
2. (m 3)7; 4th term
decreases by 1 from term to term.
3. The exponent of x in the second term is 1, and it 3. (2x y)10; 7th term
increases by 1 from term to term.
4. (2x2 y2)13; 10th term
4. The sum of the exponents of a and x in any term is
equal to the exponent of the binomial. 8
1
5. The coefficients of the terms equidistant from the first
term and the last term are equal.
5. ( ) x
x ; term free of x

6. The coefficient of the second term is the same as the


9
1
exponent of the binomial. The coefficient of any
term farther on may be computed from the previous
term by multiplying that terms coefficient by the
6. ( 3x
x
2 ) ; term free of x

exponent of a and dividing by 1 more than the 13


1
exponent of x.
7. ( x 3+
x ) ; term involving x3
The Binomial Formula. If n is any positive integer,
then 10
1 1
n(n1) 8. ( 2
a b
3 ) ; middle term
n n n1
(a + x) = a + na x+ 2! an 2x2
12
b
9. ( ) a+
2 ; middle term

10. (x2 y2)14 ; middle term


Lecture Notes in
Math 123e (Advance College Algebra) Engr. KISSA P. BANAWIS
B. Form a Pascal triangle of 15 rows. Use the numbers MATHEMATICAL INDUCTION
of the fifteenth row to write the expansion of (a + x)14
Certain mathematical theorems and formulas can
THE BINOMIAL SERIES be proved by a process of reasoning called mathematical
induction. This method of proof is based on the
If n is not a positive integer in (a + x)n, the following axiom.
expansion, as we shall see, does not terminate. In this
case, the expansion is called a binomial series. Although The mathematical induction axiom. Let A stand for a
the series continues indefinitely, there are mathematical set of positive integers such that:
situations in which the first few terms of a binomial 1. The integer 1 belongs to A.
series yield useful results, provided the values of x in (a 2. If k belongs to A, it follows that k + 1 belongs to A.
+ x)n are chosen between a and a. Then the set A consists of all positive integers.

Examples: Examples:

Expand to four terms and simplify. 1. Prove that the sum of the first n positive odd integers
is n2. That is, show that
1. (1 + y)1/2 4. (1 + 4x2)4/3 1 + 3 + 5 + . . . + (2n 1) = n2

2. (1 + x)2 5. (x + y) 1 2. Prove by mathematical induction that


1
3/2 3
3. (1 3x) 6. (a + 2x) 2 2 2
1 +2 +3 +...+n = 2
6 n (n + 1)(2n + 1)

Das könnte Ihnen auch gefallen