فاينل

Republic of Iraq
Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific Research

University of Baghdad
College of Engineering
Department of Civil Engineering
BEHAVIOR OF COMPOSITE CONCRETE

CASTELLATED STEEL GIRDERS
A THESIS
SUBMITTED TO THE COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING OF
BAGHDAD UNIVERSITY IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE
REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE MASTER OF SCIENCE
IN CIVIL ENGINEERING
(STRUCTURES)
BY
ALI ISMAEL MANSI
BSc. In Civil Engineering, 2013
October 2015
2015 1436
To My Family
CERTIFICATION
I certify that this thesis entitled "Behavior of Composite Concrete

Castellated Steel Girders" was prepared by (ALI ISMAEL MANSI)
ity ofsunder my supervision at the Department of Civil Engineering, Univer
of Master Baghdad in a partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree
. (of sciences in Civil Engineering (Structures
Signature:
Name: Asst. Prof. Dr. Alaa H. A. AL-Zuhairi
Supervisor
Date: / / 2016.
In view of the available recommendations, I forward this thesis for debate by

the Examining Committee.
Signature:
Name: Asst. Prof. Amer Farouk Izzet.
Head of the Civil Engineering Department
University of Baghdad.
Date: / / 2016
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
First of all, thanks for ALLAH Who enabled me to achieve this research. I
would like to express my great appreciation to my supervisor Asst. Prof. Dr.
Alaa Hussien Alwan AL-Zuhairi for his valuable advice, excellent guidance,
continuous support and encouragement throughout my research.
I wish to express my special thanks and respect to Dr. Amer Farouk Izzet, the
head of the Civil Engineering Department in the College of Engineering of
the University of Baghdad.
I wish to express my sincere gratitude to the staff of laboratories of Consulting

Engineering Bureau at the University of Baghdad, especially Dr. Abbas A.
Allawi and Dr. Alaa Hussien for their cooperation in manufacturing and
testing specimens and all their help during the research.
Special thanks are due to Dr. Mohanned Hussien AL-Sharawi for his
advices, which gave me valuable information and helped me in the research.
Finally, I am deeply indebted and grateful to my family for their

encouragement and patience.
Ali Ismael Al-Dolaimy
I
Behavior of Composite Concrete Castellated Steel Girders
Abstract
Composite castellated beams are used widely in modern steel structures
especially, when the deflection is considered important in the design. In this
study, experimental and numerical investigations were conducted to assess the
behavior of composite concrete-castellated steel beams under two points load.
The experimental study comprised of preparing and testing five groups of
simply supported composite beams. Each group consists of three beams. One of
these groups represents the reference composite concrete-steel beam without
castellation process. Other groups were designed and prepared to achieve the
aims of the parametric study. The parameters considered in this study
castellation ratio and flexibility of shear connections were full and 62.5% partial
shear connection using stud connectors. Three castellation ratios were
considered; 25%, 35% and 45%.
The effects of these two parameters were investigated on the load-
deflection characteristics, moment capacity, stress measurement and failure
mode of the tested beams. The study showed a decrease in mid-span deflection
with the increase of castellation ratio at any applied load. The reduction in
deflection were 7.8%, 10%, and 27.1% for castellation ratios of 25%, 35%, and
45%, respectively, for load of (80 kN). The Numerical studies related that the
flexural behavior of composite concrete- steel castellated beam can be predicted
to be satisfactory with the experimental results.
Other point of view, the moment capacity of the composite beam increases with
increasing castellation ratio at maximum permissible mid-span deflection. This
increase was 19.2%, 48.1%, and 94.4% for castellation ratios 25%, 35%, and
45%, respectively.
II
Flexural stresses in steel and concrete at a specified applied load were
found to decrease with the increase of castellation ratio due to the increase in
moment of inertia of the steel section. Buckling of web-post was the dominating
failure mode for all the tested composite castellated beams.
III
Contents
Content page
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS .....I
ABSTRACT......II
CONTENTS ...........................VI
LIST OF FIGURES ...... VII
LIST OF TABLES ..IX
CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION

1.1 General....1
1.2 Terminology ...2
1.3 Failure Modes of Castellated Beam. ..3
1.4 Applications of Castellated Beams ....4
1.5 Advantages of Castellated Beams .....4
1.6 Disadvantages of Castellated Beams .5
1.7 Steel Concrete Composite Beams .5
1.8 Behavior of Composite Beams with Shear Connectors ............6
1.9 Main Objectives ....8
1.10 Thesis Layout .....8
CHAPTER TWO: REVIEW OF LITRETURE

2.1 General......10
2.1.1 Flexural Mechanism ....10
2.1.2 Lateral Torsional Buckling ..............................................10
IV
2.1.3 Vierendeel Mechanism ....11
2.1.4 Rupture of Welded Joints of Web-Post. ..11
2.1.5 Shear Buckling of the Web-Post. ....11
2.1.6 Compression Buckling of Web- Post...11
2.2 Experimental Studies of Non-Composite Castellated Beam..13
2.3 Numerical Studies of Non-Composite Castellated Beams.............17
2.4 Experimental and Numerical Studies of Composite Castellated
Beams .....................................20
3. CHAPTER THREE: EXPERIMENTAL WORK

3.1 General .....23
3.2 Characteristic of the Construction Material Used ...23
3.2.1 Cement 23
3.2.2 Aggregate 24
3.2.2.1 Coarse Aggregate .25
3.2.2.2 Fine Aggregate .26
3.2.3 High Range Performance Water Reducing Additive ...27
3.2.4 Reinforcing Steel ..27
3.2.5 Structural Steel Section (I- Beam) 28
3.2.5.1 Design of Castellated Beams 29
3.2.5.2 Fabrication of Castellated Beams .....30
3.2.6 Shear Connectors ...........33
3.3 Concrete Production and Testing ..35
3.3.1 Mixture Properties .....35
3.3.2 Concrete Testing for Compressive Strength ..35
3.4 Preparation and Testing of Composite Concrete- Castellated
Beams .36
3.4.1 Preparation of Composite Beams ...36
V
3.4.2 Testing Apparatus ...40
3.4.3 Strain Measurement Instrumentation ..42
4. CHAPTER FOUR: FINITE ELEMENT MODELING

4.1 General .45
4.2 Numerical Analysis ......46
4.2.1 Assumptions .........................................................................46
4.2.2 Nonlinearity.............................................................................46
4.3 Ansys Finite Element Software 47

4.3.1Element Types 47
4.3.1.1 Three Dimensional Nonlinear Element (Solid65) ...........47
4.3.1.1.1 Assumption and Restriction .48
4.3.1.2 Three Dimensional Solid45 49
4.3.1.3 Elastic Shell Element (Shell63) ...50
4.3.1.3.1 Assumptions and Restrictions ...50
4.3.1.4 Three Dimensional Spar (or Truss) Link8 51
4.3.1.4.1 Assumptions and Restrictions ....................................52
4.3.1.4.2 Modelling of Steel Reinforcement .53
4.3.1.5 Nonlinear Spring Element (Combine39) ..54
4.3.1.5.1 Assumptions and Restrictions ....55
4.4 Real Constants 55
4.5 Material Properties .........................................................................56

4.6 Meshing ......60
4.7 Load Application ..62
5. CHAPTER FIVE: RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS

5.1 General ..63
VI
5.2 Results of Experimental Work ..63
5.2.1 Details of Tested Beams .64
5.2.2 Load Deflection Relationship ..73
5.2.2.1 Effect of Castellation Ratio 73
5.2.2.2 Effects of Flexibility of Shear Connectors ..75
5.2.3 Applied Moment ...76
5.2.3.1 Effects of Castellation Ratio ....76
5.2.4 Induced Stresses .......................................................................78
5.2.4.1 Effects of Castellation Ratio 78
5.2.5. Failure Modes ..79
5.3 Numerical Analysis .. ...79
6. CHAPTER SIX: CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

6.1. Conclusions ......84
6.2. Recommendations 85
References ..86
Appendix A ANSYS INPUT
Appendix A ANSYS OUTPUT
VII
List of Figures
No. Title Page

1- Figure: (1.1) Fabricated of Castellated Beam 2
2- Figure: (1.2) Castellated Beam Components 3
3- Figure: (1.3) Parameters of Castellated Beam 4
4- Figure: (1.4) Composite Steel Concrete Beam 7
5- Figure: (1.5) Partial and Full Shear Connection of Composite Beam 7
6- Figure: (2.1) Bending Failure Mode 12
7- Figure: (2.2) Vierendeel Bending Failure Mode 12
8- Figure: (2.3) Shear Buckling Mode of Web Post 12
9- Figure (2.4): Variety of loading capacity with expansion ratios 17
10- Figure (3.1): Tested of Steel Bar in Tensile Machine 28
11- Figure (3.2): Dimensions and Geometry of Tested Steel Capon 29
12- Figure (3.3): Steel Specimen Prepared for Testing 29
13- Figure (3.4): Cutting Process of Steel Beams 31
14- Figure (3.5): Castellation of Beams 32
15- Figure (3.6): Common Types of Shear Connectors 33
16- Figure (3.7): Cube Specimens under Testing 36
17- Figure (3.8): Stud Shear Connectors that Used in One Raw 38
18- Figure (3.9): Operations of Concrete Slab Creation 39
19- Figure (3.10): Mixing of Concrete Compositions 40
20- Figure (3.11): Details of Prepared Composite Concrete Castellated Beams 41
21 Figure (3.12): Testing Apparatus with Instrumentation Used 42
22 Figure (3.13): Electrical Strain Gauges 43
23 Figure (3.14): Strain Indicator- Data Logger 43
24 Figure (3.15): (LVDT') Linear Variable Displacement Transducer 43
25 Figure (3.16): Load Cell and Data Logger 44
26 Figure :( 4.1) Geometry of Solid65 Element 48
27 Figure :( 4.2) Stress Output of Solid65 Element 48
28 Figure: (4.3) Geometry of Solid45 Element 49
29 Figure: (4.4) Stress Output of Solid45 Element 49
30 Figure: (4.5) Geometry of Shell63 Element 50
31 Figure: (4.6) Stress Output of Shell63 Element 51
32 Figure: (4.7) Geometry of Link8 Element 52
33 Figure: (4.8) Stress Output of Link8 Element 52
34 Figure: (4.9) Methods of Steel Reinforcement in Concrete Structures, (a) Discrete, 53
(b) Embedded, and (c) Smeared
35 Figure: (4.10) Geometry of Combine39 Element 54
36 Figure :( 4.11) Uniaxial Stress-Strain Curve of Concrete 58
37 Figure: (4.12) Stress Strain Curve for Steel Reinforcement 60
38 Figure (4.13) Meshing of Composite Beam I-134 61
39 Figure (4.14) Element Connectivity: Concrete Solid and Link Element 61
40 Figure (4.15) Reinforcement Modeled with Ansys 62
41 Figure: (4.16) Supported and Applied Loads on Beams 62
42 Figure: (5.1) Composite Beam (I-134) Under Test 64
43 Figure: (5.2) Local Buckling Failure of Web of Composite Beam (I-134) 64
44 Figure (5.3) Mid-span Deflections of Composite Castellated Beam I-134 65
VIII
45 Figure (5.4) Variation of Steel and Concrete Stress with Load of Beam I-134 66
46 Figure: (5.5) Composite Castellated Beam (Ic-167) Under Test 66
47 Figure: (5.6) Web-Post Buckling of Castellated Composite Beam (I-167mm) 67
48 Figure (5.7) Mid-span Deflections of Composite Castellated Beam Ic-167 67
49 Figure (5.8) Variation of Steel and Concrete Stress with Load of Beam Ic-167 68
50 Figure: (5.9) Castellated Composite Beam (Ic-181) Under Test 68
51 Figure: (5.10) Web-Post Buckling of Castellated Composite Beam (Ic-181) 69
52 Figure (5.11) Mid-span Deflections of Composite Castellated Beam Ic-181 70
53 Figure (5.12) Variation of Steel and Concrete Stress with Load of Beam Ic-181 70
54 Figure: (5.13) Castellated Composite Beam (Ic-194) Under Bending Test 71
55 Figure: (5.14) Web-Post Buckling of Castellated Composite Beam (Ic-194mm) 71
56 Figure (5.15) Mid-span Deflections of Beam Ic-194 Full Connection 72
57 Figure (5.16) Variation of Steel and Concrete Stress with Load of Beam I-194 Full 72
Connection
58 Figure (5.17) Mid-span Deflections of Beam Ic-194 Partial Connection 73
59 Figure (5.18) Variation of Steel and Concrete Stress with Load of Beam Ic-194 Full 73
Connection
60 Figure (5.19) Load Mid-Span Deflection for Composite Beams with various 74
Castellation Ratios
61 Figure (5.20) Decrease of Mid-Span Deflection with the Increase of Castellation 74
Ratio at Different Levels of Applied Moment
62 Figure (5.21) Load Required to Produce Permissible Deflection with Castellation 75
Ratio
63 Figure(5.22) Effect of Flexiblity on the Deflection of Composite Castellated Beam 75
64 Figure (5.23): Relationship between Castellation Ratio and Moment Strength at 76
Different Levels of Recorded Deflection
65 Figure (5.24): Increase in Moment Strength Due to Castellation of Steel Beams 77
66 Figure (5.25): Decreasing of Web-Post Moment strength with the Increasing of 77
(Dc/2a) Ratio
67 Figure (5.26) Load-Stress Relation in Concrete at various Castellation Ratio 78
68 Figure (5.27) Load-Stress Relation in Steel at various Castellation Ratio 78
69 Figure (5.28): Numerical and Experimental Load-deflection curve of I-134 81
70 Figure (5.29): Numerical and Experimental Load-deflection curve of I-167 81
71 Figure (5.30): Numerical and Experimental Load-Deflection Curve of Ic-181 81
72 Figure (5.31): Numerical and Experimental Load-Deflection Curve of Ic-194 Full 81
Connection
73 Figure (5.32): Numerical and Experimental Load-Deflection curve of Ic-194 Partial 81
Connection
74 Figure (5.33) Numerical and Experimental Steel Stress of Beam I-134 81
75 Figure (5.34) Numerical and Experimental Steel Stress of Beam Ic-167 82
76 Figure (5.35) Numerical and Experimental Steel Stress of Beam Ic-181 82
77 Figure (5.36) Numerical and Experimental Steel Stress of Beam Ic-194 Full 82
Connection
78 Figure (5.37) Numerical and Experimental Steel Stress of Beam Ic-194 Partial 82
Connection
79 Figure (5.38) Numerical and Experimental Concrete Stress of Beam I-134 82
80 Figure (5.39) Numerical and Experimental Concrete Stress of Beam Ic-167 82
81 Figure (5.40) Numerical and Experimental Concrete Stress of Beam Ic-181 83
82 Figure (5.41) Numerical and Experimental Concrete Stress of Beam Ic-194 Full 83
Connection
83 Figure (5.42) Numerical and Experimental Concrete Stress of Beam Ic-194 Partial 83
Connection
VIII
List of Tables
No. Title Page

