TEKNOLOGI KERAMIK

ENMT6000025

ELECTROCERAMICS

Teaching team:
Prof.Dr. Ir. Akhmad Herman Yuwono, M.Phil.Eng.
Dr. Sotya Astutingingsih, M.Eng

DEPT. METALURGI & MATERIAL

FAKULTAS TEKNIK UNIVERSITAS INDONESIA
Ceramic Materials

Ceramic materials can now be broadly considered to

be all inorganic non-metallic materials.
However, it is more useful to classify them as
polycrystalline non-metallic materials.
The inherent physical properties of ceramics has made
them desirable for use in wide range of industries,
with their first applications in the electronics sector.
Introduction to Ceramics: Concept
Evolution of Materials and Ceramics
Pottery and Electroceramics
Electroceramics
What are electroceramics?

The term Electroceramic is used to describe ceramic materials that

have been specially formulated for specific electrical, magnetic,
or optical properties.
Their properties can be tailored to operation as insulators,
ferroelectric materials, highly conductive ceramics, electrodes as
well as sensors and actuators.
The performance of electroceramic materials and devices
depends on the
complex interplay between processing,
chemistry,
structure at many levels and
device physics.
What are electroceramics?

The applications of ceramics in the electronics industry can

be divided into two groups:
the use of materials for interconnection and packaging of
semiconductor circuits, and
the use of ceramics in circuit components which perform a function
in their own right, such as capacitors and sensors.
The former application forms a large market and has
been well reviewed elsewhere.
The latter is particularly interesting because the materials
which are used for a very wide range of applications are
in many cases closely related in crystal structure.
Common Applications for Electroceramics

Insulator
Resistor
High dielectric constant capacitors
Piezoelectric sonar transducers
Ultrasonic transducers
Radio & communication filters
Medical diagnostic transducers
Ultrasonic motors
Electro-optic light valves
Thin-film capacitors
Ferroelectric thin-film memories
Ceramic insulators
Bulk Ceramic Varistors
(VDR-voltage dependent
resistors)
Bulk Ceramic Thermistors
Bulk ceramic resistors
Cellular Telephone

Portable communication devices such

as cordless, portable, and car
telephone have become popular
worlwide.

Do you know what kind of

dielectric and ferroelectric
components are used in a cellular
phone?
Cellular Telephone

Chip Monolithic ceramic High Frequency SAW

capacitors Filter
Microwave Oscillators Ceramic Filters
Microwave Filters Piezoelectric Receivers
Ceramic Resonators Piezoelectric Speakers
Johanson Dielectrics
Capacitor Products:
Ceramic SMT and
Leaded High Voltage
and High
Temperature, Dual
and Multi Capacitor
Arrays, Low
Inductance, X2Y,
Switchmode.
Capacitors
Capacitors
Capacitors

C = "capacitance"
= q /DV

Units: Coulomb/Volt
= Farad (F)
-----------------------------
The capacitance of a
Michael Faraday
capacitor is constant; (1791-1867)
if q increases, DV
increases proportionately.
 A AV
C r o Q r o
d d

Q = CV
Q: charge (Coulomb)
C: capacitance (Farad)
V: potential difference (Volt)
d: separation/thickness (meter)
o: permitivity of vacuum =
8.854x10-12 C2/m2 or F/m
r: dielectric constant
Dielectric Materials and Devices
Multilayer Ceramic Capacitor

The demands for miniaturization largely preclude

an increase in the face area A.
One exception is the multilayer ceramic capacitor
(MLCC), in which case:
A( N 1)
C r o
d
where N is the number of stacked plates.
Ideally, the dielectric should have a low electrical
conductivity so that the leakage current is not too
large.
Multilayer Ceramic Capacitor

Cut-away view of multilayer

ceramic capacitor.
 Surface-Mount Ceramic Capacitors

Military electronics
Surface-Mount Capacitors

Ceramic surface-mount capacitors are used in every

type of electronic equipment including computers,
telecommunication, automotive electronics, military
electronics, medical electronics and consumer
electronics.
High voltage and high temperature ceramic capacitors
are serve military, aerospace, oil service, oil
exploration and other markets including medical
imaging, power generation, and high voltage power
supply.
Temperature Sensitive Resistor

There are
numerous uses for
resistors with high
valuea of the
temperature
coefficient of
resistance (TCR)
and they may be
negative (NTC) or
positive (PTC).
Voltage-dependent Resistors (Varistors)

There are a number of situations in which it is valuable to have a resistor

which offers a high resistance at low voltages and a low resistance at high
voltages.
Such a devices can be used to protect a circuit from high-voltage transients
by providing a path across the power suply that
takes only a small current under normal conditions but takes large current
if the voltage rises abnormally,
thus preventing high-voltage pulses from reaching the circuit.

