Addis Ababa Science and Technology University

School of Electrical Engineering and Computing

Department of electrical and electronics engineering

4th Communication stream

Semester project report

Project title: Transmitting Mobile Phone Sensor

By:
1.Besufekad Chemeda------ --------------------1658/05

2. Tessema Tariku --------- --------------------2699/05

3. Teralew Lemelemu----- ---------------------2688/05

4. Michael Desalegn---- -----------------------2332/05

5. Welday Teame --------- ---------------------2758/05

6. Wudneh Endale --------- --------------------2779/05

Advisor: Mr. Tadesse

June 2016
AASTU EEE COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING FOURTH YEAR

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

First of all, we are glad to thank the almighty GOD for his patience to tolerate our sinful life and
make us able to do this mini project. We warmly acknowledge Mr. Aregawi for his support in
providing many project titles. This project would be fruitless if Mr. Yalemsew has not given
proteus software for the simulation design. We also thank him. Our project advisor Mr. Tadesses
advice in title selection and recommending what we should do is another invaluable support.

Last but not least, we praise to thank our senior electrical and electronics engineering students for
their support in selecting project title, providing reference materials and uninterrupted advice.

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AASTU EEE COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING FOURTH YEAR

ABSTRACT
The use of mobile phones (GSM) by all categories, classes and ages of people has become
widespread. While this is of good trend, the abuse of this technology has however been on the high
side in recent times. People often tend to forget and sometimes deliberately use their phones in
unauthorized places such as examination halls, correctional facilities (prisons), religious places
(churches and mosques), banking halls, and confidential meetings. The smaller size of these
devices increases the risk to exploit and misuse this technology for diabolical and illegal purposes.
For example, cell phones hidden in a meeting room, or on a person, allows a competitor to listen
illegally vital protected information. In hospital settings, Electromagnetic Interference (EMI), due
to the presence or use of cell phones near sensitive electronic equipment may cause important
patient-care equipment to fail to perform properly, putting patients at risk. The use of mobile
phones as aids for cheating in examinations has somewhat become a menace in Ethiopia.

Consequently, a very real need exists today for individuals, businesses, institutions and the
government to take measures to detect and identify the unauthorized use of cell-phones within the
bounds of any controlled premise. In this work, attempt is made to provide a mechanism to
forestall adverse consequences of unauthorized usage of cell phones in public buildings. Proteus
software is used for simulating the sensor circuit. Any cell phone activity such as making or
receiving calls, sending or receiving SMS, video and picture will be detected.

This work concentrates in designing a system that will dictate the presence of GSM signals from
an unauthorized user in restricted areas which will in turn trigger another device to restrict the user
from service. The system will be able to jam GSM frequency signal upon detection to prevent the
transmitted signal from getting to the users cell phone.

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 Table of contents

Acknowledgement------------------------------------------------------------------- i

Abstract-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ii

List of figures------------------------------------------------------------------------- iii

List of tables -------------------------------------------------------------------------- iv

Chapter one

1.1 Introduction------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1

1.2 Background------------------------------------------------------------------------- 2

Chapter two

2.1 Statement of the problem--------------------------------------------------------- 3

2.2 Objective---------------------------------------------------------------------------- 3

2.3 Significance of the project-------------------------------------------------------- 4

3.4 Methodology------------------------------------------------------------------------ 4

2.5 Scope and limitation--------------------------------------------------------------- 4

Chapter three

Literature review------------------------------------------------------------------------ 5

Chapter four

Analysis and design-------------------------------------------------------------------- 7

4.1 circuit components----------------------------------------------------------------- 7

4.2 working principle------------------------------------------------------------------ 21

4.3 design-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 22
Chapter five

Result-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 24

Chapter 6

6.1 Discussion---------------------------------------------------------------------- 25

6.2 Conclusion---------------------------------------------------------------------- 25

6.3 Recommendation-------------------------------------------------------------- 26

Reference---------------------------------------------------------------------------- 27
 List of Figures
Figure 1: Sign for prevent mobile phone usage

Figure 2: circuit of transmitting mobile phone sensor

Figure 3: pin configuration of CA3130 IC

Figure 4: NE555 Timer IC

Figure 5: astable operation of 555 Timer IC

Figure 6: Symbol of BJT (BC548 IC)

Figure 7: BC548 IC

Figure 8: Internal structure of LED

Figure 9: Various LED types

Figure 10: Various BUZZER types

Figure 11: some types of switches

Figure 12: Resistors

Figure 13: capacitor symbols

Figure 14: ceramic capacitors

Figure 15: electrolytic capacitors

Figure 16: block diagram of transmitting mobile phone sensor

Figure 17: proteus circuit diagram of transmitting mobile phone sensor circuit

Figure 18: simulation result of transmitting mobile phone sensor

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List of tables
Table 1: resistor color codes

Table 2: various applications of capacitors

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 CHAPTER ONE
1.1 INTRODUCTION
The rapid proliferation of cell phones at the beginning of the 21st century to near everywhere status
eventually raised problems such as their potential use to invade privacy or contribute to rampant
and egregious academic cheating. In addition, public backlash was growing against the intrusive
disruption cell phones introduced in daily life. While older analog cell phones often suffered from
chronically poor reception and could even be disconnected by simple interference such as high
frequency noise, increasingly sophisticated digital phones have led to more elaborate counters.