1- Table (3.1): Cement Test Results. 24
2- Table (3.2) Sieve Analysis of Coarse Aggregate Used in Experimental Work 25
3- Table (3.3): Physical Properties and Sulfate Content of Coarse Aggregate Used in 25
Experimental Work- Crushed Aggregate
4- Table (3.4) Sieve Analysis of Fine Aggregate Used in the Experimental Work 26
5- Table (3.5): Physical Properties and Sulfate Content of Fine Aggregate Used in 26
Experimental Work
6- Table (3.6): Test Results of Superplasticizer 27
7- Table (3.7): Properties of the Used Structural Steel 28
8- Table (3.8): Dimensions of Castellated Beams that are used 30
9- Table (3.9): Mixing Proportions 35
10- Table (3.10): Details of Tested Concrete Cubes 36
11- Table (3.11): Details of Tested Beam Groups 38
12- Table (4.1) Real Constants of Used Elements 55
13- Table (4.2) Material Models Properties that Used in Research 57
14- Table: (5.1) Results of Composite Concrete- Steel Beam I 134 65
15- Table: (5.2) Results of Castellated Composite Beam (Ic-167mm) 67
16- Table: (5.3) Results of Castellated Composite Beam (Ic-181mm) 69
17- Table: (5.4) Results of Castellated Beam (Ic- 194mm) Full Connection 71
18- Table: (5.5) Results of Castellated Beam (Ic- 194mm) Partial Connection 72
19- Table: (5.6) Number of Elements that Used in Simulation 80
20- Table (5.7): Percentage of Error between Experimental and Numerical Results of 80
Maximum Moment Strength
21- Table (5.8): Percentage of Error between Experimental and Numerical Results of 80
Max Mid-Span Deflection
IX
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 General
The term "castellated beam" comes from web holes that are formed by
cutting the web to a castle shape and re-assembling to form these holes.
They were used in steel construction since 1930s. A castellated beam is
produced from a standard rolled section by expanding. The process will
create regular patterns of holes in the web (Boyer, 1964). Earlier, a
castellated beam was not used widely in North America, so that it has long
been established. On the other hand, because of the lower labor cost and
high cost of materials, castellated beams get a wide popularity in Europe.
After that, with the development of cutting and welding machines,
castellated beams gained a wide spread in the United States, and they were
used in floor systems because they result in a great reduction in cost
(Megharief, 1997). The commercial and industrial buildings with long
spans are exhibited to deflections that may exceed the limited values, so
that the members used in construction should have adequate stiffness to
resist the deflection, for which the castellated beam is a suitable choice
because it possess a high stiffness relative to its weight (El-Hadi, Nadjai,
& etal, 2011). The production of castellated beams from rolled sections is
done by separating the rolled beam into two halves by cutting the web as
zigzag in alternative regular patterns. After that, the highest points of the
cutting come in contact and joined together by welding as shown in Figure
(1.1). The depth of a castellated beam can be increased more by adding a
web plates between the highest points of the cutting, these plates called
increment plates (Boyer, 1964) as shown in Figure (1.1).
1
Chapter one Introduction
1.2 Terminology
There are some terms that will define the castellated beam
components. Terms definitions and their geometry are shown in
Figures (1.2) and (1.3) respectively.
Web post: the solid cross section of the castellated beam,
which is located between holes.
Castellation: the area of castellated beam in section
including the holes.
Throat width: the length of horizontal side of hexagonal
hole, or the length of the horizontal cutting that is connected
to flanges.
Throat depth: the height of web portion that is included with
flanges.
Castellation ratio: is the percentage of the increased in depth
between the original beam and expanded beam.
Figure: (1.1) Fabrication of Castellated Beam
2
Figure: (1.2) Castellated Beam Components
1.3 Failure Modes of Castellated Beam

The structural behavior of castellated beams is different from that
of the original one. The variation is due to the presence of holes in
the web. These holes lead to develop new modes of failure. These
new modes come from various ways in which the shear forces
transfer from web post to another through the perforated sections.
The appearance of these new modes of failure are governed by
(Megharief, 1997); the stiffness of beam (web slenderness),
castellation properties (expansion ratio or height, welding length
and angle of cutting) and loading scheme.
The failure modes of castellated beams are listed below:
1. Formation of flexural mechanism
2. Lateral torsional buckling
3. Formation of Vierendeel mechanism
4. Rupture of welding joints in web post
5. Shear buckling of the web post
6. Compression buckling of web post
3
.
Figure: (1.3) Parameters of Castellated Beam
1.4 Applications of Castellated Beams

With the development of building construction, it is desired to
make them capable to resist the applied loading with low cost.
Castellated beams were implemented in many applications such
as, rafter, roof beam, cantilever construction, girts, pipe bridge,
girders for light floor loads and other special applications
(Chhapkhane & Kamble, 2012). Castellated beams are used
widely in multi-story buildings, industrial, commercial and
warehouse buildings in which the web-openings are used for
passage of services, resulting in saving the height of the structure.
On the other hand, it was used in hospitals, office buildings,
shopping centers, and any structure with suspended floor (Erdal,
2011). Castellated beams are adequate choice for parking loads
with large spans, and suitable in sport stadiums.
1.5 Advantages of Castellated Beams

For many years ago, castellated beams were used with little
applications, because they were produced simply by hand.
Nowadays, with the development of cutting and welding
machines, castellated beams become more functional in modern
4
buildings, especially with the increase of piping and duct works in

modern structures. The main advantage of the castellated beam is
increasing the depth of beam without any additional weight so
that, the strength of beam is improved by increasing the stiffness
of the beam so that, the bending moment capacity increase
(Chhapkhane & Kamble, 2012). Castellated beams have been
efficient for long spans and when the design criteria are controlled
by deflection or moment capacity (Megharief, 1997).
1.6 Disadvantages of Castellated Beams

The fabrication of castellated beams is associated with the cutting
and welding of web so that the costs of beams are increased.
When castellated beams are used in long spans, they have a
problem with the stability during erection so that, stability of
beams should be examined (Chhapkhane & Kamble, 2012).
Castellated beams are considered as a slightly indeterminate
structures because of the different modes of failure, so that it is
not capable to be analyzed by simple methods. Castellated beams
are not suitable for short spans with high magnitude of shear
forces, because the shear capacity of the web post is a limiting
factor. Shear deformation of tees and the deflection analysis is
more difficult than for webbed beams.
1.7 Steel- Concrete Composite Beams

Composite steel-concrete structures have been used widely in
several European countries, Canada, Australia and USA. The
main reason of the spread of composite constructions is to for
faster construction, reduction of members depth, and saving
5
weight of steel members. The efficiency of structures will be

enhanced with composite systems in which two structural
elements combined together to get a single composite section
(Patial & Shaikh, 2013). Composite structures provide important
economy by reduction of materials, floor depth and rapid
construction. Deck slabs of long span bridges are usually made
from reinforced-concrete because no other materials have a better
combination and resistance to abrasion and corrosion with low
cost (Johnson, 1994). The level of connection between the
combined elements has a significant effect on the efficiency of a
composite section (Mahesan, etal, 2013). Composite action is
achieved by mechanical shear connectors, headed studs or
channels welded to top flange of steel beam, see Figure (1.4). The
main functions of shear connectors are to resist the horizontal
shear forces, prevent the longitudinal slip, and to resist the vertical
separation between the combined elements (steel and concrete).
1.8 Behavior of Composite Beam with Shear Connectors

The behavior of a composite beam depends on the level of
connection between concrete slab and steel section. When the
connection is designed to resist all forces applied, this type of
connection is called "full shear connection or rigid connection" In
such a connection, stiff connectors are used to join the
components of beam so that, the movements between concrete
and steel are zero along the beam as shown in Figure (1.5),
(Johnson, 1994). With elastic behavior, the shear forces acting on
studs are proportional to the vertical shear forces. There are high
local differences in strains at the interface region between slab and
steel section so that, the inelastic behavior of concrete slab
6
(cracking and crushing), or yielding of steel section, produces

localized shear forces. When the connection cannot resist all
forces applied, this is called partial shear connection. In this
case, the failure may occur in connection before the failure of the
other components of composite beam. In partial connection, a
relative slip along the interface region may occur, see Figure (1.5).
This movement leads to increase the effect of shear deformation
in composite beam (Nethercot, 2003). Thus, a partial connection
reduces stiffness, strength but enhances the ductility of composite
system (Nethercot & Uy, 2003).
Figure: (1.4) Composite Steel Concrete Beam (Johnson, 1994)
Figure: (1.5) Partial and Full Shear Connection of Composite Beam

(Johnson, 1994)
7
1.9. Main Objectives

This study aims to investigate the effect of castellated beam geometry
(expansion percentage) and the shear connectivity in composite steel-
concrete beams on their stiffness.
The main objectives of the present study are:
1. A parametric study is to be conducted to detect the response of
composite concrete- steel castellated beam with different
castellation ratios and different levels of shear connectivity using
various patterns of shear connectors.
2. Building a finite element model using ANSYS11 software to solve
various composite concrete- steel castellated beam problems.
3. From the above main goals, some conclusions can be reached and
necessary recommendations may be proposed for future studies.
1.10. Thesis Layout

This thesis is fall in six chapters.
Chapter one: this chapter give a general introduction about castellated
beams and composite concrete- steel beams.
Chapter two: present literature review concerning the past or previous
experimental and numerical studies on composite concrete- steel
castellated beams.
Chapter three: deals with experimental program which comprises design,
fabrication, and testing of composite concrete- steel castellated beams.
Chapter four: cover the implementation of numerical analysis by using
ANSYS11 software.
8
Chapter five: present the results of experimental and numerical analysis

that explain the behavior of the tested composite concrete- steel castellated
beams.
Chapter six: contains the main conclusions obtained from this study,
recommendations and suggestions for future studies.
9
CHAPTER TWO
REVIEW OF
LITERATURE
2.1. General
For many years ago, numerous studies were carried out on
composite concrete-steel castellated beams to detect their behavior
under various load conditions. These studies were focused mainly
on the effects of openings geometry on the behavior of castellated
beams. Presence of holes lead to develop new failure modes of
steel beams (Kerdal & Nethercot, 1984). The failure modes of
castellated beams are listed below:
2.1.1 Flexural Mechanism

When a perforated beam is subjected to two point loads, the part
between the applied loads that is subjected to pure bending will
behave similar to that of webbed beam, so that the throats above
and below holes will yield in compression and tension
respectively. However, the presence of holes leads to stop of
yielding towards the central axis, so that the throat sections will
become completely plastic in compression and tension
(Megharief, 1997) see Figure (2.1).
2.1.2 Lateral Torsional Buckling

Lateral torsional buckling is a twist of beam along the longitudinal
axis, so that presence of web openings will reduce beam resistance
against torsional buckling.
10
Chapter Two Review of Literature
2.1.3 Vierendeel Mechanism
Shear forces transfer across the openings in castellated beams.
When the spans applied to a high magnitude of shear forces,
Vierendeel bending may be occurred. Its value depends on the
geometry of holes. It was found that, the length of tee section
above and below the holes is controlling the local Vierendeel
moment acting to them (Lagaros, Psarras, & etal., 2008) as shown
in Figure (2.2).
2.1.4 Rupture of Welded Joints of Web-Post

This mode of failure can occur when the length of web post or the
welded length is inadequate to resist the horizontal forces. These
shear forces are a result of balancing the vertical shear forces at
supports.
2.1.5 Shear Buckling of the Web-Post

The horizontal shear forces of a castellated beam lead to a double
curvature bending along the length of web post. The two opposite
inclined edges will be stressed in tension and compression
respectively, as shown in Figure (2.3). Buckling may cause a
twisting effect along the height of web post (Megharief, 1997).
2.1.6 Compression Buckling of Web- Post