Schematic use of a VDR to protect a circuit against transients,

Circuit to be
Source VDR protected
 Schematic representation of
varistor-capacitor device
construction and its equivalent
circuit.
 High-K Dielectric Materials

The discovery of materials with unusually high-dielectric constants (r

> 2000-100000), and their ferroelectric nature, led to an explosion
in ceramic use.
The first employed in high-k capacitors is BaTiO3 based, and later
developed into
piezoelectric transducers,
positive temperature coefficient (PTC) devices, and
electro-optic light valves.
Recent developments in the field of ferroelectric ceramics is their use
in
medical ultrasonic composites,
high displacement piezoelectric actuators, and
photoresistors.
Piezoelectric

Piezoelectricity was discovered in 1880 by J & P Curie during

studies into the effect of pressure on the generation of electrical
charge by crystals (such as quartz).
Described as the generation of electricity as a result of mechanical
pressure, or
"electrical polarization produced by mechanical strain in crystals
belonging to certain classes".
The phenomenon can be attributed to a lack of centre of
symmetry in the crystallographic unit cell - or the unit cell is
described as non-centrosymmetric.
Piezoelectric

For Piezoelectricity -
the effect is linear and reversible,
the magnitude of the polarisation is dependant on the
magnitude of the stress,
the sign of the charge produced is dependant on the
type of stress (tensile or compressive).
Piezoelectric Ceramics
Piezoelectric Microactuator Devices

Schematic draw of optical scanning device with Schematic drawing of self-actuation

double layered PZT layer (a) and the fabricated cantilever with an integrated
device, (b) Mirror plate: 300300 (m2, DPZT piezoresistor.
beam: 800 230 m2).

Micropump using screen-printed PZT actuator

on silicon membrane. (Courtesy of Neil White,
Univ. of Southampton, UK.)
 Ferroelectric ceramics

This kind of material has perovskite structure, with general

formula ABO3, in which
A is a large divalent metal ion such as Pb2+ or Ba2+,
B is a small tetravalent metal ion, such as Ti4+ or Zr4+,
octahedrally coordinating with oxygen.
Ferroelectricity occurs due to the displacement of positive
ions B4+ and negative ions O2- in opposite directions.
Ferroelectric ceramics

This displacement causes spontaneous polarisation which is

the origin of many other properties such as
extremely high dielectric constant,
hysteresis loop (non-linear dependence of polarisation with
applied field),
piezoelectricity (the ability to change the dimension with applied
field and to produce the current with applied mechanical stress).
Ferroelectric ceramics:
PZT (PbZrTiO3) structure
Ferroelectric ceramics are widely used in modern
technology with various applications (sensors,
actuators, generators, transducers to very recent IC for
RAM).
They can be used for DRAM (dynamic random access
memory), and high remanent polarisation and low
coercive field for being used as NVRAM (non-
volatile random access memory).
Examples of piezoelectric microsensors on silicon: (a) microphone and (b)
accelerometer. (OPA N.V., Taylor and Francis Ltd.)
Microwave Dielectrics

The Microwave materials including of dielectric and coaxial

resonators to meet the demands of microwave applications for
high performance, low cost devices in small, medium and large
quantities.
Applications
Patch antennas
Resonators/inductors
Substrates
C-band resonator-mobile
Filters
 Photograph of split post dielectric resonators operating
at frequencies: 1.4, 3.2 and 33 GHz.

Jerzy Krupka, Journal of the European Ceramic Society 23 (2003) 26072610

EM Spectrum

Mobile phones operate in two main frequency ranges:

In US - the older systems ~850 MHz & the newer ~1900 MHz.
In European - near 900 MHz & 1800 MHz (GSM).
Magnetic Ceramics

There are various types of magnetic material classified by

their magnetic susceptibilities: diamagnetic, paramagnetic
and ferromagnetic.
Diamagnetic, have very small negative susceptibilities (about
10-6).
Example: inert gases, hydrogen, many metals, most non-metals
and many organic compounds.
Paramagnetics are those materials in which the atoms have a
permanent magnetic moment arising from spinning and
orbiting electrons.
The susceptibilities are therefore positive but again small (in
range 10-3 10-6).
Transformer
Magnetic Ceramics- cont.

Ferromagnetic materials are spontaneously magnetized

below the Curie point.
The spontaneous magnetization is not apparent in materials
which have not been exposed to an external field because of
the formation of small volumes (domains) of materials each
having its own direction of magnetization.
Spontaneous magnetization is due to the alignment of
uncompensated electron spin by the strong quantum
mechanical exchange forces.
 Giant Magnetoresistance (GMR)

The GMR is the change in electrical resistance of some materials in

response to an applied magnetic field.
GMR effect was discovered in 1988 by two European scientists
working independently:
Peter Gruenberg of the KFA research institute in Julich, Germany, and
Albert Fert of the University of Paris-Sud .
They saw very large resistance changes - 6 percent and 50 percent,
respectively - in materials comprised of alternating very thin layers of
various metallic elements.
These experiments were performed at low temperatures and in the
presence of very high magnetic fields.
Intrinsic Magnetoresistance

SrRuO3
Tl2Mn2O7
CrO2
La0.7(Ca1-ySry)0.3MnO3
Fe3O4
CaCu3Mn4O12 (CCMO)
 Applications of GMR
The largest technological application of GMR is in the data
storage industry.
IBM were first to market with hard disks based on GMR
technology although today all disk drives make use of this
technology.
On-chip GMR sensors are available commercially from Non-
Volatile Electronics.
Other applications are as diverse as solid-state compasses,
automotive sensors, non-volatile magnetic memory and the
detection of landmines.
 Applications of GMR

Read sensors that employ the GMR effect available for detecting
the fields from tiny regions of magnetization.
These tiny sensors can be made in such a way that a very small
magnetic field causes a detectable change in their resistivity; such
changes in the resistivity produce electrical signals corresponding
to the data on the disk.
It is expected that the GMR effect will allow disk drive
manufacturers to continue increasing density at least until disk
capacity reaches 10 Gb per square inch.
At this density, 120 billion bits could be stored on a typical 3.5-
inch disk drive, or the equivalent of about a thousand 30-volume
encyclopedias.