In Theaters and Restaurants where people come for leisure and for peace gets affected by noise
pollution by the Cell Phone users, where they talk loudly which creates annoyance to others. Also
in places like Hospitals and the Airplanes the Electromagnetic waves radiated from the Handsets
cause disturbances. In Hospitals the EEG, ECG, and EMG etc., are affected by the Electromagnetic
waves radiation. In Airplanes the EMW radiated from Handset causes disturbances in the radio
frequency used for communication between the Airplanes and the ground control station.

Figure 1. Sign for prevent mobile phone usage

These and other detailed reasons make the concerned body to prohibit using mobile phones.

This handy mobile bug or cell phone sensor, pocket-size mobile transmission sensor or sniffer can
sense the presence of an activated mobile cellphone from a distance of one and-a-half meters.

So it can be used to prevent use of mobile phones in examination halls, confidential rooms, etc. It
is also useful for detecting the use of mobile phone for spying and unauthorized video transmission.

The circuit can sense both the incoming and outgoing calls, SMS and video transmission even if
the mobile phone is kept in the silent mode.

The moment the antenna detects RF transmission signal from an activated mobile phone, it starts
sounding a beep alarm and the LED blinks. The alarm continues until the signal transmission
ceases.

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1.2 BACKGROUND
Mobile phone uses RF with a wavelength of 30cm at 872 to 2170 MHz That is the signal is high
frequency with huge energy. When the mobile phone is active, it transmits the signal in the form
of sine wave which passes through the space. The encoded audio/video signal contains
electromagnetic radiation which is picked up by the receiver in the base station. Mobile phone
system is referred to as Cellular Telephone system because the coverage area is divided into
cells each of which has a base station. Each handset with in a cell is allotted a particular
frequency for its use.

The mobile phone transmits short signals at regular intervals to register its availability to the
nearest base station.

The network data base stores the information transmitted by the mobile phone. If the mobile phone
moves from one cell to another, it will keep the connection with the base station having strongest
transmission.

AM Radio uses frequencies between 180 kHz and 1.6 MHz FM radio uses 88 to 180 MHz TV
uses 470 to 854 MHz Waves at higher frequencies but within the RF region is called Micro waves.

Mobile phone uses high frequency RF wave in the micro wave region carrying huge amount of
electromagnetic energy. That is why burning sensation develops in the ear if the mobile is used for
a long period.

RF radiation from the phone causes oscillation of polar molecules like water in the tissues. This
generates heat through friction just like the principle of microwave oven. The strongest radiation
from the mobile phone is about 2 watts which can make connection with a base station located 2
to 3 km away.

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CHAPTER TWO
2.1 Statement of the Problem
In some places like examination hall, prison, secured meetings room where using active mobile
phone is strictly prohibited, there are some illegal users keeping their phone transmitting some
information with others. Some problems which result from this illegal use include cheating in
exams, secret disclosure in confidential meeting and spying. This needs to be solved using some
device which senses when there is mobile signal transmission.

This may seem to be solved by some cell phone detectors which are available in the market rarely.
This another head ache for local users like kebele meeting. Production of this device locally is very
useful and it is one scale growth to the country.

2.2 Objective
The main objective of this project is

To design and implement (if possible) transmitting mobile phone sensor using
antenna.

To solve the problem of illegality in some areas where using activated mobile phone
is not allowed.

To understand how proteus simulation software works.

This project specifically aims to:

Understand how the mobile phone sensor circuit works

Decrease cheating in exams

Keeping secrets inside the room

Prohibit prisoners/criminals from concealing information about their criminal case

which makes them guilty.

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2.3 Significance of the project

Mostly, in the areas where the use of transmitting mobile is prohibited, those who dont obey the
rule are cross checked manually by inspection or hearing the sound of the phone when transmitting
the signal. This will be laborious and also non applicable when the phone is in silent mode because
no sound is detected. But applying Transmitting Mobile Phone Sensor Using Antenna is significant
in solving this problem.

So it can be used to prevent use of mobile phones in examination halls, confidential rooms,
detecting the use of mobile phone for spying and unauthorized video transmission. The device can
sense incoming and outgoing calls, SMS and video transmission even if the phone is kept silent.

2.4 Methodology
The methods and steps involved throughout our project are as follows;

i) Literature review: we have referred to books, websites and other references to

understand the working principles of the system.

ii) Design specifications: Listing all the required performance of the system, we were to
find all the circuit components. This was finally not succeeded because we cant find
some circuit components.

iii) System modeling: Formulating the relationship between the different system parts
and components, we have tried to model the system using circuit diagram.

iv) Designing: The circuit was designed on proteus 8 professional simulation software.

2.5 Scope and limitation

To achieve the objectives of this project, different methods and tools are utilized. This includes;

Theoretical analysis of the principle and operating mechanism of the system.

Circuit design using simulation software only.

But we were unable to implement with hardware since some components were not found either
in the laboratory or in electronic shops.