This failure is similar to web crippling in a webbed beam. In most
cases, compression buckling can occur under concentrated loads
and reaction forces. When loading conditions of castellated beam
are similar to that of webbed beam, castellated beam may fail in
compression buckling of web post (Soltani M. R. & et al., 2011)
11
Figure: (2.1) Bending Failure Mode (Megharief, 1997)
Figure: (2.2) Vierendeel Bending Failure Mode (Megharief, 1997)
Figure: (2.3) Shear Buckling Mode of Web Post (Megharief, 1997)
12
2.2. Experimental Studies on Non-Composite Castellated
Beams
For long time, engineers were interested in improving the
materials and develop design practice and construction. One of
such improvement was in Argentina that occurred in built up
structures in 1930. The improved member was called castellated
beam. The main purpose of these studies is the possibility of using
castellated beams in constructions since their usage leads to
decrease the cost of steel and increase members stiffness without
any additional steel weight. The following is a brief of studies that
conducted on castellated beams:
(Altifillisch, etal, 1957) studied the behavior of non-composite
castellated beam in elastic and plastic ranges through testing a
group of simply supported castellated beams under two point
loads. The main purpose of the study was to investigate the
behavior of castellated beams, strength and its failure modes.
From that study, they concluded that the beams capable to carry
more moment 10% to 35% compared with rolled beam.
(Toprac and Cooke,1959) tested ten 8B10 rolled section beams under four
concentrated point loads to investigate load carrying capacity and optimum
castellation ratio of castellated beams. Experimental results of these tests
were then compared with theoretical computations. Excessive lateral
buckling at the first two specimens caused the failure so they were
excluded from the study. Although ultimate load of third specimen was
recorded, but there was not given detail about this test. When the load was
reached to maximum, compression flange buckling was observed at 8B10-
IV specimen. At the same manner, yielding and flange buckling mode in
the pure bending region was described for 8B10-V specimen. As for
specimen 8B10-VI, local buckling of the compression flange in the
13
constant moment region was observed as failure mode. The next specimen,
8B10-VII, failed due to high shear forces across the web openings called
Vierendeel mechanism. Buckling of compression flange in the constant
moment region and Vierendeel bending in the highest shear region were
observed for the 8B10-VIII and 8B10-IX specimens respectively.
(Boyer, 1964), reviewed Litzaka process to make the castellated
beams more utilize in steel constructions. He selected many
sections of castellated beams and tested and compared them with
the original beams. It was found that economical saving in
castellated beams to range from 11% to 22% and that; there were
not only economic advantages but also they have performance
advantages.
The interaction between moment and shear forces in castellated
beams was studied by (Sherbourne, 1966). Various load
combinations were considered in the study. One point
concentrated load was applied to study beam behavior under
shear, so that all beams fail by web buckling in maximum shear
zone. In the same way, two point loads were applied to study the
behavior of beams under bending so that, beams failed in flexural
mechanism in the pure bending region.
(Bazile & Texier, 1968), studied the effect of openings' geometry and
castellation ratio on the behavior of castellated beams. It was tested under
eight concentrated loads. The different phases of load deflection diagram
of each beam also described under test loads. Two specimens were not
included to further study due to failed by lateral torsional buckling. Failure
of other three beams was associated with web buckling in the zone of
maximum shear. It was concluded that the reduction in load capacity of
castellated beam varied from 15.1% to 28.4%.
14
(Kerdal & Nethercot, 1984), studied the failure modes of
castellated beams, six modes of failure were noticed:
Formation of flexural mechanism
Lateral torsional buckling
Formation of Vierendeel mechanism
Rupture of the welded joints
Web-post buckling due to shear
Web-post buckling due to compression
(Kerdal & Nethercot, 1984), tested many beams and they found
the lateral-torsional buckling failure mode to occur in each test.
They noticed a combination between failure modes of castellated
beams. To study failure modes other than lateral-torsional
buckling, they were recommended to provide sufficient lateral
bracing because of its important for beams to reach its ultimate
strength.
(Zaarour & Redwood, 1996), tested fourteen castellated beams to examine
the buckling of the web post between openings. A single concentrated point
load was applied at mid-span of all light beams. The ultimate strength
values of each beam were measured depended upon load capacities. The
first two tests were reported to fail by local buckling of the tee-section
above the holes through greatest bending moments taken placed. Web
buckling failure mode was described for other ten specimens. Finally, last
two experiments omitted from consideration because of lateral torsional
buckling.
(Redwood & Demirdjian, 1998), tested four simply supported
castellated beams identical in cross-sections but they with
different openings number. All beams tested under a central
concentrated single load. The first two beams have four openings
15
and they failed in web buckling mode. Beam with six openings
failed in web buckling too, the last beam with eight openings was
excluded from the study because it was failed in lateral-torsional
buckling.
(Zirakian & Showkati, 2006), investigated distortional buckling behavior
of castellated beams. They tested six castellated beams. All of the test
beams underwent lateral buckling, which was accompanied by web
distortion. In fact, web distortion was revealed and demonstrated through
the experimentally acquired loaddeflection and loadstrain curves at both
measurement locations. As a consequence, the occurrence of the lateral
distortional mode of buckling was confirmed. In addition to the test
strengths, using the Southwell, Modified, and Massey extrapolation
techniques, the accurate critical loads were obtained. On the average, the
discrepancy between the test strengths and the extrapolated buckling loads
was found to be 7% for the Southwell Plot, 4% for the Modified Plot, and
8% for the Massey Plot. The smallest discrepancy was found in the case of
the Modified Plot.
(Wakchaure, etal, 2012) studied the behavior of simply supported
castellated beams. Castellated beams with various castellation
ratios were used in the study. Various castellation ratios 40%,
50%, and 60% represent the parameters of the study. From those
studies, they found that castellated beams are suitable for
serviceability criteria up to (0.6h) opening depth. It was also
observed Vierendeel mechanism will become predominate and
loading capacity to decrease as the depth of opening increase, see
Figure (2.4).
16
120
100
LOAD KN 80
60
40
20
0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
EXPANSION RATIO %
Figure (2.4): variety of loading capacity with expansion ratios

(Wakchaure, etal, 2012)
2.3. Numerical Studies on Non-Composite Castellated Beams

Castellated beams do not possess accepted universal design
method so that, a lot of work and studies are required for the
design of castellated beams especially, with hexagonal openings
because of their complexity in geometry which is associated with
new failure modes. There are many researchers who studied the
analysis and design of castellated beams as below.
(Mohebkhan & Showkati, 2005), used the finite element method
to investigate inelastic behavior of castellated beams having
elastic lateral restrains at mid-span. The main purpose of that
study was to investigate the behavior of simply supported
castellated beams under pure bending and determine the effect of
elastic restrains on the inelastic flexural-torsional strength. It was
found that the inelastic strength of castellated beams was
increased due to existence of elastic lateral restrains. Stiffness of
17
lateral-restrains is not only the main factor that affect the inelastic
strength but it also depends on beam slenderness.
(Pirmoz & Saedi, 2006), investigated the non-linear behavior of
castellated beams by using finite element software (ANSYS 5.4).
In that study, they investigated the effect of castellated beam
length on its ductility under moment gradient loading. The
investigated beams had variable length and various bracing
conditions. The Analysis of beams under the above-mentioned
loading showed that, the rotation capacity of castellated beams
reduces as compared to the solid beam for longer spans. It was
also found that when the bracing length of castellated beams close
to plastic bracing length, flanges will suffer to local instability
before local buckling of web-posts because of the full bracing of
flanges.
(Soltani, etal, 2011), presented numerical studies to obtain non-
linear behavior of castellated beams with octagonal and hexagonal
openings. The parameter involved in the study is the depth of
castellated beams. Numerical results were compared with the
existing results and validated by using MSC/NASTRAN software.
Failure modes of castellated beams were investigated also.
(Wakchaure & Sagade, 2012), studied the flexural behavior of
simply supported castellated beams of variable openings depth.
Finite element software (ANSYS14) was used for analysis of I-
shaped steel beams. Beams were tested under two point loads.
Various failure modes were studied and the deflection at mid-span
of beam was recorded for each specimen. The parameters studied
were beam depth with castellation ratio 40%, 50% and 60%.
Beams were tested and compared with each other for
serviceability. From that study, the authors concluded that
18
castellated beams can be used for serviceability requirements up
to 0.6h opening depth. Castellated beam can be used in longer
spans with small loads, especially when the beam design is
controlled by deflection criteria.
(Erdal & Saka, 2013), used finite element analysis to investigate
the load carrying capacity of castellated beams which were
optimally designed with various holes' number and spacing.
ANSYS software was used in modeling and analysis of beams,
failure modes were studied under one central point loads. They
concluded, although the spans are relatively short, lateral supports
against torsional buckling were the governing factors. In cellular
beams, when the concentrated load was applied above the circular
hole, beams fail by Vierendeel mechanism, while in web-post
buckling when the load was applied on the solid portion.
(Jamadar & Kumbhar, 2014), studied the behavior of flexural
and combined axial bending stress in castellated beams by using
ABAQUS program software. I-steel beams (ISMB600) with
hexagonal opening depth of 600mm were used with a total depth
of castellated beams of 900mm after castellation. Castellated
beams with various opening shapes were studied and the results
were verified with those of castellated beam examples listed in the
Indian Standard Handbook for Structural Engineering. From that
study, they concluded that the local failure was one of the most
probable failure modes because the required area to transfer shear
through beams is not adequate. They also found using of square,
circular and diamond openings shape provided a better area for
shear transfer.
(Jichkar, etal, 2014) studied the behavior of castellated beams
using ANSYS software. The mid-span deflection of beam was
19
analyzed with various parametric conditions. Beams were tested
under different loading and support conditions. Beams with the
same openings depth but difference in openings shape. Beams
were analyzed, and the buckling load was found to increase with
the increase of beam section, but the presence of web holes reduce
the buckling load. For castellated beams having the same section,
the buckling load was approximately the same for hexagonal and
square openings, but it differs for the case of circular openings.
Deflection was found to increase with the increase of web
openings number.
2.4. Experimental and Numerical Studies on Composite

Castellated Beams
Composite construction is used in modern steel structures to
increase the resistance of members without an unnecessary
increase in the depth of composite member. This practice of
construction was used for beams that are more exposed to local
shear buckling of web and buckling of compression flange. There
are many experimental and numerical studies which investigated
the effect of composite action on the behavior of castellated
beams.
(Larnach & Park, 1964) study was the first work on the composite
castellated beams. They tested six different sections of castellated
beams. Shear connectors were used to transfer shear force from
concrete slab to steel beam. All beams were tested under
distributed load and the specimens failed by web-post buckling
with cracking occur in concrete slab. From that study, they found
20
that the neutral axis of tee-section is above that of solid section
associated with web-post.
(Giriyappa and Baldwin, 1966) performed two tests on composite
castellated beams with different top and bottoms sections under a
distributed load system. Although web post buckling was the
predicted failure mode, yielding in the tension flange occurred
first, indicating flexural failure.
(Megharief, 1997), which is the most recent known composite castellated
beam work. In this study, three beams in high shear and two beams in high
flexure were tested to failure. The three shear oriented tests revealed that
the bottom tee takes 11 to 25 percent of shear, and that the concrete slab
and top tee together take 75 to 89 percent. The two flexural test specimens
ultimately failed due to lateral-torsional buckling but only after the bottom
flanged yielded and the shear studs failed over half of the length of the
beam. Tension strain was measured above web openings. This indicated
the neutral axis was located higher than predicted.
(Gizejowski & Salah, 2007), used the finite element analysis to
investigate the behavior of continuous composite castellated
beams having different instability effect especially in hogging
moment region. A variety of parameters that may affect the failure
load of statically indeterminate composite beams were studied
such as the negative moment span length, shape of the web
openings, openings arrangement at both sides of the beam support,
and the web opening spacing. Openings of the same opening area
but with different shape and spaced c/c at the same distances were
investigated, namely rectangular, hexagonal and circular. The
conducted numerical study indicated that castellated composite
beams are more sensitive to different distortional buckling modes
in the negative moment zone. Failure modes were associated with
21
shear, bending, and with the stress concentration in the area of
openings causing early yielding and stiffness degradation effects,
especially when openings are of sharp corners. Circular openings
were found to be the most effective in both the load transfer and
distortional buckling resistance. This type of the opening is
therefore considered in numerical investigations of the present
study.
(Ismail, etal, 2014), used a numerical approach to investigate the effect of
various parameters on the buckling load and the ultimate resistance of
continuous partially composite castellated beams under vertical loads.
ABAQUS software was used in the study. The aim of the study was to
investigate the effect of changing web geometry, material properties and
concrete slab thickness on the ultimate strength, elastic stiffness and
ductility of continuous composite castellated beams. From that study, it
was concluded that using of stiffeners around the web openings increase
the ultimate loads by 12%, 17% and 25%. Initial stiffness of the composite
castellated beam increased by 2%, 10.5% and 18%, and decrease ductility
by 50%, 61.2% and 68.6%. Increasing steel strength fy =275& fu =430
MPa and to fy =355& fu=510 MPa, result in an increase in ultimate load
capacity by 6.5% & 18.5% respectively, and decrease in ductility by 18.5%
& 31% respectively. The variation of concrete strength has almost no
influence on the initial stiffness, while it was achieved a 4% increase in the
strength and a 23% increase in the ductility by increasing the concrete
strength from 34 to 40 MPa. Decreasing the slab slenderness causes an
increase in the ultimate load by 7% & 14% for bs/ts =8.6 & bs/ts =7.5, as
an increase in the slab thickness would raise the neutral axis of the
composite beams, also the ductility increases by 18.5% & 34% and initial
stiffness increases by 6.5% & 15% by increasing the slab thickness.
22
CHAPTER three
EXPERIMENTAL
WORK
3.1. General
In this chapter, the scheme of the experimental program is
clarified. This scheme comprises testing of construction materials:
aggregate, cement and steel reinforcement tests are presented.
Steel beam characteristic tests also were included. The method of
steel beam machinery to produce castellated beam is described.
Finally, the testing program on groups of composite concrete-
castellated steel beam are listed. This testing program was
implemented to achieve the main goals of this study.
3.2. Materials Characteristics
3.2.1 Cement
Ordinary Portland cement (Type I) produced in Tasluja cement
factory was used in this study. The chemical compositions and
physical properties of cement are presented in Table (3.1). Test
results show that the cement conforms to the provisions of Iraqi
Specification No.5 (1984). Tests were conducted in the
laboratories of the Consulting Engineering Bureau at the
University of Baghdad. The main compounds of cement sample
were calculated using Bogues equations from the results of
chemical analysis.
23
Chapter Three Experimental Work
Table (3.1): Cement Test Results.

