) ) » ) > > > > > » > > > > > > > > > » ) me aoe ) runOAMENTALS OF INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES, ara Donan naan ns i pra eam manent Danaea Dm i tp ) scot ane an 208 > sane ny et, Sam Pa earings SESE A mas > > > Contents cael at reduction to Internal Combustion Engines as Noten Depts 7 (Csfeton of Recipocaing Engines by Applicat 6 {Clsitons of Engines by Cylinder Arangerest 6 Engoe Conponens 8 Base Teomioigy 14 Frocaroke Spies Engoe 15 ho eng forse Spe 17 Lat, Fowesuske Comps Ipston (CD) Engines 19 EE Conpariton of St nd Ct Engines 20) Lia. Twowwote Bae 21 TMC Gomarton of Fours a Two-stoke Bngoes 23 Reiew Quon 26 [Air Standard Cycle and Their Analysis 25-61 22 Airaid Cee 25 25 Ota yee er Constant Wane Cycle 26 25 Dual Combuson cle 24 26 Comprzon of Oc, Dis nd Dsl Canburion cet 37 27-_tinon Cee Tevew Questions 39ev Sts 2-105 53 tof Engine Varales on Fle Speed 148 22 Moers of Air 62 532° tne Pere 1 33 Conbutton with Ai 69 $33 Ene Spd) 1 24 Equvalerce Reto 65 S34 EneeSie 00 33 Eaapy of Fomiton 7 535 Rendle 150 3G int Law Anyi fr Stayt Resing Systems 75 4 Etec of Spusvane on he Atal Cpl f SI Bagees 150 37 aly of Ci, ral ey of on 55 oes and Eceney oe Aca Gye 33 38 Mlaacc Combustion Temperature 552 Blet of Pasa Ratio 754 39. Dalai 9 56 Fico unser se 30 Chemie Eira 95 532 Te Atal Cyl of Competn ion Engines 155 Review Question 102 SS Aaland Fol Cyelet of Engines se Proton 10 eee Qesins 137 4. PuelAirCyles and Thelr Analysis 106-18 6 Combustion in Spark-fgnition Engines 18-197 441 eaducion 105 61 Invoicion 158 2 Fecha ele 108 82 Neel Conbuion 138 43 Facto afleing he Fela Cycle 107 G21 Sage of Comin I Bape 152 S31” “Comptes of yar Get 107 622 Plane Spot Pate J? 132 Won of Syste Besa 18 623 Fetn of Bemed Mas 162 133 Ete of Diotoon 170 624 este and Temperse Vion a 14 Ete of Namie of Motes 172 Picton f Cenk Angle 7a ‘ato Engine Wate on te Reoraece of Ftc Cyn 113 625 fat of Sk Tig om Ine Ding En Cee a6 ve 6246 et of ucla Rano nse Dm et $52 Bamed Mine ome 108 Con” Nea tol it ato 4133 Relaon teresa Untued nd Bmed Mazes 136 632 Intl Tempers od este 168 Review Questions 4h 633. Comprsion Rat 108 Proton et 638 Spur Tig 166 635 Tatler tnd Ege Spot 166 5. The Actua Cyte 13157 3a Btoe Gpot Spek Poy 100 1 tmicion 148 (64 Fates ateing Conbuton i Sparisiton Engines 167 52. Dutrence beret he Act Cyl snd he Picante 10 G41” “Conpostion of he Mle Sat tea vee 642 Loa Ter 522 Imperc Miig of Fl ad Ale 14 643 Compson Rate 167 523 Progen Daring 105 Gas Spel 45 Title sd Stope of Combuitin Chaber 8 Enea a 2 mearg eeomete 2 Ske a ners i See ORES Fe anette 3ttt Tempe, Perel Deny Fass 17 103 Compan Face 77 612 Rimen Soi pin 182 S123, Ranawy Sut Ignton 182 18 Contusion Chante fr Spon Engines 19 Sint Bae equemon of Goud Conon eamer 1 644 Gintaton Chanter Dongs Pops nes Sn mer {15 ComtosonChiter Opmzston Pace 186 Sit Soa Coney se {83 _Comdconon or roe Tate 19 reece Chante Tor 162. Lend peo Sete Cousin Canker 187 16) Rest Teles Hend SeWhe Cousin Chee a8 64 Ove ae we bad Te Contos Chase 09 {6163 | Phen hye Conbaics aster or {168 Hemiptera! Contos Chanter 791 {67 itn Cnty Combes Chine 9 ‘18 Conestn Cunbr wih e-cunter vice Selamat 417 cme Reena 194 een Quo a8 Combustion in Compresion-Igition Engines 198-227 TL tacton 08 12 setae ts 199 Ta See of Contuaion 205 1S He Relowe Raw. 205 16 ‘Airhit Rasa Ct gies 205, 17 Infioce of Vrs Fass bo ely Pesod 207 ) 28 Sobek Bp 2 79 Conpansn of Kock a Std Cages 216 ) 140. Mate of Cooling Kae in Ch Engines 25 > > ee * Combusinn Chamber fo CI gies 216 ‘Conasion Camber Canctriies 216 ‘Gureicatan of CL Engine Carson Chane. 216 ‘est jection (DD Eases or Open Combusion Chamber Eine 217 \fmiqlewen or Low Swit Open Chamber 217 3122 Medi Swi Open Craer 278 LIB}. Mph Sa Open Camber CMC pe) 218 Tncretijecten DD Engines er Died Combusin Cheer gies 219. ‘Seite Tales Cher 219 Preconbuton Chenier 221 fica 221 Brey Cote 222 1114. Conga of Chrsersic of Combustion Chto of Cl Engine 223 TS. Sang Mets an hae 23 Iroiow Queions 226 Fuel for Internal Combustion Engines 228-257 Inrotacion 228 itn of Fale 228, Sil Pile 229 6 ict Desespin of Sad Fuels 229 ico Sod Face IC Engines 200 Ug Fas 250 sat $03 33 elem Pos (ea = rok + lew =a) 230 Refning Pres of Fel 233 Felon ted Lag Pace 235 Noe pric Heed Liga Fs 236 Gansu Rice 7 855 etal Gan 237 Uwe Pale Gas (290) 238 Per Gn 2 Nydtopen 230 Fs foc Shaper “259 ser “iy of gud Pees 200 tes of hah on he Pevlomance of SI apaee 205 Saigo Comsat” 5 om Depots 245 Cabarete Deen ies 245 ‘Astin Qualty 26 Fel fo Cl Bape 248 ipso ay atsit conens 873. Vicly 207 9142 Vpour Lok in Fel Syms 292 B74 Specie Gry 209 8143 _Buckfingw Popping the Catoe 282 155 Conosan wo Wea 249 1s. Cabatenr Drvtecls 299 856 Banding Exe 250 56 shinecon Syne ia SI Engines 203 B27 Suey 250 519 ‘Typer of Fatanecion Stn St Enpnes 204 B78 Genin 250 2171 Comins Inte System aa 15 Koch Rating Fale 251 5112 Ties ijecton Spans 95 SEL) Kock Rag of St Bapne Fale 251 918 leave Pilinecioe Str (Fl) 297 882 Kank Rag of Cl Ene Parle 234 ie Slept Tote Roly ection 297 Rosen Questo 256 5182 Malpit Far Injection 397 949 Adtonags of te St Bain Felson System 30 9. Carburetors and Fuel Injection n I Engines 258-205 5.20 Disltntagr of be SI Engine Felton Sate 901 91 teadueion 258 Review Question 30 22 UnirRenmiy 238 ww Protons 304 S31 "Mine Regen Macoum Power 239 10, Cl Engines: Puel-Injetion Sytem 306-348 932 Mare Reqeness fr Minium Spot {01 nwotueion 206 Fl Common 200 102 Regurement of nection Systems 305 933. Mure Reqemens fr Var Outs 260 123. njeston Sytem 307 934 Mate Reqemens fr ling, Cssng a High Per 26) 1031” Arneson Sytem 307 94 Tamsin roqieame 268 1032 Aes or Sesto Sytem 308 BT Sting and Warmup Regutenens 243 103.3 hail Pump System o te Did ath end Device 309 342 Attention Regisement 23 1034 Unt yee Sytem or he Undivided Faecd Device 302 95 Mixture Rogues ins Main Engne 268 103 The Date Sytem 26 Carrer Requrenents 260 1036. Cammncal Sem 372 87 'SimpleCaturtar 264 104 Poetjectica Ramee) 5 Caleaca af he Au! Rao fra Simple Catton 246 10a. dex Type Dock Ptigcton Ramp 32 99 ki Rao Neptng be Compress of A 268 1042 Unt myer 8 5:10. Cammens on Ais Rao Sophy» Single Catentor 209 1043 _Datboor Type Pchijtion Pump 319 9.11 Defiemes of he emenary Cbartar 270 105. Facinjetar 330 512 Rca Pans of Mota Crbetar 270 1051 Fainjecon Holder 220 S121 Cte "270 1052 Ratineion Nowe 220 3122 Main Mecang Sytem 271 106 Types of Nolen) 3123 ding Sym 270 Tot Pte Nowe 22 3124 Acclmting Sytem 276 1062 Sipe (Once) Nowe 29 125 Ezonnisr Sym and Power Sytem 276 1063. Molitale Nowe Soe 5126 _Antpensitr Vane” 277 {0s Pinu Nene 324 913. Type of Camareter 277 107, leon: Casa Uni Pinan Spey 328 131” Dowagt, Utah od Hono ght 103 Cl Engine Govemors 26 Cabuietn 277 109 Spay Chancersicr a7 9132 Concent md cnc Cuttin 278 1091 Spay Famaton 227 9133 Maeve Cte 279 1092 Abevsaon 327 9.4 Prblens Assen’ nh Cat 292 1093 Peewee 27 S141 ee Fermaion 292 109 Digeone 229> ) > > » > My, > > > > > > > > > > d » » ) ) > om > > > > > > » > > 2 101 Faces Review Qusions 34 ‘Two Stroke Engines Ieodution 35 Cacao of Two-takeBapine ea Mase fr Seswenging Pots 584 Ratios at Seavenging Rat and Scavenging Einey ‘0 Sevenging Press Scenig Paani 350 6 20 o eet Discement Mode Cone Mising Made! Nenuremes of Stvreng Eiceney Gramlng Meat uaa ow: tgh Pos Kaienry Blo 362 eves Quins 78 ition Systems Teofition 5 Tgoton Syn Reqacements ‘Bonet Sytem 133 Baa 30 sot ‘Acuna and vanaf Twosoke Eines Conpasne af Twostake Sal Cl Ene: ‘bay 278 Tanion Swit 7 Tee Renae 79 Iiston Cal 372 (Cat Brea Pos Conener 38! Dawur 38) "7 a 1B Ta Fring Over 382 125: Declare 38) te Saar 3 el Requiem of « Cod Spat Pag 385 {22 Tasos Atecing be Esamen of Spark 385 