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CHAPTER THREE
LITERATURE REVIEW
This paper describes several approaches for the developments of mobile phone detectors including
the concept of detection and adaptation for mobile content.

Mandeep Singh et al. Has given a paper in this is a mobile machine that can detect and follow the
line drawn on floor generally the path is predefined and can be visible like a black line on a white
surface. Light dependent resistor (LDR) sensors that installs under the robot. This paper presents
a real time detection of mobile phones in restricted area. Mobile transmission detector can sense
the presence of an activated mobile phone from a distance of about one and half meters. If anyone
is using mobile in these ranges, then it will give alarm and robot will stop at that location. If an
obstacle comes the path of robot it gives alarm. [1]

K. Mohan Dece et al.in 2012, has proposed a paper which relates the novel mobile detector
sensing, alarming and reporting system is to find the mobile phone in and around some distance in
restricted areas such as prisons, colleges, schools, hospitals, petrol bunks etc. When anyone mobile
is used in the prohibited place this device will detect that mobile signals through the antenna. In
that particular place when a mobile signal is received, the receiver in the device will receive the
signal through the antenna when a mobile receive the signal at a particular place the alarm makes
the sound for indication of the mobile and one LED will glow for the indication that with this
device GSM module is attached to send this short message service (SMS) to the registered number
to the micro controller. This detector is used to detect the presence of mobile, when it detects any
mobile it gives the signal to the PIC16F877A micro controller. The controller when receives the
signal will turn on the buzzer circuit and will also send the detected message to some particular
mobile number via the GSM module. Also the information displayed in the LCD module as
MOBILE DETECTED [2].

Christian C. Mbaocha et al. in 2012 given a paper for ubiquity of the cell phone has made
communication easier and faster, integrating the world into a global village as people who are in
different geographic location are connected in seconds, its great to be able to call anyone at any
time. There is a great need to limit the use of cellphone at particular places and at particular times.
Hence the use of intelligent mobile phone detector is guaranteed. These work concentrates in
designing a system that will indicate the presence of GSM signals from an authorized user in
restricted areas which will in turn trigger another device to restrict the user from service. The
system will be able to jam GSM frequency signal apart detection to prevent the transmitted signal
from getting to the users cell phone [3].

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Gary Fernandes in 2012, has given a paper in which it uses an operational amplifier (op-amp) to
sense the presence of an activated cell phone from a distance of several meters, the simple circuit
can detect any activity of a mobile phone such as incoming and outgoing voice, voice mail, texting,
and data. If a cell phone signal is detected the circuit will blink an LED and/or a sound buzzer.
Keep in mind that the phone must be transmitting and the only time a phone is transmitting is when
it is receiving voice, text, internet or data. The sensitivity can be adjusted on the circuit by adjusting
the potentiometer. These circuit is made very simple using the least amount of components. The
components used are very inexpensive and readily available [4].

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CHAPTER FOUR
ANALYSIS AND DESIGN
Before we proceed talking about the detailed circuit components we have formed the circuit of the
transmitting mobile phone sensor using antenna. Its circuit looks like the one shown in figure 2.

Figure 2: circuit of transmitting mobile phone sensor

4.1. CIRCUIT COMPONENTS

1. IC CA3130

This IC is a 15 MHz BiMOS Operational amplifier with MOSFET inputs and bipolar output. The
inputs contain MOSFET transistors to provide very high input impedance and very low input
current as low as 10pA. It has high speed of performance and suitable for low input current
applications.

CA3130A and CA3130 are op amps that combine the advantage of both CMOS and bipolar
transistors. Gate-protected P-Channel MOSFET (PMOS) transistors are used in the input circuit
to provide very-high-input impedance, very-low-input current and exceptional speed performance.
The use of PMOS transistors in the input stage results in common-mode input-voltage capability
down to 0.5V below the negative-supply terminal, an important attribute in single-supply
applications.

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AASTU EEE COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING FOURTH YEAR

Figure 3: pin configuration of CA3130 IC

A CMOS transistor-pair, capable of swinging the output voltage to within 10mV of either supply-
voltage terminal (at very high values of load impedance), is employed as the output circuit.

The CA3130 Series circuits operate at supply voltages ranging from 5V to 16V. They can be phase
compensated with a single external capacitor, and have terminals for adjustment of offset voltage
for applications requiring offset-null capability. Terminal provisions are also made to permit
storing of the output stage. The CA3130A offers superior input characteristics over those of the
CA3130.

CA3130A used in the circuit is to act as a comparator. It may come with MOSFET inputs and
bipolar output. The input contains MOSFET transistors to provide very high input impedance very
low input current. It has high speed of performance and suitable for low input current application.
Hence the result is in very low input current and very high speed of performance. It is used in
applications like ground referenced single supply amplifiers, fast sample hold amplifiers, long
duration timers etc.