Oxide Content (%) Iraq (OPC) IQS 5/ 1984
CaO 62.44
SiO2 21.24
Al2O3 4.69
Fe2O3 3.35
SO3 2.39 Not more than 2.8
MgO 1.97 Not more than 5
L.O.I 2.96 Not more than 4
I.R 1.24 Not more than 1.5
Compound Composition (Bogues Equations)
C3S 49.62
C2S 23.1
C3A 6.73
C4AF 10.2
Fineness Specific 318 Not less than 230
Surface m2/Kg
Setting Time (vacate
apparatus),
a. initial - hr:min 1:50 Not less than 45 min
b. final - hr:min 6:35 Not more than 10 hr
Compressive Strength,
MPa
a. 3-days 21.6 Not less than 15 MPa
b. 7-days 27.3 Not less than 23 MPa
3.2.2 Aggregate
Proper selection of type and particle size distribution of the
aggregate affects the workability and the hardened properties of
the produced concrete. The aggregate is classified according to its
max size into two types, coarse and fine aggregate. Both of them
were used in all concretes mixes during this study.
24
3.2.2.1 Coarse Aggregate

Coarse crushed aggregate with max size of (14mm) brought from
AL-Nibaee quarry was used in the experimental work. The sieve
analysis and sulfate content for the crushed aggregate are listed in
Tables (3.2) and (3.3) respectively. Aggregate satisfies the Iraqi
standard specifications (IQS 45/1984).
Table (3.2) Sieve Analysis of Coarse Aggregate Used in Experimental

Work
Sieve size Passing by weight % Limits of IQS 45/1984
75 mm 100 Not limited
37.5mm 100 Not limited
20mm 100 100
14mm 93.2 90-100
10mm 68.8 50-85
5mm 3.5 0-10
Table (3.3): Physical Properties and Sulfate Content of Coarse

Aggregate Used in Experimental Work- Crushed Aggregate
Properties Results IQS 45/1984
Dry rod unit weight kg/m3 1681 -----
Specific gravity (SSD) 2.59 -----
Absorption % 0.4 -----
Moisture content % 0.2 -----
Passing sieve size 75m % 0.9 Max. 3% for natural
coarse aggregate
Sulfate content (SO3) % 0.02 Max. 0.1%
25
3.2.2.2 Fine Aggregate

Fine aggregate from Al-Ukhaider region was used in the
experimental work. The sieve analysis and sulfate content are
shown in Tables (3.4) and (3.5) respectively. Gradation satisfies
the Iraqi standard specification (IQS 45/1984) and succeed in the
zone two.
Table (3.4) Sieve Analysis of Fine Aggregate Used in the

Experimental Work
Sieve size Passing by weight Limits of IQS 45/1984(zone 2)
(%)
10 mm 100 100
4.75 mm 91.2 90-100
2.36 mm 77.3 75-100
1.18 mm 60.7 55-90
600 m 47.8 35-59
300 m 19.6 8-30
150 m 3.4 0-10
Table (3.5): Physical Properties and Sulfate Content of Fine

Aggregate Used in Experimental Work
Properties Results IQS 45/1984
Grading zone Zone 2 ------
Fineness modulus 3.09 ------
Specific gravity 2.64 ------
Absorption% 1.05 ------
Sulfate content (SO3) % 0.25 Max. 0.5%
26
3.2.3 High Range Performance Water Reducing Additive

(Superplasticizer)
Superplasticizers constitute a relatively new category and are
improved version of plasticizer. The use of such materials was
developed in Japan and Germany during sixtieths and seventieths
of the last century. Top flow SP603 which is a kind of
superplasticising was used in this study, chloride free liquid
admixture for concrete which is a specially modified
superplasticizer to produce a high strength concrete. The guidance
dosage of top flow SP603 is 4 liter / m3 of concrete. The
superplasticizer was tested according to ASTM C 494; test results
are shown in Table (3.6).
Table (3.6): Test Results of Superplasticizer

Property Test results
Homogenization
requirement
Relative density at 25 c o
of additive
1.195
Without admixture 110
Slump mm
With admixture 190
Compressive Without admixture 31.55
properties
Concrete
strength at 7 With admixture 44.88

days MPa Percentage of increase % 142.2
3.2.4 Reinforcing Steel

Steel bars of 5mm diameter were used in this research. A sample
was tested according to ASTM A370: 2014 in the Consulting
Engineering Bureau laboratories at the university of Baghdad as
shown in Figure (3.1), its properties are: fy = 360 MPa, Fu= 790
MPa and Elongation= 13%.
27
Figure (3.1): Tested of Steel Bar in Tensile Machine
3.2.5 Structural Steel Section (I- Beam)

The Steel section implemented in the current study was tested
according to ASTM A370: 2014 to determine physical properties
such as Yield stress (Fy ), Tensile strength (F u) and Elongation at
break. For this purpose, a steel specimen was coped from the steel
sections with the dimensions shown in Figures (3.2) and (3.3)
based on ASTM A370: 2014 standard test method. The results of
structural steel testing which was conducted in laborites of
Consulting Engineering Bureau of Baghdad University are listed
in Table (3.7).
Table (3.7): Properties of the Used Structural Steel
Property Results
Yield stress MPa 415
Tensile strength MPa 485
Elongation at break % 11.7
28
Parameter G W R L A B C
Dimension mm 50 12.5 13 200 60 50 20
Figure (3.2): Dimensions and Geometry of Tested Steel Capon (ASTM
A370: 2014)
Figure (3.3): Steel Specimen Prepared for Testing
3.2.5.1 Design of Castellated Beams

Castellated beams are mostly designed as internally indeterminate
structures. Design of castellated beams is represented by
parametric and geometric designs. There are several universal
standard sections of castellated beams that are usually used in
steel constructions. In this research, parametric design of
castellated beams proposed by (Knowles) design method is
adopted. Really, (Knowles) found the following equations to
calculate parameters of castellated beams as shown in Figure (1.3)
and Table (3.8) show the dimensions of different castellated
beams that are used in this study.
a= 1/4(p-2c Cot60 o).....3.1
b= c (Cot60o) .3.2
29
Pmax= 1.6 Ds ..3.3

Pmin = 1.08 Ds.3.4
Dc= Ds + c .... 3.5
Where:
2a = Throat width.
b = The horizontal length of inclind side of hole.
p = Distance from c\c of adjacent holes.
Dc= Total depth of steel beam after castellation.
Ds= Depth of rolled steel beam
2c= Depth of hole
Table (3.8): Dimensions of Castellated Beams Implemented in the

Study
Beam I-134 Ic-167 Ic-181 Ic-194
Castellation 0 25 35 45
ratio % *
Ds (mm) 134 134 134 134
Dc (mm) ------ 167.5 181 194
bf (mm) 74 74 74 74
tw(mm) 3 3 3 3
tf(mm) 3 3 3 3
2a(mm) ------ 81 74 66
2c (mm) ------ 67 93 120
P(mm) ------ 201 201 201
b(mm) ------ 19.3 26.8 34.6
o ------ 60o 60o 60o
*castellation ratio represents the increase in depth of castellated beam with respect to
the depth of original rolled steel section.
3.2.5.2 Fabrication of Castellated Beams

Castellated beams were fabricated from rolled steel I beam section
by cutting the web of beam longitudinally in a zigzag pattern
30
about the line of symmetry of the section. The cutting process was
conducted using computer controlled CNC plasma machine as
shown in Figure (3.4) to obtain smooth and exact openings shape.
After completion of cutting process, the two halves of the beam
were separated, shifted and joined together by welding, Figure
(3.5). Consequently, increasing the depth of beam which results in
larger section modulus and moment of inertia than that of the
original I- steel section.
Figure (3.4): Cutting Process of Steel Beams
31
(a): Welding Process
(b): Final Finished Shape

Figure (3.5): Castellation of Beams
32
3.2.6 Shear Connectors

Shear connectors are mechanical parts used to ensure the transfer
of shear forces from concrete to steel beam. Without connectors
slip would occur at low stresses so that, mechanical shear
connection is required at the steel- concrete interface. The shear
connectors are designed to transmit longitudinal shear forces
along concrete- steel interface and prevent their separation.
There are many types of shear connectors that are used in
composite construction, such as stud bar, channel, tee, angle, and
horseshoe as shown in Figure (3.6).
Bar connector T ee connector Channel connector Horseshoe connector Stud connectors
Figure (3.6): Common Types of Shear Connectors
In the present study, stud shear connectors of 10mm diameter

were used in one row and welded to top flange of steel beam.
Shear connectors with aspect ratio h/d 4 was designed according
to (AISC, 2005). The total horizontal shear force (V) between the
point of maximum positive moment and the point of zero moment
shall be taken as the lowest value according to the limit states of
concrete crushing, tensile yielding of the steel section or strength
of shear connectors (AISC, 2005):
a- concrete crushing
V= 0.85f'c Ac 3.6
b- Tensile yielding of the steel section
V= Fy As 3.7
33
c- Strength of shear connectors

V= ..3.8
= . ..3.9
Where:
Ac = area of concrete slab with in effective width
As = area of steel cross section
Qn = sum of nominal strengths of shear connectors between the
point of maximum positive moment and the point of zero moment.
Asc = cross sectional area of stud shear connector.
Ec = modulus of elasticity of concrete.
Fu = specified minimum tensile strength of a stud shear connector.
Rg= 1.0; (a) for one stud welded in a steel deck rib with the deck
oriented perpendicular to the steel shape; (b) for any number of
studs welded in a row directly to the steel shape; (c) for any
number of studs welded in a row through steel deck with the deck
oriented parallel to the steel shape and the ratio of the average rib
width to rib depth 1.5.
Rg= 0.85; (a) for two studs welded in a steel deck rib with the
deck oriented perpendicular to the steel shape; (b) for one stud
welded through steel deck with the deck oriented parallel to the
steel shape and the ratio of the average rib width to rib depth <1.5.
Rg= 0.7 for three or more studs welded in a steel deck rib with the
deck oriented perpendicular to the steel shape.
Rp = 1.0 for studs welded directly to the steel shape (in other
words, not through steel deck or sheet) and having a haunch detail
with not more than 50 percent of the top flange covered by deck
or sheet steel closures.
Rp = 0.75; (a) for studs welded in a composite slab with the deck
oriented perpendicular to the beam; (b) for studs welded through
34
steel deck, or steel sheet used as girder filler material, and

embedded in a composite slab with the deck oriented parallel to
the beam.
Rp = 0.6 for studs welded in a composite slab with deck oriented
perpendicular to the beam.
The above equations used in design of shear connectors for full
composite action. In this work, full composite action was adopted
for all beams except the beam Ic- 194 which is designed with full
and partial of 62.5% degree of connection.
3.3 Concrete Production and Testing
3.3.1 Mixture Properties
Mix design was carried out according to ACI-211 procedure for
the required concrete strength and workability, the mix
proportions are listed in Table (3.9).
Table (3.9): Mixing Proportions
Material Quantity
Cement 365 kg/m3
Water 175 litter/m3
Coarse aggregate 888 kg/m3
Fine aggregate 944 kg/m3
Superplasticizer 4 litter/m3
3.3.2 Concrete Testing for Compressive Strength

Compressive strength test was carried out on six cube concrete
specimens (150150150mm) according to Iraqi standard
specifications. Three cubes were tested in compression machine
see Figure (3.7) at age of seven days while the remained cubes
were tested at 28 days for each concreting day. The average
compressive strength of each set of cubes are listed in Table
(3.10).
35
Table (3.10): Details of Tested Concrete Cubes

Date of concrete Casted beam Average compressive strength
placement 7 days 28 days
2/3/2015 I-134 35.6 47.4
5/3/2015 Ic-167 34.3 45.7
9/3/2015 Ic-181 36.8 43.8
12/3/2015 Ic- 194-F 34.6 46.4
18/3/2015 Ic- 194- P 33.2 45.1
Figure (3.7): Cube Specimens under Testing
3.4 Preparation and Testing of Composite Concrete-