Trea Spcrog Hew Range 388 127 Mapstoignon Sem 86 128 Compute of Batene and MogcoigtonSyems 387 123. tons avociaed won Come enter Syms 388 TEiot amutrtonIgiton (TCD Sytem 309 12102 Capuaveducrge poe (CON yee 391 11 Fates afecing Skeet 37 {21 Spoon Mesh 3972 That Comhgatoivnce Mechanism 392 12122 Mtoumatane Msbon 39) ei Qusins 4 Engine Prieton and Lxbreation 96-427 152. Compote of Engine Faction 396 S21 Rating Loses 96 1342 Famping Lawes 396 1323 _Aemiiy Conpooeat Loses 397 153. Teal Psion Work 97 [Ba Some Mare Components of Engine Fiction 298 153. rtn Mean Bective Pesure 38 136 Mechanal Ficion 399 Te Hydrypami or Fld im Ft 599 62 Pata Pcion 399 53 Kalin Pion <0 84 Dry Pats 400 157, Mechanical Ft In Major Bayne Canponets 400 23. Mave Tran Fin 403 lomby Loses a Etec of Engine ats on Pc 403 Se Tat om te Poa 405 beaten Pscier 08 STR Hydodymnic Labocato Fal Film oe Tick im) 40ny is 13132 Beanéay Letra Thin Fim) 12133. Mned fn Labo Pra Fm) Bearings Latecation [Bil Rong Ton Bexings 420 [B42 Oscaing Dural Benge “4 15143 Recipoewing Beige 3 bias Gate are 2 Vicon Inder (VI) 14 DIsA Pah ml Fe Poms 413 Biss Sanity a5 Tiss Otmee 415 adie or aca 416 SAE Vicoaty Nemier 418 atwening Sere 419 TBikt Pewl Lacaion Speen 48 13183. Doysanp Latecaton Siem 27 Engine Peberoteané Laban 23 Reson Quetins 8 eat ‘Transfer in Engines and Cooting Systems Inoticion 28 Neceaiy of Engine Calng 28 Daag of Ovrconing 429 Engine epee Dain 429 Enoae Wimp 30 (Gs Tengen Vassion 431 eat Parte Codentons “432 Heat Toner ne Sytem 435, ‘eat Teer in Conbortnn Chante 435 eat Tafrin Esa Su 27 MaveConing 28 fa of Opting Vaal on Hex Tne AIR Mist Stone 2 sass eve Quon 4 15. Air Capacity and Supercharging 16182 Compson Rate 40 14133. SpukTimiog 47 TIS4 Engines 44 16105 Eng Spee “4 14139 Engie Mirae 4 eiaio Kom set Cola Sena ave [ist Coole ine 4s Liguccosts Same 46 1G Dito Rowen Sytem 46 16162 Themesypbon or isl Cheon System 6 14163 Faced or Ponp Gilson Sytem 4? 14164 Prose Colne Seem 40 14165 Evaporative Cong Sytem 50 Compare of Aad Lig coking Ser 451 HAITI Advmtges of he Ascnling Sten 457 14172 Dindnmages of te Areectng Spc 451 T4173 Advnage of te Ligsconing Stim 452 14174 Distvamage ofthe igadeatog Sytem 452 Mode Goning Conepe 452 456-489 Ect of Ac Cpcty on ncaa Poner 456 Wea air Capciy 57 Wome iemney 58 tof Vries VlomeicEicleny 459, ssi Rel a9 1532. Heat Tarn the Ike Sytem) 460 1553 WaheOveap 460 1354 Vcr Da sn Reticsoes 490 1533 Teg of ae Wve Ching 1536 tne Teale 46? 1557 Eatuue Renal 46) 1358 atau Got Resielton (EGR) 402) 162 Mesos of Bike Power 90 1621 Poy Bake 90 1622 Raye Bute 47 1623 Hye Dymamaneter 492 1624 Ely Coven Dyomaneer 49 1623 Swinging Fld DC Dyeamemeter 163 Indexed Power oat Mechanic! Inno 5 1633 Willis Line Mea "500 ead The Me Ten) 1635 Moemp Tes 302 164 Pel Caosmpion 302 Test) Grevimeie Fel-ow Measurement 502 a te ) ise eeomee_ae is Sei aoe ig someone ) 15.62 Factors which Increase the Power Output by Supercharging 462 165 Messuremest of Air Flow Rate S05 eee OES De 2 seg ence DSS aa ies acest igs ater atti Mas 1 i eS att 5 ere a eee a ies Soot eee eee eel ee a i Sees ete rts Coma i caceeemes ee ciiecoete nee eee hale os ) 1123 Mechanical Efficiency 477 Problems 337 > ian Sane a 1 hme Ene rare d 1B.L Supescharging Limits of SI Engines 472 171 Introdvetion 540 > Bs Exetel Sees la eee vane RE See ee i atta asece nscertent eee a eee fa ncoen nae a ) Seer ; 1 a aA oe eee me a) eres ata > es : eae 3 se eng sing sd Prormnce nso | palace 2 76 Plant Fomston 508 Fret Hysrcatone 8C)508 172 Caton Menon (CO) 59 Tr63 Onder af Neropen (NO) 350 Wed Parle 0 117. Ent of Opening Vries on SL Engine Etat Enisions 33) 7k Deng and Operiig Vr tat Deoese HC Concentaon from be Ect of SI Eogte 39 179. Dang ad Opring bles ha Reduce NO, Cocetation from he Eshus of St Engi 5% 17140 les of Opening Vara oo CL Engine Eta Bion S54 1H Canal of Ete Emin 5S THIN Cale Comenes 555 112 Them Reto 60. 1113 Pascale Tope 361 Ree Queso 58118 Alternative Potential Engines 56-519 ML Suutescnes gee 50 Sing Enne 69 arable Comprsion Rao (VCR) Engine 57 186 Duabfel gies 573 187 Mulifeelenpres 377 1 Sutbty of Other Engine at Mail Unis 578 Review Queions 578 Bibliography ‘Anewers to Probie 597-590 Index 91-597 Preface ‘soni tended 1 ovr he vas a fas roving fe of er conte egies Ticecdece wth he cucu fr bach’ Spe in mec eget ed Seen evening. The cnet fe ak wl be eal pl he pre ‘ita wel nd Yo Bose pearing fo varus compete examin: neh ae Co ‘Sse noes Sere. UTE tS pare AMIE (en Bin mesancal nes wil slo dese fal ee om ths ook thence tn ehusely ual cnr, Tebook ci alo eed ma tere by esearch sat sod pr ‘Zeit spl paged ne fla aia and dedopmet of ene. “he bok wit in single ao hed langnge with god agate Suse, “evr opis expel ight fom the eames WR a desta cep so enposte the elteshp beeen concept unesnding and ple {etvingapposcher However, the sudets ne speed to have bi kapwlege of ‘Seams id cane aha entre ein re ext mar ‘su fom he te "Te took hasten dain phew capes 0 cove th inp 1p on ea oohioe eines competently donate anaes of ete gta (0) {nd compro pit (0) ens oprating on fousohe and tweak eee I 30 ‘ae he bans deg and operon’ feral contusion exis of Se ‘ene fon ap ato, et wane aed cong tema peo, eg Perfomance exh emo. dey devsapoes, an ete fil ene. “The etre eon cote se ong the tx With ew develo the men’ peclemsciing sil, my eal ware exams ne ben ed The oper end review guessed pooner sen pace epernies atwill ‘ine ew ke fn te gc. na nul, my zal haben o ep he dns acquire aad ere ack roand mera comton egies Sv ual exanpe sewed exten hgh te ‘ate etn ow ay mid ms ci wi by hin wile aching coe and pesiag research Inte fll era combuton {igs it orcs i mp il be aber nelclam th i wh hei ee erat ea Mice ito o Soe nd Tih (OMEN, Us wher aay et tenn petly oy cae dad colep Pot 3 Sono fe Depo Meche ec, in iy Tie "Ah exe om my testes oe 8 pid ea my oes fer ee ees le eng a ly tar =“ iy te “el fom scl pe of tr dain! pope te cana Introduction to Internal Combustion Engines 1 11 AN OVERVIEW reno ies vce bis ame chenille anes pace anew Engrs nace ree ea ts eye ttc, We el un he recan f wno- Sawer i cnn enous cx eed Te icf conbsion sas Fa ere Aira ena sven lee econo ital rxk wi aba ween a anger oy asi io (a) Ewer Combes gies ECE) {3 Ie Camsesten Engines 1 Eine) ventral conto nies, th conkuo fe fn presence os nes ple oe ae heen ecy so om eel wl ie eh a i fom ws Se eng i wich ets Be endo Fe tr mecha wrt Hee, ec of combi of el 8 [Ante ope sine andbnc ry do ot ome whi i Sn na pet plan tse ee of exten combustion ee ay cd nope ena coon gia he ea Teal contin pA sd cep tie as ‘ain frat cams ene He, nor a wing mbstoce Wc cane al nes a tom of of conus fn ae. Stine nen ton me te ote puma cons cgtes te he cnc ef aks pls side hcg Oi et Sion carne yer ara wen a. Increeing Can ransom te cneburon fe furl ks ps nie he se) Fane tide omition gies nop cee uh FTEs ot cmbusion a cue sr be pus tt ad wich a a {Sr he onan2 Fat of a Cantante Te nt ep neon pis He ol eof Hi a he ‘Sicestinmecnianceinn ope wns het fom mi ahead scl anon en en "he eam ete ple he a pp anaes ext comtusinn gleed fe lage ci er tn. sal cope le eo ay (9) Gre mec saplty (he et rt ih bee (o Lmeritiaes (5 he ke Sa iy ny al tb of at neh el De srg fer in ni om he fa a ey Wa “The indus ite combating vr etal combating (0) het ene enn fa which ae cps Onli poms | respon cote el Te eae realy mow epee (© Reign as 2 cbse ps (©) Tsim Cees erect prs dene eye supe oben a ei selene ny sete nl contin eg. gee nh we Bono engi, Tha tsk Sess i eine fra eben cage es of teocting pe nl cosh ine Ren Ces aed ti, mas mt, oe no al senha ayo sre poe ese CPC ngs a yr oe et ne goed cen moment Th pee hem co, awe ages oa ine canbsion gine vera enema conbutionege ent min oni ete, 1.2 HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT i. 1 pis ome we as ey recan. 