Features of IC CA 3130

MOSFET Input Stage Provides:

Very High ZI = 1.5 T
Very Low current . . . =5pA at 15V Operation.
Ideal for Single-Supply Applications
Common-Mode Input-Voltage Range Includes Negative Supply Rail; Input Terminals
can be Swung 0.5VBelow Negative Supply Rail
CMOS Output Stage Permits Signal Swing to Either (or both) Supply Rails

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Applications

o Ground-Referenced Single Supply Amplifiers

o Fast Sample-Hold Amplifiers
o Long-Duration Timers/ Mono stables
o High-Input-Impedance Comparators (Ideal Interface with Digital CMOS)
o High-Input-Impedance Wideband Amplifiers
o Voltage Followers (e.g. Follower for Single-Supply D/A Converter)
o Voltage Regulators (Permits Control of Output Voltage Down to 0V)
o Peak Detectors
o Single-Supply Full-Wave Precision Rectifiers
o Photo-Diode Sensor Amplifiers

2. IC NE 555 Timers

The 555 timer IC is an integrated circuit (chip) used in a variety of timer, pulse generation, and
oscillator applications. The 555 can be used to provide time delays, as an oscillator, and as a
flipflop element. Derivatives provide up to four timing circuits in one package.

Figure 4. NE555 Timers IC

The NE555 IC is a highly stable controller capable of producing accurate timing pulses. With a
mono stable operation, the time delay is controlled by one external resistor and one capacitor. With
an astable operation, the frequency and duty cycle are accurately controlled by two external
resistors and one capacitor.

DETAILS OF PIN

1. Ground, is the input pin of the source of the negative DC voltage.

2. Trigger, negative input from the lower comparators (comparator B) that maintain
oscillation capacitor voltage in the lowest 1/3 Vcc and set RS flip-flop.
3. Output, the output pin of the IC 555.

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AASTU EEE COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING FOURTH YEAR

4. Reset, the pin that serves to reset the latch inside the IC to be influential to reset the IC
work. This pin is connected to a PNP-type transistor gate, so the transistor will be active if
given a logic low. Normally this pin is connected directly to Vcc to prevent reset
5. Control voltage, this pin serves to regulate the stability of the reference voltage negative
input (comparator A). This pin can be left hanging, but to ensure the stability of the
reference comparator A, usually associated with a capacitor of about 10nF to berorde pin
ground
6. Threshold, this pin is connected to the positive input (comparator A) which will reset the
RS flip-flop when the voltage on the capacitor from exceeding 2/3Vc.
7. Discharge, this pin is connected to an open collector transistor. Q1 is connected to ground
emitter. Switching transistor serves to clamp the corresponding node to ground on the
timing of certain Vcc, pin it to receive a DC voltage supply. Usually will work optimally
if given a 5-15V. The current supply can be seen in the datasheet, which is about 10-15mA.
Modes of NE555

The 555 has three operating modes:

Monostable mode: In this mode, the 555 functions as a "one-shot" pulse generator. Applications
include timers, missing pulse detection, bounce free switches, touch switches, frequency divider,
capacitance measurement, pulse-width modulation (PWM) and so on.

Astable (free-running) mode: The 555 can operate as an oscillator. Uses include LED and lamp
flashers, pulse generation, logic clocks, tone generation, security alarms, pulse position modulation
and so on. The 555 can be used as a simple ADC, converting an analog value to a pulse length.
E.g. selecting a thermistor as timing resistor allows the use of the 555 in a temperature sensor: the
period of the output pulse is determined by the temperature. The use of a microprocessor based
circuit can then convert the pulse period to temperature, linearize it and even provide calibration
means.

Bistable mode or Schmitt trigger: The 555 can operate as a flip-flop, if the DIS pin is not connected
and no capacitor is used. Uses include bounce-free latched switches.

Monostable: In the monostable mode, the 555 timer acts as a "one-shot" pulse generator. The
pulse begins when the 555 timer receives a signal at the trigger input that falls below a third of the
voltage supply. The width of the output pulse is determined by the time constant of an RC network,
which consists of a capacitor (C) and a resistor (R). The output pulse ends when the voltage on the
capacitor equals 2/3 of the supply voltage. The output pulse width can be lengthened or shortened
to the need of the specific application by adjusting the values of R and C. The output pulse width
of time t, which is the time it takes to charge C to 2/3 of the supply voltage, is given by t = RC\ln(3)

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\approx. 1.1 RC where t is in seconds, R is in ohms (resistance) and C is in farads (capacitance).

Figure 5: astable operation of 555 timer

While using the timer IC in monostable mode, the main disadvantage is that the time span between
any two triggering pulses must be greater than the RC time constant.

Features

High Current Drive Capability (200mA)

Adjustable Duty Cycle
Temperature Stability of 0.005%/C
Timing from Sec to Hours
Turn off Time Less than 2Sec
Applications
Precision Timing
Pulse Generation
Time Delay Generation
Sequential Timing

3. Bipolar Junction Transistor (BC548)

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Figure 6: symbol for BJT (BC548 IC)