Castellated Beams
3.4.1 Preparation of Composite Beams
Simply supported composite beams of 1.9m length, were
constructed from a concrete slab of 450mm width and 60mm
depth connected to an I-beam steel section. The concrete was
reinforced with a single layer of wire mesh of 5mm diameter
36
spaced at 70mm longitudinally and 130mm in transverse direction

as shown in Figure (3.9) c.
Stud shear connectors in one raw of 10mm diameter and a
height of 40mm were welded to the top flange of the steel beam.
All beams designed with full connection, except the beam Ic-194
which was designed with full and partial connection with a 62.5%
of full connection. Accordingly, different stud spacing was used,
in full connection, studs were spaced at 120mm center to center
spacing, while in partial connection the studs were spaced at
200mm center to center spacing as shown in Figure (3.8).
The concrete compositions were mixed using an electrical
laboratory mixer to obtain homogenous mixture as shown in
Figure (3.10). The casting process were conducted after setting the
slab mold in horizontal level.
A thin layer of 1.5mm of oiled wood was placed in the interaction
region to prevent friction between concrete slab and steel beam
and to ensure the transfer of horizontal shear forces by the shear
connector only see Figure (3.9) b.
In the present experimental work, fifteen composite beams were
prepared. These beams are divided into five groups according to
the degree of connection and flexibility of shear connectors, as
shown in Table (3.11). Full connection is implemented in the
groups that include four types of composite beams that are I-134,
Ic-167, Ic-181, and Ic-194. The partial connection was
implemented for group that include one type of castellated
composite beam which is Ic-194. Each set of above beams
includes three beams. The details of prepared beams are shown in
Figure (3.11).
37
Partial Connection
Full Connection
Figure (3.8): Stud Shear Connectors that Used in One Raw
Table (3.11): Details of Tested Beam Groups

Group Full connection Partial connection
I-134 B1 B2 B3 ----- ----- -----
Ic-167 B1 B2 B3 ----- ----- -----
Ic-181 B1 B2 B3 ----- ----- -----
Ic-194 B1 B2 B3 B1' B2' B3'
38
(a): Steel Beam Embedded in the Ground (b): Mold of Slab in Level with Steel Beam Top flange
(c): Reinforcement of Concrete Slab (d): Casting of Concrete Slab
Figure (3.9): Operations of Concrete Slab Creation

39
Figure (3.10): Mixing of Concrete Compositions
3.4.2 Testing Apparatus

All beams were tested as simply supported beam. This was
achieved by pining one end and releasing the other end to move
freely over a steel roller. Three pairs of lateral supports were
provided for concrete flange at mid span and at ends of each beam
as shown in Figure (3.12). The lateral supports were provided
using a threaded rod fixed at one end to the frame of testing
machine, with a small steel plate fixed on the other end to support
the top concrete flange.
Beams were tested two point loads created by a hydraulic jack of
a maximum capacity of 300 kN. The load was distributed laterally
across the entire width of the concrete slab by utilizing two steel
rods of 50mm diameter which were placed on the top of the
40
concrete flange at the loading points. The load was applied on

these rods using wide flange steel beam.
Figure (3.11): Details of Prepared Composite Concrete Castellated Beams
41
3.4.3 Strain Measurement Instrumentation

Strains were measured using electrical resistance strain gauges
fixed to the steel and concrete parts with 8-channel strain indicator
data logger as shown in Figures (3.12), (3.13) and (3.14).
The strain gauges were placed at critical sections of concrete and
steel to measure flexural stresses at top and bottom fibers of the
composite beams.
LVDT (Linear Variable Displacement Transducer) its range from
(0 to 50) mm was used to measure the vertical deflection at mid-
span of beams as shown in Figure (3.15). the applied force is
measured during loading using a 300kN capacity load cell from
which the force magnitude digitally indicated as shown in Figure
(3.16).
Load cell
Lateral bracing
Strain gauge locations
Figure (3.12): Testing Apparatus with Instrumentation Used
42
Concrete strain gage
Steel strain gage
Figure (3.13): Electrical Strain Gauges
Figure (3.14): Strain Indicator- Data Logger
Figure (3.15): (LVDT') Linear Variable Displacement Transducer
43
Figure (3.16): Load Cell and Data Logger
44
CHAPTER four
FINITE ELEMENT
MODELLING
4.1 General
The finite element method is considered a reliable technique used in the
numerical analysis of many engineering problems.
The Finite element process is done by applying the steps listed below
(Cedolin & DeiPoli, 1977):
1- The problem structure is firstly divided into characteristic non-
overlapping regions called elements over which the required
variables are interpolated.
2- These elements are jointed together by separate points along its
circumference, these points called nodes.
3- The applied loads and stiffness matrix are calculated for each
element.
4- A computer program is implemented to assemble the load vector and
stiffness matrices of all elements to form the global load vector and
global stiffness matrix of the complete structure.
5- The simultaneous equations are solved for the unknown nodal
displacement components.
6- Finally, the other quantities such as strain and stress components
may be calculated for any element.
45
Chapter four Finite Element Modelling
4.2 Numerical Analysis

Modelling of experimental composite beams that were tested
under static load related to dimension details, properties of
materials and applied loads. These parameters are explained in
this section.
4.2.1 Assumptions
Many assumptions were made to achieve static analysis of the composite
beams; these assumptions are listed below:
1. Steel and concrete were modeled as isotropic and homogenous
materials.
2. Steel was assumed to be elastic-perfectly plastic material and
identical in tension and compression.
3. Plane section of beam before bending remains plane after bending
(i.e. the strains in concrete and steel are proportional to the distance
from the neutral axis of the section).
4. The maximum compressive strain in concrete is assumed to be 0.003
mm/mm (i.e., crushing happens beyond this strain level).
5. Self-weight of the beam was ignored.
6. Welding between two parts of a steel beam was ignored.
4.2.2 Nonlinearity
The nonlinearity of structures comes from many reasons and it can be
divided into three main categories (Madenci & Guven, 2006):
1. Changing status.
2. The nonlinearity of materials (nonlinear material behavior) that is
considered in the analyses of this research.
3. Geometric nonlinearity (large deformation in the structure).
46
The main sources of nonlinearity in the reinforced concrete structures are

the suddenly and continual change of element stiffness due to cracking,
crushing, plastic deformation of concrete, yielding and plastic deformation
of reinforcement steel.
4.3 ANSYS Finite Element software

ANSYS a computer program used in numerical solution for many
engineering problems. It is capable of performing static and dynamic
analyses. It is a very useful and good engineering tool because it is used to
solve a variety of engineering problems. This chapter presents modelling
and some notes about the used elements to simulate the behavior of the
composite concrete-castellated steel beams. Welding effects between two
halves of the castellated beam were ignored in the finite element modelling.
Many types of elements may be used to model the composite castellated
steel concrete beams in ANSYS such as solid 65, shell 63, link 8, solid 45
and combine 39. ANSYS version 11 was employed during the analysis of
this study.
4.3.1Element Types
4.3.1.1 Three Dimensional Nonlinear Element (Solid65)

This element is similar to 3-D solid 45 element but it have additional
properties of cracking and crushing capabilities. The capability of this
element for cracking and crushing in tension and compression respectively,
made it a suitable for modelling concrete elements with or without
reinforcing bars. The nonlinearity properties of this element is the most
important aspect of it so that, concrete is capable of crushing, cracking,
plastic deformation and creep. The eight corner nodes of this element are
the main object to define the element as shown in Figure (4.1). There are
47
three degrees of freedom at each node: translations in the nodal x, y and z

directions. The stress output of this element can be seen in Figure (4.2)
(ANSYS Manual , 2011)
4.3.1.1.1 Assumption and Restriction

The volume of element cannot be zero.
Element may be numbered either as shown in Figure (4.1) or may
have the planes IJKL and MNOP interchanged.
The element may not be twisted such that the element has two
separate volumes, this occur most frequently when the elements are
not numbered properly.
All elements must have eight nodes (ANSYS Manual , 2011).
Figure :( 4.1) Geometry of Solid65 Element (ANSYS Manual , 2011)
Figure :( 4.2) Stress Output of Solid65 Element (ANSYS Manual , 2011)
48
4.3.1.2 Three Dimensional Solid 45

The solid45 element has only linear properties so that, cracking and
crushing of concrete cannot be modeled. This reason made solid45 element
suitable for modeling the steel plates at the supports and loading locations.
These steel plates are used to prevent stress concentration in specified
regions and to distribute the stress at supporting and loading points. In the
same way of solid 65 element, solid 45 is defined by eight corner nodes
and each node have three degrees of freedom, translation in x, y, and z
directions. Geometry, node locations and stress output of solid45 element
are shown in Figures (4.3) and (4.4) respectively. The assumptions and
restrictions that given for solid 65 can be applied on element solid 45.
Figure: (4.3) Geometry of Solid45 Element (ANSYS Manual , 2011)
Figure: (4.4) Stress Output of Solid45 Element (ANSYS Manual , 2011)
49
4.3.1.3 Elastic Shell Element (Shell63)

Shell63 element has membrane and bending capabilities. Both normal and
in plane loads are permitted. There are six degrees of freedom at each node:
translation in x, y, and z direction and rotation about x, y, and z- axis. Large
deflection and stress stiffening are included in this element. A consistent
tangent stiffness matrix option is available for use in large deflection (finite
rotation) analysis. The element was used to represent steel beams. The
geometry, and the coordinate system, node locations, and stress output for
this element are shown in Figures (4.5) and (4.6) respectively (ANSYS
Manual , 2011).
4.3.1.3.1 Assumptions and Restrictions

Area of elements can not to be zero, this may be occur when the
elements are not numbered properly.
Zero thickness of element is not allowed while element tapering is
allowed if it has non zero thickness at any corner.
Element is defined by four nodes lie in the same plane. (ANSYS
Manual , 2011).
Figure: (4.5) Geometry of Shell63 Element (ANSYS MANUAL , 2011)
50
Figure: (4.6) Stress Output of Shell63 Element (ANSYS MANUAL , 2011)
4.3.1.4 Three Dimensional Spar (or Truss) Link8

LINK8 is a spar, and it can be used in many engineering applications. This
element used to model sagging cables, trusses, links, and springs, etc. The
3-D spar element has identical properties in tension and compression, and
it has three degrees of freedom at each node: translations in x, y, and z-
directions. In this research, steel reinforcement of concrete is represented
using Link8 element. Bending of element is not considered, as in a pin-
jointed structure. Large deflection, stress stiffening, plasticity, creep and
swelling capabilities are included. The geometry, coordinate system, node
locations, and stress output for this element are shown in Figures (4.7) and
(4.8) (ANSYS Manual , 2011).
51
Figure: (4.7) Geometry of Link8 Element (ANSYS MANUAL , 2011)
Figure: (4.8) Stress Output of Link8 Element (ANSYS Manual , 2011)

The spar element assumes a straight bar, of uniform properties from
end to end and axially loaded at its ends.
The length of the spar must be greater than zero, i.e. the nodes I and
J must not be coincident.
The cross sectional area of the spar must be greater than zero.
The displacement shape function implies a uniform stress in the spar.
Initial strain may be used in calculating the stress stiffness matrix,
for the first cumulative iteration (ANSYS Manual , 2011).
52
4.3.1.4.2 Modelling of Steel Reinforcement

There are three methods to model steel reinforcement in concrete
structures in finite element analysis. (Tavrez, 2001), see Figure (4.9),
Discrete representation.
Embedded representation.
Smeared (distributed) representation
Discrete representation is the most common type of steel
reinforcement used in finite element analysis. This method use one
dimensional bar and connected to the concrete mesh nodes, i.e. in
the same occupied region the discrete elements and concrete
elements share the same mesh nodes. The main advantages of
discrete representation is a full compatibility between concrete and
reinforcement elements. Disadvantages of discrete representation
are the restriction of mesh and increasing in total number of
elements.
Figure: (4.9) Methods of Steel Reinforcement in Concrete Structures,

(a) Discrete, (b) Embedded, and (c) Smeared
53
4.3.1.5 Nonlinear Spring Element (Combine39)

COMBINE39 is a unidirectional element (or nonlinear spring) with
nonlinear generalized force-displacement capability that can be used in any
analysis. The element has longitudinal or torsional capability in 1-D, 2-D,
or 3-D applications. The longitudinal option is a uniaxial tension-
compression element with up to three degrees of freedom at each node:
translation of the nodes are in x, y, and z direction. No bending or torsion
considered. The torsional option is a purely rotational element with three
degrees of freedom at each node: rotations about the nodal are x, y, and z-
axes. No bending or axial loads are considered. The element has a large
displacement capability for which there can be two or three degrees of
freedom at each node. The element is defined by two nodal points and a
generalized force-deflection curve the points on this curve (D1, F1etc.)
represent force (or moment) versus relative translation (or rotation) for
structural analysis. This element was used in this study to simulate the
behavior of shear connectors in resisting the horizontal shear between the
concrete and steel flange. The geometry, node locations, and the coordinate
system for this element are shown in Figure (4.10) (ANSYS Manual ,
2011).
Figure: (4.10) Geometry of Combine39 Element (ANSYS Manual , 2011)
54

The element assumes only a 1-D action. Nodes I and J may be
anywhere in space (preferably coincident).
The element is nonlinear and requires an iterative solution.
As with most nonlinear elements, loading and unloading should
occur gradually.
The real constants for this element cannot be changed from their
initial values (ANSYS Manual , 2011).
4.4 Real Constants

The real constants for the elements used to model the composite concrete-
steel beam problems are shown in Table (4.1). Each element has its real
constant.
Table (4.1) Real Constants for the Used Elements