118 i 82- {800 in eye 65. Col ua cae enn engine tng ‘inal fe pin ste. As pote he epee by pa Tet sean the ured phe sled pe fem, delved power ison rt econ fe Sek, On he onset ue wee chad fn he ‘der Th tase was pose yng ge yl whch aed oy ag | ower oes spl nerd the tu seksi te sae mr he Sassi nny 16 a 0 ns ue baka ep ‘cols A Ono (1852-991 nd Bopen Langen (183-1895 developed fie pan cane in in Goma Ae mre ws then ne ned ae ig uy pr of cataract spt sn ava wa ee ‘Seine, Tepes war tou iad by amspecpsare acing oe pt oe ‘msdn yea anak an pon deste yee mead ne ‘pu af Tenn he hye mene he pn wud ee sh ee ‘Stogh ie ale orp he le The tema tency of cg a fda i, ane Bad Rahs ISD, Fh deed ies epi Ive an ie of ping el higher pres ea eel of eonpesie Inte! of tripe fo a aire esr Teed ane ane wih ema sts pas hon oe “seu ees ldo, boeve uence inant In 176 ‘ie pe nein xp ops net yon ‘Sfershemal etc Ths waste eakgh ected een aa 1 yl snc 00 of eens has on wisi Eee md USA Bye a egal Clam mer Reto fhe UK sd Ra Bo of Gemay See cre! wostie mer combust eine hs ein comp fe aes {Cwm st ne pes soar ng eno Be pn eed ‘ac bepanig fhe compen sok In 18, lanes Aon of Eg velop sn ‘pin wi expunsi ke ger re open ake The pe exanso ke ‘ston! ime elcenya t epine Bfceneycl a te em neen! by ‘ncug capes eb re cv ltr pole Smee a ‘hime whe gai fel valle beep lo oe i 2 Rol Det C18E-113) develo ers ype oF eg which igh cae ieee Fmt) atom ‘Sper cern md epson rr, Then bl wes rere Te et ‘Ses egne eden Ge sine wo ipl Both ours tl wosiek ded ‘er have endo. 113. MODERN DEVELOPMENTS 11957, Wank cy HC eae wat ee cel te rng ter neh and at) ? > ) > > > > > > > > > > d ) d ) , > > > > > > > ) > > > d > tno Cnn ‘sis tne piston nevi hn Ober me Serpe oe lst i pasion poten ave ih orig on ene deepest ao- ing itt nn nie Due ol Was Sti Oi of nan deve eal eakng pes whee herb we hee sa nie ey es ving Sn pan at td in rca pee chge spice oe ic ton mona ‘sete ie alrogen deat emus fhe pra mt eed. Dice ene ae su ou of al ose arte el osc sie of itogen Much woh beng one on eo See ee ot ge Seat aong tee mun! pr, peoleum ps ea esa nd tye ‘eben heel ft hs en teint eg eal mam mene ed oi cht vege tough snl as ret Oo te ppl comes ‘ease forte! isaac psf tw espa a isting an becom ne New ul no bacon valet yo, tes feed engine wih em cn ree et te and nce ene) 14 ENGINE CLASSIFICATIONS ee ens i cmb cgi at cn bli on owing Thermabyamicyce * Cnt ne a nid on ke 1 Gana pre pd Dia le {Pah iin aed peta sw et por a ye wenineree + Fes eeu epi gear nd itched 1 Most leet al ec + edocs ing ee or 5 trae Selo moe 1 Ginn ee noe Te gud my best ied eum gs (5) trope + Becta Ine esd wean ed atnedotteteupey Rely gh ce: neni fie rintecat + Mating etn (MP ed a moe su ito aie. 1 Shp pubs bly meton ci moda ped at pion eae Pet iectn shih eae no he ene inert sen eel egies oe + Spark gion (ed income poral egy, owe Senge 1 Capen son sed i emetonadeelcpiy known egos Matdadocotng 1 Waterconet engineerin walls me coved by ciclaing wate the jcket Sing eee + ESS ios oe Bett rte te, speed * Law seed ee 1 hpi Migs Flot ppiatin + Story ens fr ye enerton 1 Mo gis pepo pr 1 Atomote ees rhs tap 1 Adena oa Labreaton sytem ‘peur on Quan cool engine sift emis cnet. The ei af he Shp tees the bined Ananth cgi hl eset, + Quay conta ger“ dice th guy il esd, at raga qa of te ne: Ancram ist tng gece + Cambie nel eines te nies Boh eG and nly fe eee ‘eae epg oe as ino6 ho Conan ge ‘Basieangne son + Seinen a or portdesian + Yaies—ovte tes ed fed wes Let ary ves 1 Rt oneanens bgpetenkr anh or ano savege + Opn cane or exp, ahh wed, bowtie pnion Denier 5 OR Geer al ge yas pe lt 15 CLASSIFICATION OF RECIPROCATING ENGINES BY ‘APPLICATION ‘1.1 sho te cafcdn ot cpcaing egies by appa Friern spc one rosin mere ves emi rm conan ent 18. CLASSIFICATIONS OF ENGINES BY CYLINDER ARRANGEMENT Mat cyte pewing egies we cmon cael by liner argent. Soe of (eta pe tae epee shorn nae Insts ngines ‘Alleyne ae raged ie nonin and nie por gl crt Fosreyinie tne tapi se common for psec Mura eats he ees {nee Siveyimaer neg ao commana aed ey og ‘aly ve pn le wn cr salon Upte pcs ae ‘eee rd bret, engines “TeV pe ene la’ enhance acon ck ‘Venn! feat incr mae cele ce nh ey fe ib {isl rer a V2 angen corn wed proce me power om ‘compat engine They mn socoiy wt mh wee ‘ ene Tan enero ae f = —= f aie ( ee E ‘ en: ‘ ieee fay ( ee a pom aot a eee my fe ee ee a a oo oon ca coo: JG ee PTH ake ee ee a ee ee a aoe oo Tn Model scplanes, son ct. __ I-A aw 2 A ¢ Pa eee eae eit ( Opposed cylinder engines: c “The oppred cylinder engines const of two or more cylinders on oppeie ides of common Romie reeicantmcmeceeneenee te | Se ecenctnca ogeegralamte acme ( (‘opposeiston engines When mca ic ee icine erect ea pt, TP inci ne pay hp a Rete eco asec tieaaare ms ‘me — Sears comape ; : Sr meee mina ey tne ee EH CA =) Eencaege mace oe (oman apenas ‘The type eit seal compe oppose ens. spa atin onesie esa The Hype Sot psy fa wie oe + | 17 ENGINE COMPONENTS |g Hom ata ve of hye a der stoke sion ‘Sti Te arnyeenrf cet ge sian ay | he cog tn acne cya sche dr ack nde per ‘hetuned tani cng ne sp. Te ck smal mine gy a ot ‘Seat got weer enced low otters sto ha oar pet ‘soa ble sla af fink. ‘enter! ay nel eveteed coma noo aloy aos Te po eer he cag ed mani foot omc ing ein cu nn are ce ee ors op iS Ths pms dem nnd Sn ly Te comps ape ‘heel anol ing pee pve ov eps, The ps ing eve ape ofthe sxgandog gnc fo he enmiaon shar oe cake Al onl eg ‘mallet fe eomin sod rps ind pean ow tea ton A mein os normal ep Fa fel Wits len bash ad tac a a‘Spon tv cnet ply net yah14 des of wl Contin Ee sditarancs nd ersten in by mac oss sean Te i ‘Sven ta the ena spe yah asd slew per om ke pan he htt nC egies ahi refed pmp and jects we ne Oe car er ‘liner mound he cdr had The pomp vey ee cama. 4.8 BASIC TERMINOLOGY “Tebactamlogy wd al td metre in yn einen st owe i Bowe Le yt — Femi ta 1.tore ih isthe init dame fhe eit inde she bes se ‘roe sxe ros 2. sive (Ding evel fest, a per wl a a oer ing tn ach the reco fo te po ere The et dnc gs ‘cic soem tegen wernt oft po rele A TopDead Cente(TDC):_ Wiehe po tt tp psn the yin i Sar se or a Ge A te a lt ‘awe amen tow een “ome 4 tetom Dead Cate (BDC): | When on ite econ poron et heel Sina potion ate in eC, in hen ee) Ie toe nee hema 5 Charanceylume (Whe epson athe TDC pon he olne connate ‘linear ep fe pt cede eae aus The ten can OY uf is volone and aay ep i ee eae | , ee ‘Pen dpaement or wep volume (Vs she ame eg ough ye an i {tinder ome (Te einer vole aes Dot ecco he Compensating deol when dee a BDC elie Mean pion speed:_ At hep mines nee ag eae pd changer cc: RMS tn TOC sed BDC wd asin ste tein of TOC sad BBC. Toe ‘Sang Olav TDG iis 0 whe he tee ma 0" BOC Tas ‘thatthe ct ps seers ance eae ng fhe ate, In Fath may ponte teen edieein nl (ym Lis ees ion sed wb 2 19 FOUR-STROKE SPARKAGNITION ENGINE leant ys engine ec of option is compet noses fhe pan fest: ofthe crt Ths 72°C (oon mpl) eld omplee ce igus suws he anette se sd he pao fe aes ng oh Few tows the p-¥cgamindcaing eps ion ug four skeet enn wih ago vole ef he de, Inston or auton stoke (0-1) “net ae pe at it bee he TOC Ase pase mores fn TDC BDC = ‘ine of alee) ide ita cbc oan ve De ‘ovement fe oe he rests in tne eed san blow epee sat ste cae ows hugh he nto syne bec of hr ee iene [ay ein vate sl crete tn fo sn pps ol hepato hs ove pathway ange en ke Gat Compecsonstota(!