Figure 7: BC548 IC

The bipolar junction transistor (BJT) was the first type of transistor to be mass-produced. Bipolar
transistors are so named because they conduct by using both majority and minority carriers. The
three terminals of the BJT are named emitter, base, and collector. The BJT consists of two p-n
junctions: the baseemitter junction and the basecollector junction, separated by a thin region of
semiconductor known as the base region (two junction diodes wired together without sharing an
intervening semiconducting region will not make a transistor). "The [BJT] is useful in amplifiers
because the currents at the emitter and collector are controllable by the relatively small base
current."[14] In an NPN transistor operating in the active region, the emitter-base junction is
forward biased (electrons and holes recombine at the junction), and electrons are injected into the
base region. Because the base is narrow, most of these electrons will diffuse into the reverse biased
(electrons and holes are formed at, and move away from the junction) base-collector junction and
be swept into the collector; perhaps one-hundredth of the electrons will recombine in the base,
which is the dominant mechanism in the base current. By controlling the number of electrons that
can leave the base, the number of electrons entering the collector can be controlled. Collector
current is approximately (common-emitter current gain) times the base current. It is typically
greater than 100 for small-signal transistors but can be smaller in transistors designed for high-
power applications. Unlike the FET, the BJT is a lowinput-impedance device. Also, as the base
emitter voltage (Vbe) is increased the baseemitter current and hence the collectoremitter current
(Ice) increase exponentially according to the Shockley diode model and the Ebers-Moll model.
Because of this exponential relationship, the BJT has a higher trans-conductance than the FET.
Bipolar transistors can be made to conduct by exposure to light, since absorption of photons in the
base region generates a photocurrent that acts as a base current; the collector current is
approximately times the photocurrent. Devices designed for this purpose have a transparent
window in the package and are called phototransistors.

Usage

The bipolar junction transistor, or BJT, was the most commonly used transistor in the 1960s and
70s. Even after MOSFETs became widely available, the BJT remained the transistor of choice for
many analog circuits such as simple amplifiers because of their greater linearity and ease of
manufacture. Desirable properties of MOSFETs, such as their utility in low-power devices, usually
in the CMOS configuration, allowed them to capture nearly all market share for digital circuits;

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more recently MOSFETs have captured most analog and power applications as well, including
modern clocked analog circuits, voltage regulators, amplifiers, power transmitters, etc

Advantages:

The key advantages that have allowed transistors to replace their vacuum tube predecessors in
most applications are

Small size and minimal weight, allowing the development of miniaturized electronic
devices.
Highly automated manufacturing processes, resulting in low per-unit cost.
Lower possible operating voltages, making transistors suitable for small, battery-powered
applications.
No warm-up period for cathode heaters required after power application. Lower power
dissipation and generally greater energy efficiency. Higher reliability and greater physical
ruggedness.
Extremely long life. Some transistorized devices have been in service for more than 30
years.
Complementary devices available, facilitating the design of complementary-symmetry
circuits, something not possible with vacuum tubes.
Insensitivity to mechanical shock and vibration, thus avoiding the problem of micro
phonics in audio applications.

Limitations

Silicon transistors do not operate at voltages higher than about 1,000 volts (SiC devices
can be operated as high as 3,000 volts). In contrast, electron tubes have been developed
that can be operated at tens of thousands of volts.
High power, high frequency operation, such as used in over-the-air television broadcasting,
is better achieved in electron tubes due to improved electron mobility in a vacuum.
On average, a higher degree of amplification linearity can be achieved in electron tubes as
compared to equivalent solid state devices, a characteristic that may be important in high
fidelity audio reproduction.
Silicon transistors are much more sensitive than electron tubes to an electromagnetic pulse,
such as generated by an atmospheric nuclear explosion.

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4. Light-Emitting Diode (LED)

A light-emitting diode (LED) is an electronic light source. LEDs are used as indicator lamps in
many kinds of electronics and increasingly for lighting. LEDs work by the effect of
electroluminescence, discovered by accident in 1907. The LED was introduced as a practical
electronic component in 1962. All early devices emitted low-intensity red light, but modern LEDs
are available across the visible, ultraviolet and infra-red wavelengths, with very high brightness.
LEDs are based on the semiconductor diode. When the diode is forward biased (switched on),
electrons are able to recombine with holes and energy is released in the form of light. This effect
is called electroluminescence and the color of the light is determined by the energy gap of the
semiconductor. The LED is usually small in area (less than 1 mm2) with integrated optical
components to shape its radiation pattern and assist in reflection. LEDs present many advantages
over traditional light sources including lower energy consumption, longer lifetime, improved
robustness, smaller size and faster switching. However, they are relatively expensive and require
more precise current and heat management than traditional light sources.

Figure 8: internal structure of LED

Applications of LEDs are diverse. They are used as low-energy indicators but also for
replacements for traditional light sources in general lighting, automotive lighting and traffic
signals. The compact size of LEDs has allowed new text and video displays and sensors to be

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developed, while their high switching rates are useful in communications technology.