Real constant set Element type Constants
Description Real
Constant for
1 Solid 65 Rebar
Material Number 0
Volume Ratio 0
Orientation Angle 0
Orientation Angle 0
2 Shell63 Thickness mm 3
3 Link8 Cross-sectional area, 78.5
mm2
4 Link8 Cross-sectional area, 19.63
mm2
5 Combine39 Load deflection In appendix
A
Real constant set 1 was used for the solid65 element that employed to
model the concrete flange in composite beams. It requires values given for
reinforcement rebar when smeared rebar's representation is adopted.
55
Values can be entered for material number, volume ratio, and orientation
angles. The material number refers to the type of material for the
reinforcement. The volume ratio refers to the ratio of steel to concrete in
the element. The orientation angles refer to the orientation of the
reinforcement in the smeared model. ANSYS allows the user to input three
different rebar materials in the concrete. Each material corresponds to x, y,
and z directions, see Figure (4.1). The reinforcement has uniaxial stiffness
and the directional orientation is defined by the user. In this research, the
beams were modeled using discrete reinforcement as suggested by
(Fanning,, 2001). Therefore, a value of zero was entered for all real
constants which turned off the smeared reinforcement capability of the
solid65 element.
Real constant set 2 defines the thickness of shell 63 element. Real constant
set 3, and 4 are defines the cross sectional area of link8 element. Finally,
real constant set 5 represent the load-deflection data of push out test. The
load-deflection data used in this research was quoted from (Khalid, 2009).
4.5 Material Properties

Parameters required to define the material properties are listed in
Table (4.2). Multiple properties of the material is required for
each element. Material model number 1 refers to the solid65
element. The solid65 element required linear-isotropic and multi-
linear isotropic material properties to model concrete. EX is the
modulus of elasticity of concrete (Ec) which is assessed using
equation(4.1) that adopted from ACI 3.8: 2012, and PRXY is the
Poisson ratio (v). Poisson's ratio is taken as 0.2 for concrete
through this research. The compressive uniaxial stress-strain
relationship for concrete shown in Figure (4.11) is constructed
56
from laboratory test. The properties of materials used in this

research are listed in Table (4.2).
= 4700 (4.1)
Table (4.2) Material Models and Properties Used in this
Research
Material model number Element type Material properties
Linear Isotropic
EX (MPa) 26191.2261
PRXY 0.2
Multi-linear isotropic
Point Strain Stress
1 0.000355 9.3136
2 0.0006 14.767
3 0.0012 25.017
4 0.0017 31.045
5 0.00209 33.624
1 1
6 0.00237 35.336
7 0.00284 37.698
Concrete
ShrCf-Op 0.3
ShrCf-Cl 0.5
UnTensSt 3.2
UnCompSt -1
HydroPts 0
BiCompSt 0
UnTensSt 0
TenCrFac 0
Linear isotropic
EX 200000
2 Shell63 PRXY 0.3

Bilinear Isotropic
Yield stress 415 MPa
Tangent modulus
40000
Linear Isotropic
EX 200000
Link8+ PRXY 0.3
3 Combine39 Bilinear Isotropic
Tangent modulus
0
Linear Isotropic
EX 200000
PRXY 0.3
4 Link8 Bilinear Isotropic
Tangent modulus
0
Linear Isotropic
5 Solid 45 EX 200000
PRXY 0.3
57
Stress
Strain
Figure :( 4.11) Uniaxial Stress-Strain Curve for Concrete
Implementation of (William & Warnke, 1975) material model in ANSYS

requires that different constants be define. These constants are:
1. Shear transfer coefficients for an open crack (ShrCf-Op).
2. Shear transfer coefficients for a closed crack (ShrCf-Cl).
3. Uniaxial tensile cracking stress (UnTensSt).
4. Uniaxial crushing stress (UnCompSt).
5. Biaxial crushing stress (BiCompSt).
6. Ambient hydrostatic stress state (HydroPts) for used with constants
7 and 8.
7. Biaxial crushing stress (f1, positive) under the ambient hydrostatic
stress state (constant 6).
8. Uniaxial crushing stress (f2, positive) under the ambient hydrostatic
stress state (constant 6).
9. Stiffness multiplier for cracked tensile condition (default to 0.6).
58
Typical shear transfer coefficients range from 0.0 to 1.0, with 0.0
representing a smooth crack (complete loss of shear transfer) and 1.0
representing a rough crack (no loss of shear transfer). Shear transfer
coefficients for open and closed cracks of values 0.3 and 0.5, respectively
were assumed in this study. The uniaxial crushing stress was based on the
uniaxial unconfined compressive strength . It was entered as -1 to turn
off the crushing capability of the concrete element as suggested by other
researches like, (Jindal, 2012) and (Wolanski, 2001).
Material number 1 refers to solid65 element that used for concrete

modelling. Material number 2 refers to shell 63 element implemented to
model steel beam. Stud shear connectors modelled using material number3
that refers to Link8 and combine39 elements. Steel reinforcement modelled
with Link8 element that has material number4.
Materials number 2, 3, and 4 are assumed to be bilinear isotropic and are
based on the von Mises failure criteria. The bilinear model required the
yield stress , as well as the hardening modulus of steel to be defined in
this study the hardening modulus for reinforcement steel is ignored. Elastic
modulus (EX) is defined as 200000 MPa and Poisson's ratio (PRXY) as
0.3 for reinforcing steel. Figure (4.12) shows the assumed stress-strain
curve for steel reinforcement. Material number 5 is assumed to be linear
isotropic with modulus of elasticity (EX) 200000 MPa and Poisson's ratio
0.3.
59
Figure: (4.12) Stress Strain Curve for Steel Reinforcement
4.6 Meshing
As recommended by (Jindal, 2012), to obtain good results a rectangular
mesh of solid65 elements is used in this study. In addition, a patch test was
carried out to determine the appropriate mesh refining. As an example,
meshing of composite beam (I-134) created by ANSYS is shown in Figure
(4.13). The other figures of composite castellated-steel beams are shown
in appendix B.
60
Figure (4.13) Meshing of Composite Beam I-134
Steel reinforcement is modeled using individual elements as shown in

Figure (4.14) created through the nodes of concrete volume mesh, see
Figure (4.15).
Figure (4.14) Element Connectivity between Concrete Solid and Link

Element for Steel Reinforcement
61
Figure (4.15) Steel Reinforcement Mesh in ANSYS Program
4.7 Load Application

To ensure that the finite element model acts in a similar way that the
experimental model does, loads and support conditions were applied in the
same locations as shown in Figure (4.13).
The external load was applied by means of equivalent nodal forces with
the existence of steel plates on the top face of beam at two points see
Figures (4.13) and (4.16). The application of the loads up to failure was
done incrementally as required by Newton-Raphson procedure. Therefore,
the total applied load was divided into a series of load increments (load
steps), with in each load step, a maximum of (40) iterations were permitted.
Failure of all models was defined when the solution for a minimum load
increment still does not converge (convergence fails).
Figure: (4.16) Supported and Applied Loads on a Beam model
62
CHAPTER five
RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
5.1 General
In this chapter, results of the experimental and numerical work are presented and
discussed. Composite castellated beams were divided into five groups depended on
castellation ratio, and flexibility of shear connectors each group consists of three
identical specimens. The first group which is designed (I-134) is produced using
standard rolled steel beam (i.e. with zero expansion ratio). This group was utilized
for comparison purposes. The second group (Ic-167) was prepared using the steel
section having a castellation ratio of 25% of the original steel beam depth. The
Third and fourth groups (Ic-181) and (Ic-194) were prepared in the same way of the
second group but expansion ratios of 35% and 45%, respectively.
All beams were of full connection between concrete and steel beam flange except
the fourth group were full and 62.5% partial connection were adopted.
5.2 Results of Experimental work
All castellated-composite beams were tested under static loading to study the effect
of web openings in steel beam on its flexural behavior. Loads were applied
incrementally at two points along the beam span as line loads across the upper
flange of the concrete slab. Effects of own weight of the beam were not taking into
account.
63
Chapter Five Results and Discussions
5.2.1 Details of Tested Beams
The castellated beam depth and holes size have effects on the behavior of the
composite beams in flexure. These effects will be explained in detail in this chapter.
Simply supported composite (I-134) beam was set in flexural machine and loaded
until failure. The ultimate applied load to the beam was 108 kN, see Figure (5.1).
The maximum flexural stress in concrete and steel and mid span deflection was
measured for each 10 kN load increment. It was noticed that local buckling of web
in maximum shear zone was the dominating failure of beam as shown in Figure
(5.2).
Figure: (5.1) Composite Beam (I-134) Under Test
Figure: (5.2) Local Buckling Failure of Web of Composite Beam (I-134)
64
Deflections at mid-span were measured using LVDT. Test results of test are listed in
Table (5.1) and plotted in Figure (5.3). It is clear that the beam behaves linearly till
(93%) of the ultimate load. The average flexural stress in top fiber or lower fiber of
concrete and steel at mid- span were calculated by multiplying the measured strains
using strain gauge by corresponding concrete or steel modulus of elasticity. These
results are listed in Table (5.1) and drawn in Figures (5.4).
Table: (5.1) Results of Composite Concrete- Steel Beam I 134

Mid-span Deflection Strain & Stress in Concrete Strain & Stress in Steel
Load (mm) Strain 10-6 Stress Strain 10-6 Stress
(kN) B1 B2 B3 Avg.
B1 B2 B3 Avg. (MPa) B1 B2 B3 Avg. (MPa)
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
10 1.6 1.5 1.7 1.6 55 59 69 61 1.94 20 23 29 24 48
20 3.3 3.7 3.8 3.6 135 144 147 142 4.45 450 461 487 466 93.2
30 5.7 5.4 5.7 5.6 198 207 207 204 6.43 726 730 749 735 147.0
40 7.5 7.1 7.3 7.3 264 269 283 272 8.57 942 955 980 959 191.8
50 8.7 9.2 9.1 9.0 317 324 346 329 10.37 1218 1243 1289 1250 250
60 10.3 10.8 10.7 10.6 365 377 392 378 11.91 1501 12
1514 1545 1520 304.6
70 11.9 12.3 12.4 12.2 438 447 447 444 13.98 1786 1810 1831 1809 361.8
80 13.5 14.3 14.2 14.0 474 478 491 481 15.16 2011 2065 2161 2079 415.8
90 15.6 16.1 16 15.9 539 546 559 548 17.29 2077 2098 2140 2105 417
100 16.8 17.4 17.7 17.3 615 626 643 628 19.80 2203 2248 2374 2275 423
108 21.9 22.6 23 22.5 901 909 929 913 28.78 2321 2374
2376 2467 2388 427.5
Stress of steel after yielding (fs)= fy + 4*( s- y ) *10^4
Figure (5.3) Mid-span Deflections of Composite Castellated Beam I-134
65
Figure (5.4) Variation of Steel and Concrete Stress with Load of Beam I-134
Beam (Ic-167) was also tested statically in the same way as I-134 till failure. The
ultimate load was 102Kn, see Figure (5.5). The maximum flexural stress in concrete
and steel and mid span deflection were measured for each 10 kN load increment.
Local buckling of web in maximum shear zone was the dominating failure of the
beam as shown in Figure (5.6). Deflections at mid-span were also measured using
LVDT gages. Test results are listed in Table (5.2) and drawn in Figure (5.7). It is
clear that the beam behaves linearly till about (83%) of the ultimate load. The
average flexural stress in concrete and steel at mid- span are listed in Table (5.2) and
drawn in Figures (5.8).
Figure: (5.5) Composite Castellated Beam (Ic-167) Under Test

66
Figure: (5.6) Web-Post Buckling of Castellated Composite Beam (Ic-167)

Table: (5.2) Results of Castellated Composite Beam (Ic-167)
Mid-span Deflection (mm) Strain & Stress in Concrete Strain & Stress in Steel
Load
Strain 10-6 Stress Strain 10-6 Stress
(kN) B1 B2 B3 Avg
B1 B2 B3 Avg. (MPa) B1 B2 B3 Avg. (M Pa)
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
10 0.5 1.1 0.8 0.8 46 58 85 63 2.0 171 185 193 183 36.6
20 2.6 2.3 3.5 2.8 114 127 131 124 3.9 327 395 445 389 77.8
30 4.0 4.4 5.4 4.6 156 168 213 179 5.6 563 578 638 593 118.6
40 5.8 6.5 6.9 6.4 203 228 274 235 7.5 783 793 845 807 161.4
50 7.4 8.2 8.4 8.0 217 242 306 255 8.1 979 1002 1169 1050 210.0
60 9.3 9.5 10.3 9.7 238 267 329 278 8.7 1286 1298 1379 1321 264.2
70 10.7 11.1 12.1 11.3 298 319 352 323 10.2 61477 1522 1690 1563 312.6
80 12.4 12.6 13.7 12.9 333 348 402 361 11.4 1769 1805 1892 1822 364.4
90 14.2 14.8 15.4 14.8 351 388 437 392 12.3 1984 2021 2286 2097 415.8
102 17.5 17.7 18.2 17.8 395 418 462 425 13.5 2068 2118 2648 2278 423.1
Stress of steel after yielding (fs)= fy + 4*(s- y ) *10^4
Figure (5.7) Mid-span Deflections of Composite Castellated Beam Ic-167
67
Figure (5.8) Variation of Steel and Concrete Stress with Load of Beam Ic-167
In similarly, the steel castellated beam (Ic-181) was tested till failure as shown
Figure (5.9). The ultimate load of this beam was 90kN. The maximum flexural
stress in concrete and steel and mid span deflection were measured for each 10 kN
load increment. Local buckling of web in maximum shear zone was the dominating
failure of beam as shown in Figure (5.10). Also, results of test are listed in Table
(5.3) and drawn in Figure (5.11). It is clear that the beam behaves linearly till about
(78%) of ultimate load. Average flexural stress in concrete and steel at mid- span are
listed in Table (5.3) and drawn in Figures (5.12).
Figure: (5.9) Castellated Composite Beam (Ic-181) Under Test
68
Figure: (5.10) Web-Post Buckling of Castellated Composite Beam (Ic-181)
Table: (5.3) Results of Castellated Composite Beam (Ic-181)