-2) Who hates cee charge wih steno cnr ing te sao le ‘Peumresby eu ae fps. Arte Dyan cre eis16 fitment Conan fans ‘ant? Torani ole see rte io, hich ed ec vale. at ee ne he ‘Sesion ie hepa estar Tr ey fe Sd thecal caenene af curt Th cio press oc a a a Sant vn nd ees ag mons hp dpe fee es recs a amis pega Expansion or power stoke 2-4) ‘Te ihe ae ges ore thn ov RDC ahha a exanst esti apes tit expen proces compton st pt at ce (Garin rang te passes peda beast ve ge sone po ws ‘toe te SDC Pver i aban dng ht she, Boh poses ene Geese Exhaat aoe (¢-0) ‘ae Teint ave eae ce The ese ding ste aly he Sa oe Seat rean et aeciwmt wt eo te e ‘in oat gam eps. tee ae rs he “intr eopresed cna tt he fe chage ad sie os Exh ourstole expe sngles ale persons nes oie eso ‘fr om comple sc, the ny oe owe stole wl tec aso rah 1.40. VALVE-TINING OF FOUR-STROKE S! ENGINE ‘tie msl ssn of eng, he reining ote psn si csi ‘she ae andthe ea pit ot wih gon cep me ery ingen Tl {tes oul oe ancl dhe toad ora ea cote oot ph ‘ok Act, se te ae pars ses fm he dsl cee poston: Te ‘tors aes ining f ves he ih lc of chug a ey to ‘crt gh ely feb ues et mega1 Fone nal Conton 11031 Inet vate Dost he ie ft an ne agin. pessomewt er anh Ws ep "ily of IC eget igh sets, A te ptan move owe eng he son sl chp eh Pdr aagh ete nth ese nomen 0 ‘meredith abe ceed oxy BD, yr wont lo ‘See ion ity ig uo ny fe mcr he ‘Coney dg en nef an lh BOC ee age ol et sree is ic nt eps Me npr sre th ifthe fet lei ed BDC ent or ech ewe ‘ee cg sta ests pe ie ener eae ome (See sme ‘Coney natal pert, dein eel pel he ender gas the tome rete. Ache po eeu nd coos he compen she ‘Sat sae oe sg mate soak athens pp Soins be np ‘Reenter open ster However il apd and otk ht {lee potions wi th rk il ing fresh ede ange whee pio ess ‘Sted statancy, Theft pil ig wah he son ds te ey ‘ponte skeet pose oey te eta open ser BDC: Toe mean ‘Ne icon hi ce Bey meee 4302 Exhaust Vaive Ini xn mack he os of combat pone he xa we pe ‘ft vt Se BDC pin Th, same fhe eat a es ie es cuurestore smaptsmd ee heath iad ving ety Oe se [teow he pte semen exuat oe Dai ees sae eb ast Se wr uh eect po by cong nechutreae eng fe ox pcan be wise wi sn ng fbr et ae sn Be Tipe 19 show de ae nigga fr afore eee engine. Te dpa mus. cul sas eo sl, ne tgrnpred ver he ene rsa ‘Sptsin is eo tec oop arcar seme cop oe is are es Su i re ie se SD Tina ped hfe TDC a he xs ae 1, Sleinmy ce 15a tT Te scaled ee overlap pro. Ti Pid es ye eer but us il bese i te cod oi a ‘Se chy ene tage le {81 FOURSTROKE COMPRESSION IGNITION (cl) ENGINES ‘he ur aroke Cege sii he fe rok ean at gh congesan BSSSTE cS emir Dug te sane toe ent ave pet an nh Be nite ye slot ses 2 TDC ft in aly Sed REET stg arith combo sce pmo cca eso 2, ‘Bec mpl ads rer ae ot nuns spar he, tee nd ert te al enti gine ingen er Ts Fm aerngsapidehasnsie ee tate my be ed when hh er ope a same in Tis ge Tne eh aes no pte ops ak Bath te i ese see a et ate on be po abe son sep the mimin ne Fee cc BDC tenant ae ops nthe pods of eonbunn Ts oa ve ings fons Leng allows: Ine ae ope st 37 fir TDC TDOY Int ae soc shu 0 afer BDC (BDC) ‘Etna oom tet 45 bee BDC BDO) that ae cla shu 9” ater TDC QTD) Inst far sow" bebe TD. me20_ funded yn [he sno for psig aching ae before oe cents fr Lange ae ‘sy test rer Steps Pr sts oh ahd Cl eee ae thee 1.42 COMPARISON OF s1 AND cl ENGINES ‘The tress beeen the land CX epes eie ie TBE Tite 12 compl sandtagat * Ate hernge titon ements pe The ene NST date scooter cag? een tt ce SS cep a ae Secs trot op heey Sehgal ane Ee cinoma [ne enn ELSE eee Someta deere EUS Sveanso | Segoe ain oem ar = Socom ‘erates smiont re Sefer n SBS lem onstee teeta ap aed vibaion are ies ia cn eae cot i Snoaortestis + Tamia pm eat aa Cavin mt ae it sre (80) an acne Cpl a nie oe 142 TWO-STROKE ENGINES. Te tts fe ce opi ace ing tion of hk {pots i te ender td coven bch the ee ot ede pr Dee ‘Soyein he charge rot ne: Ache oe ai shee pegs ine pss eed tlw tenner peste Se te are ents fo he ‘Sint though he sponse tbr ae (pies esas bef e TOC The [per er py apse pve dure peepee fom ¥ ‘ate piston descends tongh et 0 prc woking ce hea po ‘sumone yh son ade bea Teneo rane ei ‘esi tos poston ean be ec prt) The are crs ch ‘Moen compres byte descending pon even he yd dugh he ane oC).‘The sen ped ee he he apart in one nd proven expe thot shat or. Athe pan es, entree shy he es Porat rte est or ca compen of he hg a then eit. Te Fhe mpued “peste dayam nd be ining pram fr» wostoe SI egies ow i FO 1 sana rp) ms 7 hacen tore Riese Rites Reto ai) Tbgerntadnne “The despon ofte wo inks le men a son ao ples he lenges wth sein tt or cmp nthe pn ig epee lear XEecconmeion soles mente eof eng {14 COMPARISON OF FOUR-STROKE AND TWO-STROKE ENaInes pte 13. arc Sea ome anno ee ‘lors + Re pel rt ee ‘Si ce perf mee me ‘etm Pomp re ee te ii age ant an in Sac hh pe ure ‘Sing eapo noeee rte esa pd on, sinatra eps eon ‘ew jn coe aad eg ‘edie ts pp ies sped cence 1 nee tary gd oman i mh beta cots + Ue tt grat ee toe hcp a Sc Wit ea ‘uma bent a be okey a ne may owe sobs per ck eo Iie we orstoke sce anerer a toshe e epee pone pe Pratheme engi se This ec ae duos te een sxpnion sae na (0) sone fe chep sapien ng mveniePwes REVIEW QUESTIONS ‘3, Wt oy mented yan ira oman engi? Gin ome eames of is 5, ik eset nl nin epi Geena {6 Gran aout of itr developnet Cg. >: He ecg pe cl ag op? Men 10. How wetherecpeing cgi cing cinder amagenet Bey {eth eat ge wah ip of as daa 1 Desc he non a ngrn engine congener ina ose eng, Ale Defect ame, dare vle compen a and mn pion sped ‘esr mh nip of arenes patil he urs Scie Dest eva ning of fesse Spine Dre po apa save 15, Dacre mening pages ows lenge Meno te yp ves of ‘ae ings oe fone Cen 16, Doing par pan and songen pion aie. 19, Dob wos St cope wis ptt ap, Wt boca a (onde twos Chena? ‘oa dene _ 19, Bw ep dap and esp avs saga fo nto tke I eine 20, Wan ae the apd tt exh Sen ene? Air-Standard Cycles and Their Analysis 24 INTRODUCTION nigel conbusion nies be envenson fet ney io shan work i aconl- ‘nd ncn Are ming pata eg el cote feel es as Soups chemia hr and psa anger cer son etter eh ‘Spies nine anal eng, mete ni me comploue Toei ‘esecnager ute) an ssn fl Ge rey cnr ey compar bln, ‘eon ed of ria tee ta el pn ho {Gye arundel tnd) he here ey Seam ngs ont ele nr smdd ce etl ros cin sate stoned b Cons nal agers Ta eee ese pe ino ‘perenne uy eel an Oasys cone ‘sig he scl engi camer cee Ths oe ins elt ‘ino pie et wenger te nin oe hep ses hate apn pers: The liso eee pened i apr 22 AIR-STANDARD CYCLE 1 he ing 4 ecg any at aay wit oma 2, Affe ms fa ien ae wing hi thao eee yee The elie eee i sn aig ne ape ee 3, Tascam psc ped y+ tar procs fo nea suse. 4) Thecye icone by hw ect oe srg wl wes ed it crn al cnt Tht nee ke24 anf Content 4 eg an ere yy Sone cg hon te Becateof he hve pied sung he a engrish wok xp tol tse ye tii a san oe Ne Ue en pes ening isnt eth de wr ir (4) Ow (8) Ditoye (6) Descomtsion ye (@ Attmonee “Theft cee patsy levi thereat combution nine sdihe earhone treet emis fee nd ttn Some bree hee Isp ae bustles ee gies ate tin ol ls pss 23 OTTO CYCLE OR CONSTANT VOLUME CYCLE Geman sei A. Nol Onin 1876 opt ae ssn yc wi conan ‘Stones iso wc red tv repel spon ep ld ‘scapen, Te eee trun oe pl aed Fe Sagan nae 2) Fre 10) rpc, ory I Orage owt ott ‘2c te pin bt den cn (BDC) oon ad pe ise be cag line Arte fs overuprrs nhac en conpesie exopely. ‘reseed by cess 1-2 Arp’ enn mae etapa ene TDC) psn AeSded Cy dT dpe 2 eas ppt te afm a8 ese eng cnt oie oes 2-3. a ‘eateageslesurden berg fo esau by anes Arpt ‘Susans ere anfengennte iow sl uh epson om TDC w BOC te pct rh cop Tis proce of cpus tan ete psn ened [pots St Arh ed ths expen pve he opt ona oe omy pc ere ts os owes 12 vera or ens compeesson. Therein heat sas Pome} tat he i efit eae otek en hem ce ono rw tein, st opp — ace nal en mage o woh dig ee fishes 15 Oa cp tev et ener dig te press 1-2 