Figure 9: various LED types

5. Piezo Buzzer

Piezoelectricity is the ability of some materials (notably crystals and certain ceramics, including
bone) to generate an electric field or electric potential in response to applied mechanical stress.
The effect is closely related to a change of polarization density within the material's volume. If the
material is not short-circuited, the applied stress induces a voltage across the material. The word
is derived from the Greek piezo or piezein, which means to squeeze or press. It most commonly
consists of a number of switches or sensors connected to a control unit that determines if and which
button was pushed or a preset time has lapsed, and usually illuminates a light on the appropriate
button or control panel, and sounds a warning in the form of a continuous or intermittent buzzing
or beeping sound. Initially this device was based on an electromechanical system which was
identical to an electric bell without the metal gong (which makes the ringing noise). Often these
units were anchored to a wall or ceiling and used the ceiling or wall as a sounding board. Another
implementation with some AC-connected devices was to implement a circuit to make the AC
current into a noise loud enough to drive a loudspeaker and hook this circuit up to an 8-ohm
speaker. Nowadays, it is more popular to use a ceramic-based piezoelectric sounder which makes
a high-pitched tone. Usually these were hooked up to "driver" circuits which varied the pitch of
the sound or pulsed the sound on and off. In game shows it is also known as a "lockout system"
because when one person signals ("buzzes in"), all others are locked out from signaling. Several
game shows have large buzzer buttons which are identified as "plungers".

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Figure 10: various BUZZER types

6. Switch

In electronics, a switch is an electrical component that can break an electrical circuit, interrupting
the current or diverting it from one conductor to another. The most familiar form of switch is a
manually operated electromechanical device with one or more sets of electrical contacts. Each set
of contacts can be in one of two states: either closed meaning the contacts are touching and
electricity can flow between them, or open, meaning the contacts are separated and
nonconductor.

Figure 11: some types of switches

7. Resistors

A resistor is a two-terminal electronic component that produces a voltage across its terminals that
is proportional to the electric current through it in accordance with Ohm's law: V=IR
Units: The ohm (symbol: ) . Commonly used multiples and submultiples in electrical and
electronic usage are the milliohm (1x10-3), kilohm (1x103), and megohm (1x106).

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Figure 12: resistors

Resistors are elements of electrical networks and electronic circuits and are ubiquitous in most
electronic equipment. Practical resistors can be made of various compounds and films, as well as
resistance wire (wire made of a high-resistivity alloy, such as nickel/chrome).The primary
characteristics of a resistor are the resistance, the tolerance, maximum working voltage and the
power rating. Other characteristics include temperature coefficient, noise, and inductance. Less
well-known is critical resistance, the value below which power dissipation limits the maximum
permitted current flow, and above which the limit is applied voltage. Critical resistance depends
upon the materials constituting the resistor as well as its physical dimensions; it's determined by
design. Resistors can be integrated into hybrid and printed circuits, as well as integrated circuits.
Size, and position of leads (or terminals) are relevant to equipment designers; resistors must be
physically large enough not to overheat when dissipating their power.

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Table 1: resistor color codes

8. Capacitors

A capacitor or condenser is a passive electronic component consisting of a pair of conductors

separated by a dielectric. When a voltage potential difference exists between the conductors, an
electric field is present in the dielectric. This field stores energy and produces a mechanical force
between the plates. The effect is greatest between wide, flat, parallel, narrowly separated
conductors. An ideal capacitor is characterized by a single constant value, capacitance, which is
measured in farads. This is the ratio of the electric charge on each conductor to the potential
difference between them. In practice, the dielectric between the plates passes a small amount of
leakage current. The conductors and leads introduce an equivalent series resistance and the
dielectric has an electric field strength limit resulting in a breakdown voltage. Capacitors are
widely used in electronic circuits to block the flow of direct current while allowing alternating
current to pass, to filter out interference, to smooth the output of power supplies, and for many
other purposes. They are used in resonant circuits in radio frequency equipment to select particular
frequencies from a signal with many frequencies.

Figure 13: capacitor symbols

Ceramic Capacitors: In electronics, ceramic capacitor is a capacitor constructed of alternating

layers of metal and ceramic, with the ceramic material acting as the dielectric. The temperature
coefficient depends on whether the dielectric is Class 1 or Class 2. A ceramic capacitor (especially
the class 2) often has high dissipation factor, high frequency coefficient of dissipation.

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AASTU EEE COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING FOURTH YEAR

Figure 14: ceramic capacitors

A ceramic capacitor is a two-terminal, non-polar device. The classical ceramic capacitor is the
"disc capacitor". This device pre-dates the transistor and was used extensively in vacuum-tube
equipment (e.g., radio receivers) from about 1930 through the 1950s, and in discrete transistor
equipment from the 1950s through the 1980s. As of 2007, ceramic disc capacitors are in
widespread use in electronic equipment, providing high capacity & small size at low price
compared to other low value capacitor types. Ceramic capacitors come in various shapes and
styles, including:

disc, resin coated, with through-hole leads

multilayer rectangular block, surface mount
bare leadless disc, sits in a slot in the PCB and is soldered in place, used for UHF
applications.

Electrolytic Capacitors

Figure 15: electrolytic capacitor

An electrolytic capacitor is a type of capacitor that uses an ionic conducting liquid as one of its
plates with a larger capacitance per unit volume than other types. They are valuable in relatively
high-current and low-frequency electrical circuits. This is especially the case in power-supply
filters, where they store charge needed to moderate output voltage and current fluctuations in
rectifier output. They are also widely used as coupling capacitors in circuits where AC should be
conducted but DC should not.