(kN) B1 B2 B3 Avg.
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
10 0.7 0.3 0.8 0.6 46 61 58 55 1.7 183 231 249 221 44.2
20 1.8 1.5 2.1 1.8 79 101 111 97 3.1 423 493 512 476 95.2
30 3.4 2.9 4.2 3.5 133 151 154 146 4.6 638 695 743 692 138.4
40 5.2 4.4 5.4 5.0 178 204 200 194 6.1 798 889 944 877 175.6
50 6.5 5.9 7.4 6.6 207 235 239 227 7.1 1083 1184 1129 1132 226.1
60 7.8 7.5 9.3 8.2 252 264 279 265 8.3 1296 1375 1430 1367 273.3
70 9.0 9.7 10.7 9.8 297 322 311 310 9.7 1505 1566 1699 1590 318.0
80 11.8 12.1 13.9 12.6 328 358 340 342 10.8 1753 1837 1816 1802 360.4
90 13.3 13.9 16.0 14.4 374 386 428 396 12.2 1966 2005 2095 2022 404.3
69
Figure (5.11) Mid-span Deflections of Composite Castellated Beam Ic-181
Figure (5.12) Variation of Steel and Concrete Stress with Load of Beam Ic-181
Finally, the composite concrete-steel castellated model (Ic- 194) is designed for full
and partial shear connection between concrete and the steel beam. The two groups
of composite beams of full and partial connection were loaded to failure, see Figure
(5.13). The ultimate load was 80kN in both partial and full connection beams. Both
groups exhibited linear relation of load-deflection curves until (28%) of the ultimate
load for the fully shear connected, and (25%) of ultimate load for the beam of partial
connection. Both groups failed in the same way as for the previous composite beams
by web-post buckling near supports, see Figure (5.14). Mid-span deflections and
70
maximum flexural stresses in concrete and steel were monitored and listed in Tables
(5.4) and (5.5), and drawn in Figures (5.15), (5.16), (5.17), and (5.18).
Figure: (5.13) Castellated Composite Beam (Ic-194) Under Test
Figure: (5.14) Web-Post Buckling of Castellated Composite Beam (Ic-194mm)
Table: (5.4) Results of Castellated Beam (Ic- 194mm) Full Connection

(kN) B1 B2 B3 Avg.
0 0 -- 0 0 0 -- 0 0 0 0 -- 0 0 0
10 0.3 -- 0.1 0.2 57 -- 39 48 1.5 225 -- 257 241 48
20 0.7 -- 0.4 0.5 109 -- 89 99 3.1 434 -- 448 446 89
30 1.8 -- 1.6 1.7 118 -- 114 116 3.6 647 -- 689 668 134
40 3.3 -- 2.9 3.1 145 -- 119 132 4.2 873 -- 911 892 179
50 4.7 -- 4.5 4.6 214 -- 198 206 6.5 1029 -- 1169 1099 220
60 6.6 -- 5.8 6.2 233 -- 219 226 7.1 1298 -- 1336 5
1317 263
70 8.1 -- 7.5 7.8 285 -- 259 272 8.6 1518 -- 1532 1525 305
80 10.6 -- 9.8 10.2 333 -- 297 315 9.9 1693 -- 1751 1722 345
5
71
Figure (5.15) Mid-span Deflections of Beam Ic-194 with Full Shear Connection
Figure (5.16) Variation of Steel and Concrete Stress with Load of Beam I-194 with Full Shear Connection
Table: (5.5) Results of Castellated Beam (Ic- 194) Partial Connection

Mid-span Deflection (mm) Strain & Stress in Concrete Strain & Stress in Steel
Load
Strain 10-6 Stress Strain 10-6 Stress
(kN) B1 B2 B3 Avg
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
10 0.4 0.5 0.1 0.3 35 27 16 26 0.8 223 184 187 198 40
20 0.8 0.7 0.3 0.6 92 77 68 79 2.4 515 492 475 494 99
30 1.8 2.0 1.0 1.6 142 136 127 135 4.3 741 698 697 712 142
40 3.0 3.5 2.8 3.1 203 192 160 185 5.8 968 923 926 939 188
50 4.6 5.4 4.4 4.8 279 263 232 258 8.1 1113 1028 1141 1094 219
60 6.5 7.1 5.6 6.4 341 328 318 329 10.4 1397 1284 1276 51319 264
70 8.6 9.3 7.6 8.5 399 351 354 368 11.6 1633 1584 1550 1589 318
80 10.9 11.7 9.8 10.8 435 417 366 406 12.8 1927 1808 1734 1823 365
72
Figure (5.17) Mid-span Deflections of Beam Ic-194 with Partial Shear Connection
Figure (5.18) Variation of Steel and Concrete Stress with Load of Beam Ic-194 with partial shear
Connection
5.2.2 Load Deflection Relationship

5.2.2.1 Effect of Castellation Ratio
The relationship of average mid-span deflection and applied load for the tested
groups of composite beams are replotted in Figure (5.19).
73
Figure (5.19) Load Mid-Span Deflection for Composite Beams with various Castellation Ratios
It can be concluded that, as the castellation ratio increases, the mid-span deflection
of the beam decreases at any applied level of loading as shown in Figure (5.20). On
the other hand, an increase in the applied load that cause a maximum permissible
deflection that is (span/360 or 5 mm) with the increase in castellation ratio can be
noticed as appeared in Figure (5.21). This behavior is related to the increase in the
moment of inertia of the composite beam due increase in the moment of inertia of
steel section.
Figure (5.20) Decrease of Mid-Span Deflection with the Increase of Castellation

Ratio at Different Levels of Applied Moment
74
Figure (5.21) Load Required to Produce Maximum Allowable Deflection with Castellation Ratio
5.2.2.2 Effects of Flexibility of Shear Connectors

The load deflection curves of composite castellated beam groups (with full and
partial connection) were replotted in Figure (5.22). Minor difference was
distinguished between the two curves. This is attributed to the low level of concrete
stressing since the beam section is of overdesigned for shear.
Figure(5.22) Effect of Flexiblity on the Deflection of Composite Castellated Beam
75
5.2.3 Applied Moment

Due to the constant arrangement of all tested composite beams, the bending moment
strength is the product of the applied concentrated load (p/2) by 0.6m.
5.2.3.1 Effects of Castellation Ratio

Figure(5.23) shows the relationship between the moment strength of composite
beams with the castellation ratio at various level of mid-span deflections. It is clear
that the curves have parallel paths so that, the level of mid-span deflection not effect
on relation shape. However, an increase in moment strength can be seen from this
relation as shown in Figure(5.23).
Figure (5.23): Relationship between Castellation Ratio and Moment

Strength at Different Levels of Recorded Deflection
A good relation can be created between M/Mo and the castellation ratio as shown in
Figure (5.24). This relation important to the designer to introduce composite
castellated beam in his design.
76
Note: M o = moment strength of I-134 beam at permissible mid -span deflection
M = moment strength at permissible mid-span deflection of other composite beams
Figure (5.24): Increase in Moment Strength Due to Castellation of Steel Beams
In the other hand, the effect of castellation ratio on the overall moment strength of
composite castellated beam can be presented in another way, Figure (5.25) shows
that the increase of the total depth of castellated steel beam to the width of web-post
(Dc/2a) lead to decrease the overall moment strength of beam. This decrease in
moment strength come from increase of web-post slenderness that increase chance
of web-post buckling occurrence.
Figure (5.25): Decreasing of Web-Post Moment Strength with the

Increasing of (Dc/2a) Ratio
77
5.2.4 Induced Stresses

Flexural stress of concrete and steel were measured with in the maximum pure
bending zone. Stresses were recorded for each 10 kN load increment.
5.2.4.1 Effects of Castellation Ratio

The variations of castellation ratio have a clear effect on concrete and steel flexural
stress. Figures (5.26) and (5.27) shows the increasing of castellation ratio lead to
decrease of stress level in steel and concrete, these reductions in stresses are related
to the increase of moment of inertia of steel section. The above stress reducing
achieve ASD specification requirements that it takes care to reduce stress level.
Figure (5.26) Load-Stress Relation in Concrete at various Castellation Ratio
Figure (5.27) Load-Stress Relation in Steel at various Castellation Ratio
78
5.2.5. Failure Modes

All the tested composite concrete- steel castellated beams exhibited local web
buckling, because of web elements have relatively small thickness especially in
castellated beams with high castellation ratio. An increasing of Dc/2a ratio lead to
decrease web-post buckling moment strength see Figure (5.25). In spite of
satisfaction of Dc/t ratio of the web to the limitations of (BS:5950-1, 2000), web
post buckling occurred due to increasing of moment capacity by existence the
concrete top flange. The increase of moment capacity is related to shifting the
neutral axis of the composite section towards the concrete top flange so that, top
flange of steel is prevented from buckling. This fact is being very clear in case of
composite concrete- steel castellated beams, since the shear forces are transmitted
from top steel flange to the one below through web-post only.
5.3 Numerical Analysis

ANSYS11 software is adopted to model the composite concrete- steel castellated
beams. Modelling, material properties, and mesh properties are presented in chapter
four. Elements implemented to model all parts of the specimens are given in Table
(5.6).
The Numerical studies related that the flexural behavior of composite concrete- steel
castellated beam can be predicted to be satisfactory with the experimental results .
Mid span deflection, stress of concrete and steel were determined in the same
locations that were measured the experimental study. The failure loads that were
predicted in the numerical case study were found to be larger than those recorded
experimentally. These errors are shown in Tables (5.7) and (5.8).
79
Table (5.6): Number of Elements that Used in Simulation

Beam
I-134mm Ic-167mm Ic-181mm Ic-194mm F Ic-194mm P

Element
Solid 65 2820 3360 3240 3360 3360
Shell 63 611 748 720 824 824
Link 8 596 696 600 608 596
Combine39 16 16 16 16 10
Solid 45 88 88 88 88 88
Table (5.7): Percentage of Error between Experimental and Numerical Results of

Maximum Moment Capacity
Beam code Mu) Exp. Mu) Num. Error%
I-134 32.4 38.4 18.5
Ic- 167 30.6 36.7 19.9
Ic- 181 27.0 32.8 21.4
Ic-194 F 24.0 29.8 24.1
Ic-194 p 24.0 32.9 37.0
Table (5.8): Percentage of Error between Experimental and Numerical Results of

Max Mid-Span Deflection
Beam code Max) exp. (mm) Max) num. (mm) Error%
I-134 22.5 21.927 2.54
Ic- 167 17.8 19.312 8.5
Ic- 181 14.4 13.893 12.81
Ic-194 F 10.2 9.819 3.52
Ic-194 p 10.4 12.967 24.68
80
The difference between experimental and numerical mid-span deflection and

maximum flexural stresses in steel and concrete can be shows by the following
figures.
Figure (5.28): Numerical and Experimental Figure (5.29): Numerical and Experimental
Load-deflection curves of I-134 Load-deflection curves of I-167
Figure (5.30): Numerical and Experimental Load- Figure (5.31): Numerical and Experimental Load-
Deflection Curves of Ic-181 Deflection Curves for Ic-194 Full Connection
Figure (5.32): Numerical and Experimental Load- Figure (5.33) Numerical and Experimental
Deflection curves of Ic-194 Partial Connection Steel Stress of Beam I-134
81
Figure (5.34) Numerical and Experimental Steel Figure (5.35) Numerical and Experimental Steel
Stress of Beam Ic-167 Stress of Beam Ic-181
Figure (5.36) Numerical and Experimental Steel Figure (5.37) Numerical and Experimental Steel
Stress of Beam Ic-194 Full Connection Stress of Beam Ic-194 Partial Connection
Figure (5.38) Numerical and Experimental Figure (5.39) Numerical and Experimental
Concrete Stress of Beam I-134 Concrete Stress of Beam Ic-167
82
Figure (5.40) Numerical and Experimental Figure (5.41) Numerical and Experimental
Concrete Stress of Beam Ic-181 Concrete Stress of Beam Ic-194 Full Connection
Figure (5.42) Numerical and Experimental Concrete