ad 3-4 hey ae scent pes Ha spiel ny ing ose lane poss 2-3 teed on anagem tone pees 1 Ov=emcth-19 > * mem meal) as) an ee tar28 hots own ante or err es Sebsting eas of Ty ad to 24 snd 25) na 2, he ea tony ore sami iy of sn ge Be ih a5 29 "user fo Bp.) tha te hana ice fhe Oe cpl depen ely on he ones in rnd near ith an ethene he ye sth cue a Rr cont pss e oast. i _ i Pmt Tamteteeeyn credo detention, ‘The anion of compe kn fm 4 [2 The ae he ose wae in spe is Fe 2 i a ye rr ee ‘Sucre ge atest aio an ate er he eel ey ‘costa nl sn enn pre auth apd et sped pop ‘ldo bal iyo be Oye ep ra Sunt Cy Pe hs 29 Fon eis of hermes or de stem he wrk one ig ee W ate gpd tet jee W=Q\~)=mckN~T)~mekeT) pels 19) rT) en econ volun press 2-3, Silva fm B. ean a) tnt 054 ng a en opt 084,29 Seig the eof 1nd Tes Bt. (24 29) and (20) expec in 2.7) meaty 199) (a 7) ea 1(@- 0 ereria—o'=) aw Mea ete ps, pe = Om =H am Septem, ata) «HH -1) am po RUN AEE ng 28, nave au oeEqutin (21) sows at be wok np fe yl iets wih he nese ‘nie sooo fhe ceived. Equnion 213) sows atthe me ve esp isan perineal pet Aa neces on Found nevcepmsen tle tte se “fective pres of te eye sows tht he si of pe preston rar the ot ‘eine Way of impinge rors of esa Howe he maxi oo be Sper ni hm mul ce oat wane oe el 24 DIESEL CYCLE ut Dit in 192 neice he. i ha ye i sowed comps ‘eon Dil engi yes sl ct ns ded cea ‘ume Te ones psn ashe Teal Fda ‘Bows ia Fine ft and Hse 40) pce ent Gynt Ye es 30 . pet - " eth endo occ eo competi. Tere oh sans POSE IS terbecoman pee on Heat supe ing is proces Pees itis tnrop exsn Thee he tae POE TE abcotm vtec pcs Heat eee ig i ros esl =m = a6 Horse, Oem an _meh=1) mT) a “To moe ed aoe eit 1 compeion ria. sie rg esate vlne othe enece ole ot as 2: cae pin Se eee ef yin te ‘Stone fom se hho oped eps Be cue cat pot om22 dee oft Contin Fare pes 1-3 ee pendent ea Ee (8) =a (8) =r ex Stet the values of TT and Tam Bas, (21), (22) an 2.23 cps in "By 2) thera eficensy oe nts efiny os De ese cane apenas ign] a Rr) oD alte] a2 ‘toe (2.20 shows eho cen Dele depends on he igen ‘ore ita egoen yt ial a By comparing E23) nl GH ‘heed a he fcony a= Del ye fer om i ens fo Ow eye he {erm B= 17-1) sch alms pene an sy. Tf tan ery ‘ibe Dl ce ses ta he Oo ce fer the steers Ft Ge {ae oft cof ao ft etic athe Det ees white mene 1030, whe: for prison eps 6 0 Bean he highs compe ao ‘din desea, eens of elena i pe egos p25 shows tt teal ec) of Dee ces ih te ese i oon aio wat pct However nce eee a fcc, ‘isc. ninesen tale ea nme at be he oo ft Sa ‘ese inetd wich emepnds tan tee nnd on een Tere, $$$ > senate dT As 39 cesta Faves ends) ott oasteetangtancsbiaeret laa ies, th tema efficacy op. The mascot of ermal fey wil be Seca Seca cme oe sn cio ‘psn Hoover bianco bee ried ne pt of een osc hm se mensned ot hs sae a masecng hs PAT) —meTs~T) aay Sub eves f TT; aT, om Bt 21), 2.21 and (229, repay st Baas, Wem BoP T 0) me ETT) 20} ox Swept ume,etre em =P voit, Bt ane lta = pgre-» ex) ‘Bunton 2.25) hows ht the mean ele psn of «Die nee wih he nee nl remap, oduct empresas ad te Tectia ince, tena hn eels eh ‘25 UAL comBusTON cycLE ‘rine jel Tae compro so expan pee hen nde ea ot ‘Snant eune ThepY and 7+ dagen stom nPger 26) en26 0) pec eel onto rete omit Sonne 1-2 issesop comps. Therein et fr Wa don sym, Fes 3.3 om ve ce Pt of eu pd Sara Pres 34 verb contin pre pres. The emaing ptf he a sp ed dng tit paces eset Cy Te ds 35 ‘row 43 seni xs Thr leat ase Wak oe ye system, Pow teers com me oc Het epoca hs poses Hx pe ding te process 23 = eT) Hx pied dine acs 34 =e, 73) ual hen rg Gam) + ms T-T 200 ew etd ie pce SQ, =e Ts—T) ean ‘Teena ei. ni-& a a1 eB RET me TD Maem ea © Compesinmnin, rete en 2) Prore , ak a (0) Coats ont as) orice Fo 12 alae retort a0) an36 deaf tn ait Es Bay eae” a ea) Gt ran(8)" otaer(2Y" ar on Sci Tat fo 0, 27,038 pe x =) __ 4a) Piedra) nun (24 stows ha eae in te comprion i td he higher vas of he date ent cues nen ne Ocal tec. Wi os co eat {ee vanes wand ependon wa par he bed we oe ht [it at cnt peste. An noe tue ot th sons tec eB ‘inthe tems = eins cea et Del W=01-0 ness) mT T)-me TT) Sree) ye = Eurema 8-908") ean Sete toe ft) AE e3E aay a-neyer an 4e-nera-rif re ee) 708-1 au 7 _ eso Cin Ti ie 37 28 COMPARISON OF OTTO, DIESEL AND DUAL. GouBuSTION eCLES: ‘he pian parmesan oeion pak prs a empe {bation hse ann et Ineo ce fore ee ‘Ses ome he eet oe hat Forte same compression tian eat odton Fee eanpaon of Oo, Des! and Dal conbsion ous, se oes a ab on 2 fle p-V ad Fs aga sun Rs and 1 rpc a dewing ee (Gna he cmon tah be na opt eae rte eels ee, rome te Oto le pense Dal ombuion je © Pampa trtsrroneserieuealbebe The nga eons wy ha he 536 = me S277 56 ‘eet eet ha pt whe ee sae foe eye Arn SL eS tne SL pat ht ean a Ono oe, Da contin yl snd Dos ‘pci Aree Lea SIS cae 1 a yet tee eats tht, note Ono ple> nf be a conbton eye» ofthe Dis ele28 tne ot ent Canines oe ‘orthesame compretsionratioandheatraecton Fg 28 tons he p-adic vig sane conpeon Forthe same pak presurepektemperatueandhet rejection Foot 29 eps te pandas ote te yes having ene pak ps fos ek cyereeat oin wo” P 1 ae pel en ptadSateeneytenmengmentedttnctate ce rat pinta ieee E341 een ite Om ee 12 Se epee Died ese 4 se compesion fora te eee. est reo shown by the pes el hee cys he ae ede Be uve on dap ne 1. ‘ees dag hw ped Oso cle epee yh me 2965 a he Da combine aes 2°76 ante Deel po tric men 68 en Choma Crane Chae at-& a Fie sane af eat ein 2 “Teste latin spa free compen a dea ton. Bi ae ey d_ 155-4 peste Om ye Ey 341 mp te Dal combate ee TE-2epeanatbe Bie ee trate cr miu on ui he ne Te pk epee he oth trom of ordeal eamtasin le & adeeb ee expen toons Origa HEP on es age) > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > ) > > » » > > ) > > > > > > d > 4 de fm Canton oe Now, se 7365 en 2765 > ae 65 Forgiven vale ‘tiie presen aed In conpran wl e soopesion toed ih ton peel ie. Keeping esa ek ore spa sre neces fn ith ete helt acl ee Forthesamemsinum pressures esting Fu 210 p-V dF gn fo tee ing ea SS eee Da combi ke, 3-1 mp he Del ‘Reraniown pe otha lle, St hang a Ge sanz fete ther Gee, etc he Fs apn ™ SFYC) “#2 TEI ge 265 donee Cet wh Sos At Hoss fore Osyth as 465, ie fe Powe? Soar” ie Forth se ae 2 att? Mote Poot Forte same maximum pressure and workout es ere oe ht aT Fn Taga of Pie 210, eth i he wt ef i pl i he tte 12410 doen Or eye) = wea TY don in Deal aban ee) sore 19 eek dene ini) hse wes wi eu ny when ejected Gems? Coe? Oden we te” Moat Pet 27 ATKINSON CYCLE (no egie xing ps ata Ife eae cre olde ep oe ‘sep ne we ile tae and Be fen wl be eed. The ewe ‘Sane iO yee rc) srr alone a peso he owes le ese ‘siage marta volume equal eee ps oP fee Pros 1-2 vei adiabatic cmpeion Th io at se Prost 23s venible cont vole oe Here ape ing i prece Pres 341s verle adib expnsn, Thee wo ener Pree 1 evel coupes pcr Hat i ced ing th pos42 tn tw Cb gr ‘rst eral tens, exer, Foca pes 1-2 as ny en aus) ex) en sind tn a is 43 Foe ienopeoye ne Ale ertecnt as et cen) as BRIDE sews Os in of 20am tengo 20m Te ceane hes 5c Ta red err he ‘ining of cenprsion ne I ar ud 27°C roger, tani pee he Spe re, Bmr pa wep tbe lem pe ana Hesse era mer =O718i0¢RaciR= 9 {C37 tg Ky Ao cleat ee per Secs cient ing yn, Maimeri, Swept one, Compenion a, rm set 1-2, esate mt Tt de 48 ee rer of) s246x(§)" «Ea am (B= (2)" =o = [57] ams ema eee Tp ern Por 2a Meare, Wor ne pe is 0) 0, 16015—212= 309mg Bi 5 La SI gorse Wot dane «389 001085 « [TT] Am “Titik wr efor ne Ooo le. YP Memmetectne meme, m= samt i -6 etn tw Contin a= ABESIOY sane 10» [SET] Ane Powe develop = wrk done pe ete 40 fees per sad ‘pel xg spe i fl ig ear al €20008g. The settee a 34 snd 70% afte cmpnsn sate te 12 brand 44 ‘ips sea he empero floe e e