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AASTU EEE COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING FOURTH YEAR

Table 2: various applications of capacitors

9. Antenna:

The size and shape of the antenna and the way it's constructed determine the gain and directivity
of the antenna. The antenna transmits and receives electromagnetic signals. When gain increases
the amount of desired signal energy that can be captured Increase but the amount of environmental
noise and interferences that's captured increases by the same amount. Antenna receives the radio
frequency signals (RF signals) from the mobile phone. The radio frequency signals are grasped by
the antenna. In the detection process we use a wire type antenna.

An antenna (or aerial) is an electrical device which converts electric currents into radio waves,
and vice versa. It is usually used with a radio transmitter or radio receiver. In transmission, a radio
transmitter applies an oscillating radio frequency electric current to the antenna's terminals, and
the antenna radiates the energy from the current as electromagnetic waves (radio waves). In
reception, an antenna intercepts some of the power of an electromagnetic wave in order to produce
a tiny voltage at its terminals that is applied to a receiver to be amplified. An antenna can be used
for both transmitting and receiving.

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AASTU EEE COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING FOURTH YEAR

4.2. WORKING PRINCIPLE

Ordinary LC (Coil-Capacitor) circuits are used to detect low frequency radiation in the AM and
FM bands. The tuned tank circuit having a coil and a variable capacitor retrieve the signal from
the carrier wave. But such LC circuits cannot detect high frequency waves near the microwave
region. Hence in the circuit, a capacitor is used to sense RF from mobile phone considering that, a
capacitor can store energy even from an outside source and oscillate like LC circuit.

Capacitor C3 in conjunction with the lead inductance acts as a transmission line that intercepts the
signals from the mobile phone.

This capacitor creates a field, stores energy and transfers the stored energy in the form of current
to the inputs of IC1. This will upset the balanced input of IC1 and convert the current into the
corresponding output voltage.

Op-amp IC CA3130 (IC1) is used in the circuit as a current-to-voltage converter with capacitor
C3 connected between its inverting and non-inverting inputs. It is a CMOS version using gate-
protected p-channel MOSFET transistors in the input to provide very high input impedance, very
low input current and very high speed of performance.

Capacitor C4 along with high-value resistor R1 keeps the non-inverting input stable for easy swing
of the output to high state. Resistor R2 provides the discharge path for capacitor C4. Feedback
resistor R3 makes the inverting input high when the output becomes high. Capacitor C5 (47pF) is
connected across strobe (pin 0 and null inputs (pin 1) of IC1 for phase compensation and gain
control to optimize the frequency response.

When the mobile phone signal is detected by C3, the output of IC1 becomes high and low
alternately according to the frequency of the signal as indicated by LED1. This triggers monostable
timer IC2 through capacitor C7. Capacitor C6 maintains the base bias of transistor T1 for fast
switching action. The low-value timing components R6 and C9 produce very short time delay to
avoid audio nuisance.

Use of capacitor
The non-polarized disc capacitor is used to pass AC and not DC. Capacitor can store energy
and pass AC signals during discharge.

0.22 capacitor is selected because it is a low value one and has large surface area to accept
energy from the mobile radiation.

To detect the signal, the sensor part should be like an aerial. So the capacitor is arranged
as a mini loop aerial (similar to the dipole antenna used in TV).

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AASTU EEE COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING FOURTH YEAR

How the capacitor senses RF?

One lead of the capacitor gets DC from the positive input and the other lead goes to the negative
input of IC1. So the capacitor gets energy for storage. But at any time IC can give a high output if
a small current is induced to its inputs. When the mobile phone radiates high energy pulsations,
capacitor oscillates and release energy in the inputs of IC. This oscillation is indicated by the
flashing of the LED and beeping of Buzzer. In short, capacitor carries energy and is in an
electromagnetic field. So a slight change in field caused by the RF from phone will disturb the
field and forces the capacitor to release energy.

4.3. DESIGN

Figure 16: block diagram of transmitting mobile phone sensor.

Construction on Proteus
The construction was done on a proteus simulation software because we were unable to find the
hardware components and constructing on PCB was impossible.

The construction done on a proteus was like this: The Op-Amp IC chip (IC1) and timer IC chip
(NE555) was placed on board straddling the channel. The orientation of the chip was noted after
which the R1 was then placed with the pins on separate rows.

Using figure 2 as a reference, the center pin of the resistor (R1) is connected to pin 3 of the IC, and
top and bottom pins to the bottom rows of the board. The bottom two rows are where the battery
will be connected. One capacitor (C4) is inserted between the middle and top pins of R1. Pin 4 of
the IC1 is connected to the bottom left row. Several other locations will use this connection for
ground (Negative battery terminal).

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AASTU EEE COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING FOURTH YEAR

A 1ook resistor (R2) and a capacitor (C1) are connected between pin 3 and pin 4 of the IC1. It
should be noted that pin4 is connected to ground. A capacitor (C3) is then connected between
pin3 and pin2 of the IC.

A 100kohms resistor (R2) is connected between pin 3 of the IC and bottom pin of the variable
resistor. A wire is needed to make this connection. It should be noted that the bottom pin of the R1
will be connected to the battery positive terminal.