Stress of Beam Ic-194 Partial Connection
83
CHAPTER six
CONCLUSIONS AND
RECOMMENDATIONS
6.1. Conclusions
Experimental and numerical studies on composite concrete- steel
castellated beams were conducted to investigate the effect of
castellation ratio and shear connection flexibility on the behavior and
response of composite beams. The main conclusions that are drawn
from this work can be summarized in the followings:
1. The moment strength of the composite beam increase with

increasing of castellation ratio at maximum permissible mid-span
deflection. This increase was 19.25%, 48.1%, and 94.4% for
castellation ratios 25%, 35%, and 45% respectively.
2. A decrease in mid-span deflection at any applied moment was
noticed with the increase of castellation ratio. The decrease in
deflection values at a moment of 24kN.m were 7.8%, 10%, and
27.1% for castellation ratios of 25%, 35%, and 45% respectively.
3. The buckling of web-post was the dominating mode of failure in
most of tested composite concrete-steel castellated beams.
4. Increasing of the total depth of castellated steel beam to the width
of web-post (Dc/2a) resulted in an increase in the tendency of
web-post buckling.
5. Generally, the linear trend was noticed for the load-strain
relationship in steel portion, while the load-strain curves of
concrete indicated a non-linear relationship.
84
Chapter Six Conclusions and Recommendations
6. An increase in flexural stresses in steel and concrete with the

increasing of flexibility of shear connection.
6.2. Recommendations
The following suggestion are recommended for future studies:
1. Studying the effect of shear connector flexibility on the behavior
and response of composite castellated beams in more details.
2. Non uniform distribution of shear connectors between the
concrete flange and steel beam can be considered to overcome the
non-uniform distribution of horizontal shear stress in this region.
3. Friction effects between steel beam and concrete slab can be
considered, in addition to shear connector.
4. Stiffening of to avoid web-post buckling is suggested for future
investigations.
5. The effects of web-opening shape on the behavior of castellated
beams may be considered in future studies.
85
References
1. AISC. (2005). "American Insitute of Steel Construction Inc". 3rd
Edition.
2. Altifillisch M. D., Cooke B. R., & Toprac A. A. (1957). "An
Invistigation of Open Web-Expanded Beams". Welding Research
Council Bulletin, vol.47, 77-88.
3. ANSYS Manual (2011) Version 11.
4. Bazile A., & Texier J. (1968). "Tests on Castellated Beams". Constr.
Metallique, Paris, Vol.3, pp.12-25.
5. Boyer J. P. ( 1964). "Castellated Beams- New Development". Omaha:
AISC National Engineering Conference.
6. BS:5950-1. (2000). "Code of Practice for Design Rolled and Welded
Sections" . pp. 114- 117.
7. Cedolin L., & DeiPoli S. (1977). "Finite Element Studies of Shear
Critical Reinforced Concrete Beam". Journal of Eng Mech, Div.,
ASCE, Vol.103, No. EM3, Jun 1977, PP.395- 410.
8. Chhapkhane N. K., & Kamble S. R. (2012). "Analysis Of Stress
Distribution In Castellated Beam Using Finite Element Method And
Experimental Techniqes". International Journal Of Mechanical
Engineering Application Research, VOL.3, Issue.3.
9. El-hadi, Nadjai A., & etal. (2011). "Experimental and Numerical
modelling of celluler beams with circular and elongated web openings
at evaluated temprtures". Uviversity of Ulster, Jordanstwon Compus,
School Built Environment , Vol.2, NO.4.
86
10. Erdal F. (2011). "Ultimate Load Capacity Of Optimally Designed
Cellular Beams". Thesis of Degree of Doctor of Phelosphy to Middle
East Technical University.
11. Erdal F., & Saka M. P. (2013). "Ultimate load Carrying Capacity of
Optimally Designed Steel Cellular beams". Journal of Constructional
Steel Research, Vol.80, PP. 353-368.
12. Fanning P. (2001). "Nonlinear Models of Reinforced and Post-
tensioned Concrete Beams". Electronic Journal of Structural
Engineering, pp. pp. 111-119.
13. Giriyappa J., & Baldwin J. W. (1966). "Behavior of Composite
Castellated Hybrid Beams". University of Missouri, Engineering
Experimental Research Station, Columbia, MO.
14. Gizejowski M. A., & Salah W. (2007). "Failure Modes of Composite
Beams in the Hogging Moment Region of Continyuous or Semi-
continuous Systems". Lightweight Structures in Civil Engineering
Contemporary Problems, PP. 114-136.
15. Ismail R. S., Fahmy A. S., & Tawfik N. M. (2014). "Ultimate Behavior
of Composite Castellated Beams under Vertical Loads". International
Journal of Computer Applications(0975-8887), Vol 108- No. 5.
16. Jamadar A. M., & Kumbhar P. D. (2014). "Finite Element Analysis of
Castellated Beams". International Journal of Innovative Research in
Advancing Engineering Vol.1, ISSN:2349-2163.
17. Jichkar R. R., Arukia N. S., & Pachpor P. D. (2014). "Analysis of Steel
Beam with Web Openings Subjected to Buckling Load". International
Journal of Engineering Research and Applications Vol.4 , PP. 185-188.
18. Jindal A. (2012). "Finite Element Modeling of Reinforced Concrete
Exterior Beam-Column Joint Retrofitted with Externally Bonded Fiber
87
Reinforced Polymer (FRP)". M.Sc. Thesis, Thapar University, Patiala,
India.
19. Johnson R. P. (1994). "Composite Structuers Of Steel And Concrete".
University Of Warwick: Professor Of Civil Engineering.
20. Kerdal D., & Nethercot D. A. (1984). "Failur Modes Of Castellated
Beams". Journal of Constructional Steel Research,Vol.4, pp.295-315.
21. Khalid S. A. (2009). "Nonlinear Analysis of Simply Supported
Composite Steel- Concrete Beams". Msc. Thesis Submitted to the
College of Engineering, University of Baghdad .
22. Knowles, P. R. (2001), "Design of Castellated Beams for Use with
BS 5950 and BS 449", Design Guide, Constrado, 56 pp.
23. Lagaros N. D., Psarras L. D., & etal. (2008). "Optimum Design of Steel
Structures with Web openings". Engineering structures, pp. 2528-2537.
24. Larnach J. W., & Park R. (1964). "The Behavior under Load of Six
Castellated Composite T-Beams". Civil Engineering and Public Works,
No. 69, PP. 339-343.
25. Madenci E., & Guven I. (2006). "The Finite Element Method and
Applications in Engineering using ANSYS". the University of Arizona,
p. 681 pp.
26. Mahesan B., Shahrizan B., Azrul A. M., & O. S. A. (2013). "Numerical
Prediction Of Composite Beam Subjected To Combined Negative
Bending And Axial Tension". Journal Of Engineering Science And
Technology .
27. Megharief J. D. (1997). "Behaviour of composite castellated beam".
M.Sc thesis, McGILL University, Montreal, Canada.
88
28. Mohebkhan A., & Showkati H. (2005). "Bracing Requirments for
Inelastic Castellated Beams". Journal of Constructional Steel
Research,61, PP. 1373-1386.
29. Nethercot D. (2003). "Composite Construction". London: Spon, Press.
30. Nethercot D., & Uy B. (2003). "Effect Of Partial Shear Connection In
Semi-Continouse Composite Beams". Hancock, etal: Advances In
Structures.
31. Patial P. S., & Shaikh M. G. (2013, Aug- ). "A Study Of Effect Of Shear
Connector In Composite Beam In Combined Bending And Shear By
Ansys". International Journal Of Innovative Technology And Exploring
Engineering.
32. Pirmoz A., & Saedi D. A. (2006). "Non-linear Behavior of Castellated
Beams Subjected to Moment Grident Loading". Meeting the Challenges
of Tomorrow.
33. Redwood R. G., & Demirdjian S. (1998). "Castellated Beam Web
Buckling in Shear". Journal of Structural Engineering (ASCE),
Vol.124(10), 202-207.
34. Sherbourne A. N. (1966). "The Plastic Behavior of Castellated Beams".
Proc.2nd Common wealth welding conference, Inst. of Welding,
Vol.C2, 1-5.
35. Soltani M. R., Bouchair and Mimoune M. (2011). "Non-Linear Finite
Element Analysis of the Ultimate Behavior of Steel Castellated Beams".
Journal of Constructional Steel Research, pp. 101-114.
36. Tavarez F. A. (2001). "Simulation of Behavior of Composite Grid
Reinforced Concrete Beams using Explicit Finite Element Methods".
M.Sc. Thesis, University of Wisconsin-Madison.
89
37. Toprac A. A., & Cooke B. R. (1959). "An Experimental Invistigation
of Open-Web Beams". Welding Research Council Bulletin,Vol.47,
pp.1-10.
38. Wakchaure M. R., & Sagade A. V. (2012). "Finite Element Analysis of
Castellated Steel Beams". International Journal of Engineering and
Innovative Technology, Vol.2, PP. 3744-3755.
39. Wakchaure M. R, Sagade A. V., Auti V. A. (2012). "
Parametric Study of Castellated Beam with Varying Depth of
Web Openings" International Journal of Scientfic and
Research Publication Vol. 2, pp. 2153-2160.
40. William K. J., & Warnke E. P. (1975). "Constitutive Model for the
Triaxial Behavior of Concrete". Proceedings, International Association
for Bridge and Structural Engineering,Vol.19, ISMES, Bergamo, Italy,
p. 174 pp.
41. Wolanski B. S. (2001, May ). "Flexural Behavior of Reinforced and
Pre-Stressed Beams Using Finite Element Analysis". M. Sc. Thesis,
Marquette University.
42. Zaarour W., & Redwood R. G. (1996). "Web Buckling in Thin Webbed
Castellated Beams". Journal of Structural Engineering
(ASCE),Vol.122(8), pp.860-866.
43. Zirakian T., & Showkati H. (2006). "Distorsional Buckling Of
Castellated Beams". Journal of Constructional Steel Research, pp. 863-
871.
90
Appendix A Data Input in ANSYS 11
ANSYS DATA INPUT
Select type of analysis
Enter element type
A-1
A-2
Change it
parallel to
longitudinal
direction
A-3
A-4
A-5
A-6
Input load-slip
from push out test
A-7
A-8
A-9
A-10
A-11
A-12
A-13
A-14
A-15
A PPENDIX B IMAGES OF ANSYS 11 ANSLYSIS
Images of ANSYS software
Meshing of composite beam I- 134
Meshing of composite castellated beam Ic-167
Meshing of composite castellated beam Ic-181
Meshing of composite castellated beam Ic- 194
B-1
Contour Lines of Deflection of Beam I-134
Contour Lines of Stress of Beam I-134
B-2
Contour Lines of Deflection of Beam Ic-167
Contour Lines of Stress of Beam Ic-167
B-3
Contour Lines of Deflection of Beam Ic-181
Contour Lines of Stress of Beam Ic-181
B-4
Contour Lines of Deflection of Beam Ic-194 F
Contour Lines of Stress of Beam Ic-194F
B-5
Contour Lines of Deflection of Beam Ic-194 P
Contour Lines of Stress of Beam Ic-194 P
B-6

.
.

.

.
.
.
%35,%25:%45
%62,5 .

.

m-kN 24%10,%7,8 :%27,1,%25
%35%45 .
% 48,1 ,%19,2
%94,4
.

.
.

/

( )2013
2015

فاينل

Hochgeladen von

Dokumentinformationen

Copyright

Verfügbare Formate

Dieses Dokument teilen

Dokument teilen oder einbetten

Freigabeoptionen

Stufen Sie dieses Dokument als nützlich ein?

Sind diese Inhalte unangemessen?

Copyright:

Verfügbare Formate

فاينل

Hochgeladen von

Copyright:

Verfügbare Formate

Republic of Iraq

Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific Research

BEHAVIOR OF COMPOSITE CONCRETE

I certify that this thesis entitled "Behavior of Composite Concrete

In view of the available recommendations, I forward this thesis for debate by

I wish to express my sincere gratitude to the staff of laboratories of Consulting

Finally, I am deeply indebted and grateful to my family for their

Ali Ismael Al-Dolaimy

CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION

CHAPTER TWO: REVIEW OF LITRETURE

3. CHAPTER THREE: EXPERIMENTAL WORK

4. CHAPTER FOUR: FINITE ELEMENT MODELING

4.3 Ansys Finite Element Software 47

4.4 Real Constants 55

4.5 Material Properties .........................................................................56

5. CHAPTER FIVE: RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS

6. CHAPTER SIX: CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

Appendix A ANSYS OUTPUT

No. Title Page

No. Title Page

Figure: (1.1) Fabrication of Castellated Beam

Figure: (1.2) Castellated Beam Components

1.3 Failure Modes of Castellated Beam

1.4 Applications of Castellated Beams

1.5 Advantages of Castellated Beams

buildings, especially with the increase of piping and duct works in

1.6 Disadvantages of Castellated Beams

1.7 Steel- Concrete Composite Beams

weight of steel members. The efficiency of structures will be

1.8 Behavior of Composite Beam with Shear Connectors

(cracking and crushing), or yielding of steel section, produces

Figure: (1.4) Composite Steel Concrete Beam (Johnson, 1994)

Figure: (1.5) Partial and Full Shear Connection of Composite Beam

1.9. Main Objectives

1.10. Thesis Layout

Chapter five: present the results of experimental and numerical analysis

2.1.1 Flexural Mechanism

2.1.2 Lateral Torsional Buckling

2.1.4 Rupture of Welded Joints of Web-Post

2.1.5 Shear Buckling of the Web-Post

2.1.6 Compression Buckling of Web- Post

Figure: (2.1) Bending Failure Mode (Megharief, 1997)

Figure: (2.2) Vierendeel Bending Failure Mode (Megharief, 1997)

Figure: (2.3) Shear Buckling Mode of Web Post (Megharief, 1997)

Figure (2.4): variety of loading capacity with expansion ratios

2.3. Numerical Studies on Non-Composite Castellated Beams

2.4. Experimental and Numerical Studies on Composite

3.2. Materials Characteristics

Table (3.1): Cement Test Results.

3.2.2.1 Coarse Aggregate

Table (3.2) Sieve Analysis of Coarse Aggregate Used in Experimental

Table (3.3): Physical Properties and Sulfate Content of Coarse

3.2.2.2 Fine Aggregate

Table (3.4) Sieve Analysis of Fine Aggregate Used in the

Table (3.5): Physical Properties and Sulfate Content of Fine

3.2.3 High Range Performance Water Reducing Additive

Table (3.6): Test Results of Superplasticizer

strength at 7 With admixture 44.88

3.2.4 Reinforcing Steel

Figure (3.1): Tested of Steel Bar in Tensile Machine

3.2.5 Structural Steel Section (I- Beam)

Figure (3.3): Steel Specimen Prepared for Testing

3.2.5.1 Design of Castellated Beams

Pmax= 1.6 Ds ..3.3