p= aa Fd e omeson tiny cle eps fo cnrnpce nigh We, Saat Fie 213, he ro 1-2 pee ng, ftwing he aw p> = en prea Te pt aad pm recy rep 3 {Sia eon eT sr see copie os eb “ois, 1osse md yt Ta hie AY ” 0954008 = 90510254 075 += [55] ame ‘ore for de etd ei ie Oy = phe 096-936 Ine ermal iar. Ny = D6 03836 = 0396 Nom secata te inal overip inh, CV cS ae) fe ol inHg a sin Spe conan nen) 668110900 ep 24 baw : ety “er ere see eran per i of ab Tete y Satna Rowe 24. — Y ett emir “1% —4 poner Qemeths-7) oma cmon Wt 2-2 Pie 19-- 0) ® — —Sande Cr dT Ae AY Ccanpesiog mio, r= He Fete aac pce 1-2, nate @ , @ ore ne (= Te") art 79) Tanda ied, er, or masa wih, (o- + T41-pr7=0 m5 i Feats i, LE oe OT ae (ERSUIUIGEY a nt ieee. he cnmresica i 6 te pines Bosse ei momen ra SPC Tce of (a) Th preset sole tempera tal al pois (0 Mee ewan (0) The wok dove pr ye (6) The aera icony Slaton Git than 7, =77627=200, ees angen (Por, lune tne tit ots Swept one, We kee = Hono. =ocse w am ren( hy envrernte= (HE) am pene FE) tae (0x es,50 Pt al Conn ee p= Tersoous-n=[2z) ann) Now «ig 22 0c OCR (or V5 COOH + ¥ = 008 om042 00m = 000152 Tlpmesteime. Gm) ame mool i) oltbet) =o) (ig) = Sma) am ‘Than fete pref Diep as te compen ais [Pietra pee br Dem te tof ran dhe rsd ec). Seton: The ea fecive press ie by otc eB -48-1 ree gataay 89-0 -1-0) com eT r= pelion ended Gy td YL 7 hax ntg—1)— nag 01 os = 4549-454 p42 7 15459 Saving bandera mei, ef io b=[Ez] Am “ « c ‘ ri ni « “ i « « « « TONE os nisersing on eile eae freoes01. Thong Tebtctepiing oi congreice 2c corgrein nol 61, Whee ( f ‘ ri r r fi ri “ ‘ ‘ ‘ ‘ « ‘ “ MEitetccy fe nie aden steele Pf ae fe fled feaoung Satan: Refer gue 216 evs aque Tye Tess Doone emai carpe For xan prema pes 23, He sgpled = mat(Ts~T.)= maa 1, 200 Be Soo as : Bye tonmnsa2mr cnt, poe BE= 0599 = [5] ame In engine wig Del ce hint ese | be Tepes ‘nad tien) te an sive pes ote ee Slatin Ree Fee 216 emir pre 2 conresion i, spar att, Aint ey, cscs Dal eee congestion comreson (ger b2° Te mama pees Ld tar The ben ener oa at ont newcomers tener a Selon: Refer Fgwe 17 ew Compeson rai petyt x0 ste EE] An esol) overt ash= [a A > 5 > ERE] Am Qs2%4 im sy -1)-250%-79 comeing 5 22 194,15)Sn yl a hares $8 [BSED sn ype i copia 2a wi ona Iban 62°C pce. Asming inser eampreson ea epetn ot 15S (te empresa psy) ce cen an ee teive psa fe ee onsen he poe 5:1 Hs = Yh, a pene ere $2 RE] a faeces neta smi mn ni meas 208 Cangnee 181200 — 886) + 1.005(1312 ~ 1200), (a) Considering the process 1-2, Reeett Come a hee ss (BFE Am set eneteosy ee ; rmon(M) erica mites, P= orc ner, 921 “he no oie scaly epee ine sf eregndig mses aFor ocine (Cl). ihioneic sal aia cn bob fom Ea 5) 8 (esto, mato) gra fe (So 2 ere (2ses2+4reay | 0041316 116 120% exe re wedi ne pra, en om B93.) (Ait te = os piece, elites at nds ee eb eee rat ieee cat tamer aracionne tt Zane ert 53069400 0 4 “Te cmbuton oun with 208 rs 0+ 125150,+ 13% 5 0 +210 + 78; +030, « ions, 67605 CO, + 6B +030, cmt = ESS IDE np mt enintt=tnt ‘Theta matron te mats whe esas ppd 11 mol of CHO 1m O; + 6758 me 79568 eke Mote tin te pce we New 8258 oe ole igh of recs =, sonnet oe oie Tre 03+? el HO 676 me 03-6 Mose taco fe pa coe ig =009 nos wig =0197 oye 7B «0mm Mer wg of prs 23M, Pai peso te pr 1971 ‘The dew pit she stein err conespoding pts of 01987 be (obi om ea le. Ans SSIES nr of 0% ica 0% iy von ia ee petage competi ef ay os fen by vee 'COr= 12 CO = 1, 4 dee a Cle he il oa tema of ea pa Soa Resa ota of aban i-(12+15 +25) =100~ ‘The amtunion enc be writen st ANC + OAYCAy + 105+ 378) +1200, + SCO +250) + HN + 2180 ‘UNIVERSIDAD OF PRA Bins woTRCn SS «2234 most Os spe, By Oban > > > > > > > > > > dw noes > ait ) Recombination tse ) 0479 OM T5GHy + 23K +376) 5 “Fo, +1500 +250, ++ 48,0. ))_Reconbnin putin ela cn ewe ) Pee 04 TO, 376K) , Srsc0; s0aMHco +1480; +413%5 79D » na etree is. = #408 wag > na state cfoa Ris 798 > Biemett Hy 7 98 042 > ism ari emt ge a cee > > > > > ) > > > tis051 maf 0; noua he eet incite toes, The ned ‘in sow tos OAC 6 y+ 12H, 7849 40310, 5 675300; BECO + 14080, +4138; + RIO ti « 2BC2RIO22 TS) am Swept me tenn, ¥y= E d= E0127 (0145) = 1.64% 10m? 021s x10° ec eh ft pod = Sosa etapa zss 4030902868608 8 srinivas a scene, Re he = BEE anata) oo oe BOE hyo oto nn aa Sp, ‘enn et ti ar eae combust the sl py of wt 29 nes oF ‘Shvemnse poses of prac losin DY neh maby ohne. Sola: The contusion ens can wien a 0:40; 290: 1280, $40; 050: 1 hfe conn 086 C008 002g Osa 005 Ning fi = 1086 +005 F002 0.005) ooss 124g Coe 3 On pen Hg COs ee 04g Ca 3 x06 22398 sn pats #6 = 31885 Cp 2g 0 poe es 0 A 2 048, aad 005 = 045k HO. 52g mi 321g; rfc 0s tere, Seis O00 gO; ‘Relays ng rn cole combos fe 72293 £04 + 00052698450; “re anc oot ed per a lr op contason eo) 2698-002 =2678‘Aounl of Hercal neue ch ff 2678100 = ase ssl. he acl qu of a spd per ig 18125-1455 p ‘ee canbutin pot wb coy = 215548 Ro = 0480p 10s 023x025%11 svn ane ‘mee asi of dey pots: y=, aa nme on tt [S] Atydocaton feat flaming mpi dy rdf ena Eby see Ope COnOSH Op=AR, etter rin dil ero ra peg opin ln Ss: The conbasise un of ulaown het fo cmb rena Nein ee ae Guth 01036 8-0 200, 0560-440, + BSN + ZHAO nigh me pes, ater apr an 0 wih edd he pt i cobain Came: Tin czv 050s ay hw Sol sy an Coy 350 Nate: y= 9837 ontamce: 2238 <4 BS oad Poort mol ‘Re mtuson equa bso asa + 22.210; + 85%» 1200 01500 +40, 1.88 119280 Aidit aio w 220400929 _ 30802 Gaiiasysrasaa) "Ts Caden + 1460, + (18465137085 -+ 12500 + 1.92140. 694%, ! (1846) (32) + (69-41 at tame = SO | pa ert et ivies 13 Asp igton engi that campoint cant 1% yo ey wep Te ope sped wi el tving quasi 5 Assi a |Miaeajaopn bal at canara wen gi aden on at ‘heres eer coon et cune he ucage aan a xs pts vee Snton: The flan epsom Ca, The eel wg he Fact = BE, 086 ee cng cng fe et fo poparon oma ‘he poyrtone omit i wil eb hy Remi wate, thas +1480, +599 9 C0p+ BE SN ie ta mean 8 i spe in comaron to bichome ‘Tec eqaion ones By oxygens, +0 uassasy = ay + 188 ngs #11910, «44h 459700 + O4NEICO, + ONTESHO + 44, a ) Tel nueber of mel of eda ps S57 04000 +4476 = 5476 Vues ni of ry ess of consi: een ee eco dh + 1505429671 005 OI. lei hey eet lof Oo camp cosine ByOymimce Ym CB + YO #290 6 mC + 04 375s ‘tte ino unr fer of; comet alten H,O anal eben CO, ‘omens 80s ep nconparion home ‘Three mol foyer aly spied ¥ =D shut a an of ry rut Nur flr oO re= 1) =20028- 100H) Past en lf CDs = 207— Yu) = 204004 085)14 sn than ene og — 35. ENTHALPY OF FORMATION 1s dealing wit he themodynamic pope of «ed cama composin es wre oir i rman, ol te ee ‘chy of sued tig nat a °C sted te to Ti pr ue ene ‘sent change in compost is vod, ces wen oneed wie eee ‘he poperes ef» pen ubtance Hone ts proces wt elu whe ing ‘ache reacton tease comps cher ng eye To creme Sty efeitos yi te ‘Ent frmacn F then fin fhe eration oa ne ots ements nemo ale om tan say ete a of 29 end ae Bye {arms lens we mea os oc I Oy yen toy ae Ha, The eae fom een ppt lated of amon The sy of larson oy Si natin nee sca nae, em reson et tw nse en mesa ses ech over te vy coment suing he hence fons condone pot “he edly of frmon i dese yi he he pee es th str ‘es, To a ov epee the ml ely he ey yr le \Comier + wns cnbotion pce t wh | ee C0 oma fom ts teens a 1 ce of aI mole of Or at fens tte of 25 nd Tan He ‘aed she CO ales tele: at Tenn gun canbe co 6405-4005 ous) tbe the oa end a te ett and He lenny ole proc Q ‘theater egal cary othe aon Tie it of erm fo owes ving wa rdw ne ech Os teat ow) are ston 115, ene fl he ean i since ty el elena ence a=. (= Hy==29852 Mina ny ve pane 18 tamer Qs ees crfaly ered a nd tbe 39 529 Ay he gi omen nly pti ot emer se ome cee Tt heey ome 0, wna nae Fes, ‘henge sin fr teeta of oman ue he racing Seige. Tae nil