A 2.2Mohms (R3) is also connected between pin2 and pin6 of the IC. The other leg of the LED is
connected to pin 8, and the short leg to the row above pin8 (the row where one of the 1Kohms
resistor leg is connected).

A wire is connected to the bottom right row to the long leg of the LED (pin 8). One end of a long
wire (antenna) is connected to pin 2 of the IC. The black wire of the battery is connected to the
bottom left of the board while the red wire of the battery is connected to the bottom right row of
the board.

Generally, the circuit diagram which we have constructed on proteus looks like what is shown
below.

Figure 17: proteus circuit diagram of mobile phone sensor circuit

Here we also notice that other circuit components added. The signal generator was used to generate
similar signal to that of a cell phone signal which will be received by an antenna. This is because
the Arial (antenna) was nonfunctional inside the software simply it is used as a symbol.

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AASTU EEE COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING FOURTH YEAR

CHAPTER 5
RESULT
The software used for the simulation of this work is Proteus. What was done was to use a Signal
Generator to generate a frequency of 100Hz since the CPU of the system would be completely
utilized for higher RF signal for mobile phone. The signal was sent into the input terminal
(antenna) as shown in fig 18. The figure 19 shows the tested reading values of sensor RF input
signal. The LED was immediately energized indicating that the input signal triggered the 555
Timer IC and this in turn shows that a mobile phone has received signal.

Figure 18: simulation result of the transmitting mobile phone sensor

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AASTU EEE COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING FOURTH YEAR

CHAPTER 6
6.1 DISCUSSION
From the simulation result we have observed that the LED blinks. The BUZZER was but with no
effect. Since giving a sound in the simulation was impossible, it acts as a symbolic notation for the
place where the real BUZZER has to be placed. The LED starts blinking after some delay. This a
delay until the capacitor store a charge for the next discharge.

It was possible to construct a transmitting mobile phone sensor circuit on the proteus professional
8 simulation software. Although at the start of our work it seems hard to construct any simple
circuit on the software, at last our digging results in finding the way. Especially constructing a
wireless circuit like our project is impossible with proteus software.

The receiving antenna was useless in our circuit. Because we havent used a wireless network,
rather a small signal generator which we assume to be the signal generated by GSM mobile and
that was to be received by the antenna. Having all these adjustments, at the end of the day we came
up with fruitful results, despite our failure to see the hardware implementation.

6.2 CONCLUSION
This mobile transmission sensor or sniffer can sense the presence of an activated mobile cellphone
from a distance of one and-a-half metres. So it can be used to prevent use of mobile phones in
examination halls, confidential rooms, etc. It is also useful for detecting the use of mobile phone
for spying and unauthorized video transmission.
This project is very useful for the private meetings, examination hall, defense establishments, mil-
itary camp, Hospitals; Petrol pumps etc., where the uses of an active Mobile Communication
(GSM) device are prohibited. With the aid of this system, one can detect the active mobile phone
device-like objects and GPS systems from the range of few centimeters to few inches depending
upon the objects transmission strength and other useful parameters. This device can detect objects
within a radius of 1.5 meters in a given area and operating frequency of the phone is between 900-
1870MHz at the range of 1-1.5 meters. The system has no way of discriminating between two
phones within the same frequency range. Therefore, it is expected that future research will look
into this area.

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AASTU EEE COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING FOURTH YEAR

6.3 RECOMMENDATION
We are glad to recommend that;

This transmitting mobile sensor or sniffer can sense the presence of an activated mobile
cell phone from a distance of one and-a-half meters. So we are recommending using this
equipment for petrol pumps and gas stations, historical places, religious places, court of
laws, examination halls, confidential rooms, etc.
Trying to increase the detecting range of mobile detector to few more meters for observ-
ing wide range of area.
Improving the delay time of the LED to blink.

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AASTU EEE COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING FOURTH YEAR

REFERENCES

[1]. Mandeep Singh, Kamaljeet singh, Dr. Neena Gupta, Design and Implementation of Cell-
phone Detection Based Line Follower Robot, Department of electronics and communication en-
gineering, ISSN-2277-1956.
[2]. K. Mohan Dece, Novel Mobile Detector Sensing, Alarming and Reporting System, SRM
University, ARPN journal of science and technology, ISSN-2225-7217, VOL-2 no, 1 January
2012.
[3]. Christian C. Mbaocha, Design and Implementation of Intelligent Mobile phone Detector,
Department of electrical/electronic engineering, Nigeria, ISSN-L: 2233-9553 VOL-3 no.1, July
2012.
[4]. Gary Fernandes, OP-AMP Cellphone RF Signal Detector, revised on 2012, online circuit
lab.
[5]. Amit Mishra, Techniques to abolish the effect of sniffer existing in the network, Interna-
tional Journal of Computer Information System. 6. Mohan Kumar, Mobile Bug, in 2008, Elec-
tronics for You.
[7]. Abdul K A, Asad Nalm, Ayman Samier (2008), Mobile Phone International Jamming Sys-
tem.

WEBSITES.
-www.google.com, -www.wikipedia.org,.
-www.pdfmachine.com, -www.efymag.com,
-www.datasheets.com - www.slideshare.com, www.ijecse.org .

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