ofwatneroas2°C ad mm These eno 0,35 em "TE 2 ae he nal of fron fer seve diferent btnces a 25°C and a. pecaly 2952 | ap “able32_ Ena otomason et 25°C ana Pome emus exo) Task Same hot enoig) Tans wcate Enel exon) “aes Soc ems Na) ame umm ity asa Tontne dope ite W04e) st AS FIRST LAW ANALYSIS FOR STEADY-STATE. REACTING SYSTEMS ‘he seas conbton procs wil ret md my pode wrk. Anes tite tal pe ow Tectia ett in ny a ee ae |16 nee of a Conn “ablea3_ Change inant (Fy) bawean be sronce se acta aus or (tener ene en) St ee Sm am ie see 77 gk an ct td a efecto 2°C ‘Mise scot for ale howe Cage entaybemcen heeled Sl st Fi The epee 8 King re “Te fa aw or east sow recon my noe wen Sn IRENE sou: ree 8) vrs a tye yf in wh ‘ster Demeter pr malo fo won cence nd oc Sane ac td tm poner 50, 5.6 2004+ AOC +183, ‘A286 0 winnie erEnh= Las, ‘Set apy ofl ener 25°C an, ade aman cna atthe etal rms fr he compound Using Table 32 Ek stn tht om = Tn =P, ein 26989 ACH) s ae gus fel Cl anh ni emer eel ng 25 The ad Io) ims et Boeminthe mr frail mc thCilla + 208510; + 208598 70,1200, +1940 + 185036 139128 0 00K ad ats psi wl eines ite. The est iw for open sytem abe wen se + Lnthp + Rah = we Stipa A, O--M3 Mina fat (given) +1850 + 9247 « H9120 +859) 166 Moe = W iv usr = s7e2Mm +e tm Axcis pce O04 of poner and extn Cy aaa 23°C: 1308 artical as ed the ene a 40K Te rfc af soban ee ‘M700 Th eas fom he eng S01 Denise onset con i + 152590; + 1512558 700% + 120, + 9,0 +6250 + 70 Using ies 323.3, te = Snip oF Fh = 1628928 + a.5102 510009 + 7052971) == 25928 + 69 20946 = 697 Muna fe) He» Soni FF = 9989+ 17.761 + 962482 4 4184) 62s + masin.937 a0 +2068) 4781+ 416 riya Wyte 0-H tthe) °° iat” Saaistio Mole weipeofe = (1248) 18= 118 Fy wy He ‘The gud npr roe ie ete 250 Ka 200K yn selon om _ 916-2191 "Hop=2006 * 11295-82157 (Fg tn ib i i fem ce le (Hr 0820, + 163376N 4X00 196042140 + 60168, (GL 150, + 6016N 0500 + 026042140» 016M a= Sb [17 «$223 (6-298 109] + 140 +9247) + 60160 + 8490) | ae ane 93 te Zh 8B M052 + AR) + 02038882 +R) 12021 + AR) + 60160 + A) 028K, + 28K + 6o16aly, S679 «DABLAS) + 27269) + OIE.) - 65076 1019600 nee he tere. Ty T= 240 r= 041.38 + 02005748) + 203400 + 0166S!) — 60.2% a0 Rede epee Ty 7» 280 K. iy = 08(61699 + OURETH «248295 « DIENT ~ «5076 ‘The mie empcte freretnen 230 Kd 40K, Eyes rans + 222100 «99 114 [SSTE) me (ae eae ae gee tn with eee un ne (Sse eon rere w unge Sc =850), “eter elo cu ey combi he comers soa ne prc * “he etc ur 0 an fT 34, fr 0 28502 ‘29 bIssociATiON cig tenps, os tn ler cont orange, dca {i nO i tino at ney Wen CO Os om fr Oy eat ty red nd en CO, Strait C0 andy Sat egy Sve td Ste err ef ep resi hen cm atc Te pin in c+ fo,ar0n tie wnporre cu of Oy dra CO ee Src the hee emgentesaazdnte ston tect esc fate cone! Cy Gti pen net ‘irs ei of Oe oy en apne Hse cos(Len)o, +9)0:-1c0,+005 Halse degen of COs he 40, ci ows aa) (196054 200+ 20,4904 co+(Jenor a= e9c0,+ 200+ (a mir atin ofCO and, Te cnpon tsa ego cn be chain fu Teen beth omic of mes fest COn th mise he cri inte wil be 030) (0490+ Lo, eco ot cio cn be wien ‘0 490+ 40,-4400+€05 Lntabeth dope ot dssaion oC hn ACO i inosine flows 00,» 000+ $0, ean (0-960 disci ‘refit rics mite: (I~ a0, +ac0 + £03 +ncO (141100 + $0, 14 e900, +444 900+ #0, om Demi the fil ogi tei eon ad wee he (Bei ten wen hort munis of cae (ye ad npn bat oo ‘edges foci of CO, a0 especie Atsuetha Cy din Gjand 0 dine Hy 0d, Sotatns Recs wit Snecaon: Gila #1250, -+4€0, 45140 Cenie hedeion fs ‘les € CO, wl teat 100,400 4003 srt 900 nia sl none pss citroen othe do, 9, mes 0 wil soi ae S40 - 9a + 450405, XI) 140 wil ec od ein ne pots ‘Theta omgetin wile N= 99004 +800 +40; + 9-140 Ba +4540; b= 00: e000 = 2,0 +e ay #4500, Ane iy +1250, +8 ~ aC, +0400 +I HO +95 4a +4560 Ame 310 CHEWICAL EQUIUBRIUM “There dept ofan incest chil epic te chemical ‘ecto, Arama proce ef ie pods inci Whe chemi qi ‘sha the reason prs esa, me change nee be aaa (ee potas,wehem® m= ve-Ce ny D oy {dean cach pci ate as No st cege nse conpston a Te Yt \Cattgrroetbenrconer ence nde etm eins “nei ct nd yo BO"? ow SeEzchy ttn pa ee eons Tee nee aoe 009) > ) ) > ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ; ) dag tape , In this expesion va, vn. ve and pare he soichiomete coefficients binned ftom the ) pibersstvert tren ed ) Sian eee ee ) ieee SE ton san ati lh poet 2s ca et i ey ot ) Bian teen ce erenr omnes ) Remini Siemncpev aici eteqcecangtcren ie ) ) ) ) > > ) ) 5 > ) vind bron pnw asec oun pens Serene itn espn ean cate mt ms Terme’ e rtceaion in 0+ Jo,n-c0, ‘itera bee ep cn corescoe$o, ler c0+$0, cote cO, 0+ LO, z| i | y i ‘ i i i Fifer VAT WET E> ae liv mi fd Rett Qm00 mat Homie} How |mcot Samoode Peon Tipe (8 a4 RESSSSERARTRRETTRE GEES ‘na vest Tis 6 gs ed Tait a os18 tnt fd Conan ges Seaton: Fr Tale 5, fr he ei exit egeion CO, == CO + 10, te fye 10a MAO = 1 00» 1 Os a dene iin to 2, Te eon tn se C0 + $0,021 - 04 Teal ube ont opin av S ea en) deere), Fel oF = px DOG sag ‘Tien can bed foyer etd (a=08, = 360 acanbe caine spony yin a fe sie Sane 99 Ferteeuten C04 $0, —= COnIn e159 5-020 « 20242" a0 eng 09-089) (020.-0222 2400 [BR] oy it cee Am cra at te enpr e e can ofCOe. BWSIEIEN sitions ir of nen mooie nonin sede petra man oa ene pe fom Solon: fa CO; = 0 + 404 00K ey +2460 B33) resins asthe deg dscisoe CO he git equi boone, 200+ $04 m2 (1-100; Allensinens we presente pct The wal mer mes poset eit nthe rai. t « « « « ‘ « « « « « ‘ « « “ r « « « “ « « « ‘ « « ti « « « r « r «23280 535 amin Ys arte « 20~aVle+9) sayy gue g Baraca ape ee MAT ‘The shove pon en ele ynlandenar madd a od apron gules These, he pap ig 58 9 - res a ie fapont alas tcca Peak Ry a aot meen ‘Bp Rig = 66915 Memo! the loye Loto 0.140% qT seen te | Ceateanangeot anni in tho 0+ £0, He Jone ath eihO sath + FOe+ 18 8p RPK = 0, al eects re lens aT =298 Hes Doty Fa coh aR ake, + ZaKy +1868, Gs ypc nd a hs eget eee an hes ete a th sore erresibe TEs 0,hen he alain ected thew we veo es we epee sono cosa ated (ov = 2000. Ah temperate re eatin HO w= H+ 10 No.of mole rls pli = (1a) + 6 tsa, Pos aya o70tta —, -oome Taras 05a" | bystander mati ete eqn an ese or a= 02du of Contents “he pc Hf he comuion gains 0580 an, 0010,» 188%, My = 994-24182 + 8.06 + OS9.6) + OOS) + LANES) 46 Mn Guess Te DOK, nya S805 Fer +0006 Taam 096-2182» $3400 + 00468915)» 00274480 + 18800651) ‘scan sbinet hy Har etapson ge oa [REVIEW QUESTIONS 1. eee eaten na eater chen cos Ws ype of hen ee Scnis carl ne costo of eal coin epee 2 Gres ia of pero arse Wh en ooo 2. Wt hc nr ono ick ig ee fom 4 Joie ye simu sowae yen coin een mcocnc 1 Dremie he umber of me fhe pret recom of CLO, wit sl ‘lr wg ons (2 Head an STs sel ‘yey en Ye encore 6 Dect el atl ese a, 0 Part pain Pasa, vin ns 103 1. Det ei omc Whi ee rt ey fc 1. tn writngentipy aA, wt oe pers ae aoe hope Ww an een fr ft eo set aya chia econ aaron met, ee te ps gn a en Exec leonbtn Wen cei ie ner 12 DARE ihn tae een ab Gt aon 13, pain ee a han pers. How doe hi temperate age te ‘nuto incampte, when eared so wn amen es se) {ert ow ada conor = 15, Wino yor andanandbydaiton bane? Exh ete ih lp ot neta 1 Bam alegre pn een nt {41 Cs esc aloe ae tao re sample cmton far {CHO tea sop tran Cc ee eed ‘orp craton of el pe a erg mole. 12 Atl CyHatsbunal wh 30% nce te Beem Be ese ato, vlan ‘ese oft reduc of combuson centage ee wih fe mca nd pout sd be ew ponte rote, be pea 4.3 Fone sanedin acon ton nie ving 0 msde 518 The pres smpusion of ye inst, Ora 8a: CO=05 enh 13 ‘hes he sn pe Min be sic a he adhe ns sche: The ae temper fh exit gure 0 ar end 97°C expe 1.4 ReiCengae fn are flowisg comping Cabos fe hype 1% ‘Sogee ete ets open Deen he chalcone ait ee 0 ‘eal api id peniage a ty rts of Coneson by wand y ask — fel hs the fon angen of oy prot of conten by COy=1158, Com, O193258, Ne=HasK ‘Wetete eca eption 10 lt fd prs Deen ei i ‘uted he fal omptnn n asbe1 A pra canpotin of ron 4% andbyope 4 by wee Tes pd ICE ofthat aly ete Yr compe combusion Aaron tata he eo. fen isto nt te ts bre CO snd COs sa eevee an ‘Gs te preg sna of yen sey sums {87 Atel mi of 398 Ct 9% Cy wane one wih 208 exes ae ‘etre nasa rege or 10 gt el luc ay fy reduc of como 148 Rises hel em ocae() ergo aetna wi ‘i Daumia be est wantr ps a of el ene mac re sh 39 As eine fds 7D 8W pow td es pros Cyl a2 ol 26C; 208 ‘seen anus snare 1560 Khe otf cnn ane 0K. ‘Tea foe nie 75 KW, Desa fl sonanpo complete san Ser titan na inthe gen fr hole oan Sth poder cousin we a 600K Desens the hea anfr per ole o fs- 311 Dazmie be stout fat te pr filing compe conn ‘eta n ar pen ea fow sun wih 8 ec i Meso entre 00 ad Siok dGeptenea lOO Tipsichar ose pete « Beseorertearect Fomine 4-408, 965 «10 42-3609410%, = 1222«10 {12 Propane ts in te pee of ene Cle the dr edly a ‘tion an sn! inal tery amsn, whe h ae ne Poa onto apps) raga ad) a ge 2.13 Thelwall cet pee 0 00h, The aay {tity ms 85 ton and 1% yop Demet Meher es ‘Sus pee sd ler nd pe oie vat ca alee, Sst Gonos tne tured wit 200% eee! se Deeraie aaa fe temperate oh tease, edo pce 111s Gittins ence fame wenger, wh shel ret mihi of opine ‘diy 60K amare) cca poe nd) ‘Shine aes Te pce et ot cnn ress be oben om he an orscr at vert O68), be 600°, M9IKIOS, d=388x 10%, 60, ie me 105 the alah fe epee wien pon ur inthe pee fm te ea a 0 I om hav) SD cesar an) 2 os ‘Sriadngince comin Canes of mal eee ee ca ike conbutnn. The ae oan ected om he agen Pole 315 2.17 Detar stan freon ange 900 KanaFuel-Air Cycles and Their Analysi: 444 tRopucrion ‘bem ep td Cpe 2 ne a tig Sesa frcnena een nap ttancic ney es Tigi cepa sump bende plo peters meet Pomme onan sere Se oe See eeu Tee SEEMDe tay ao ieelioa earns mee ges yo ct wee ‘atin ty ay et soe ee eee ages Revie ita on FEES a srt et er ef epi era ‘Eine seo ciceny Thora pte wes narveak cess oe Se eS pemn eancea bene arey Senne Sane 42 FUEL-AIR CYCLE “he fail clio can ie int consent he fig ft wich Went bla be cnn ma of asad ee. 1 Te cl ont oi finder eh wig Mi came we 2: Theron pci tof dro wih eng Bab be es ‘nec ope eye eo oma pee 2 Me cn of te ah eerie po 4 The satan nthe mambr of meer: The mabe of oes preset in he {ote er cambria, Spnar ponte tsa ogo he gee ed se ring ne inde wits he loving smn mA Sint pes ied ere 4, Exp of es et med ob eee adibt 5 Tale of mas acon (ena pallens bye atime toe HED K and ‘pets cncneton fone (a) tan bw 10 ‘6 Bt wow ing xt samme me laa nd Ge exo pe momen cpentn Fon dsm rsd bef ‘go he xg rs pend hyn ws ig te compe 9 nad ecg clin te ely of ese Bey, far ec oss af compen cambio, expos al Hone rcv miata le Ter on at ane toe de Snr al a he geo of pie heat of gra ih ep ‘ere cnr th he costs sand ht cas et ‘Stee he faeces 138 higher an tied ee et nin 443. FACTORS AFFECTING THE FUEL-AIR CYCLE ‘The lig ar fle th agi oe alec: 42:1, Composton of Cynder Gases nana operon o ape iil oma ry for fee pring cnn ‘hace eompontin of he eye pc Slat shes sont, ee sama {one dep fence pen Seanez sp fom ‘viele: The rte of asin yb CO CO, 0.0» my Te saa ‘at ues inthe clarnce lame ane ih be edad a nae Ino ahr aninesosuning sons yh el ese wi he « « « ‘ ti « « ‘ i r « « « ‘ ‘ “ « ‘ “ « “ “ c « « ‘ « « ‘ t « « ee oy ““pee Peme) siremeind go ‘Bile shows puyol fief itle gs, which mB en seg tomcat me Sef eamear vate en Twa te i of peices mo ht cot ado sve ins cee ee “he ec an of pilD Wh epee n Oe show in eet Pnt2 Padi eee Spe tn rn vw en aig atime eo ee ‘shaeneranch er ge td td i ah = ea ae a Sombie ee er oS 432. Vrtlon ot Specie Hate ee ca Se ett arth ee ne aes = sere, ath emp eet, es fact of teint bat pio rods neon ofthe o omen Si a cy heen cen ent ea ey on A mete tt enesipenne serena ana z frei in ets therefore the specific hets increase wih temperarre. ae The variation of specific heats with temperature doesnot fellow any specific law. Figure 4.1 iy Oe sow evn a pee at cota pese ty ety epee fas a = a Poses Sa i me Ban te ge ie e : oy 3 40 on10 eda tal Cantn ee 2h an ot pce ea cone ing eee se ‘hit ve ie hh se it teed of comps wl be instead. ‘henna ese att onpoa 7 er narern nb baie oe he ‘nya hl gle bat onesie el fone cn alc on y sepa. exons Far he congeon posts Sed oto ‘See we eae 7 : Tah comson rece, ith corn pci eat th pce ieee 2-3, ice ih ae te ha he ose ein fy 7 Aue ena ‘arson nei hee O-m<-79 ‘Serum Dis odes nose nthe tenet en of exe Taichi edna consignee ‘can bbe om Fg y cong arc pc eat te ek cclnedy ye NEFF rec ce ew ane set incom ‘Serf tnd jee 12-34, where con sete hen “np. ctr ea ee eran he popes se ls a cote! ing be amps oes 423. Eftect of Disoctation Distcaion ia proces finer fcombation pode aig empriies If ‘iv eet el andes pied ad Oe ered ot ted "laa fuer son ona he ction become nx psc of comburs st ana 05 140, aed Ny However aC east engertesf e ec t Toy hah. Eres gh ex tp emcee tee ‘Scio teh yr he ep EO HOH, BN NON, COs COO 0. ‘XGnan arcana, ein er nor elo i babes betwee ‘rca ie en smston pes, The mp coef el nat ‘ips oneness a loner vb festa pes seh oman Po pve sow fs rt of doin co temp wih toe! mite eh ‘nti bcd ne coc i sangre edt ‘teeny coe i ao whe be quence ao 9 ee. With snc, te ‘Shima emp ried ven le ise sgh ck isaac atte Ta At seit aes honsenge. ‘conn nent by st 30: The psn of CO inte pos of combo nds ‘Grothe daca of C0y Tan Wenn ina th dre which rus more CO {npr den fC), Ont ken ie, be dion apr Beate Figwe ow ef of diction ce owe If tre 0 iin, he be over matin wie he intae eg chal ore. Wi econ th Epis enemas ssh Te difleensein te inure mo ‘Snel tp shore owe at ae en ice sng stant py a apd we fll an nppre 4. shows thee of aisccaion cep diagram of Once Aste disse sR pan po ne ‘tag epi tows ih he ana ae at ‘Sue sic inena the pme np eins hea Pom tt Chat dusatnOooem 434 Efect of Number of Molacules ‘Thember flee psn te pink enn depends pn he li ro 2pm ese an eget ine nc rs Gen npr [Below pV= nike psa ues wh thn of oe pene ine Tat ‘ete spent ans of nek whe einer pt doc eon ‘Sethe cmostion ote wring nce ner usta ge cmbston ore mtr ie hans Re ug om ogi ane 40 504-13004+ 440 an ‘Teun nes bee cembunn se a aera hi bere seat inoue of 16 Tie acta cs, heaton snot red complete md he cha yi sa en ame loots anton Cr be esa 6 +50, 4200 + C0, 48,0204 wo Non. tel mbes of mes inte rach net 03338 over be be Tiss th bechogea te umber ese ie dependent oie compotion be to en open hr oi {SH NO0, Hy nt CO. seep ay, ene of alc dene, eer {Tonner opie tc onl i gs i to a sh 444 EFFECT OF ENGINE VARIABLES ON THE PERFORMANCE OF FUELAIR evCLES ‘yi oa td cago an Tae no ram nlf elem ‘ge hohe fiat of cpsion to sn egal en eral eficency cf decntan eune tire mag eee af wi nal pap ‘Seperure 7 =308 Ken nul pe stm 008 The oa eens eo he wa dso he ny ene hel gpd nd se gee 5 be eomprenin ote the mal fro) ices onthe ae me 1 Samco is . i: oe cman114 temo a Cnn en ee ene eye vc re a ene ‘sth cee inconpenicn a stain equals a be vee he omc ak corwian ct Syrver eucepmste nsec eter roc Siig ceeanatenmtnaraee - Few 43 shows thet of gual and cen tom hrm efi const vet ieee tse be Scant ele At er comprct ‘aoa he mares made as (1) he pete or se Sond wks {the ee ip sea Unter ae cane spe hs te pr wl ely ‘tn Ao a heer etre ft ell cone wi ap ea cee, een peop wea Ses theeny hen apes ce ec aie a ‘rt chs of he ceil cnet io (f> 1 th fin al sen re ‘ai wit nen so. Thr ec nin freee ‘Roa cme ee pn pee hen i. sepa» wate ofl eee te sn Te Ades 115 ont) Ex emia tego gm ban lene haat ‘pm fs of ompesion moan ec ro onthe efi. te pecoan ch mation temper T main peste Penge Ted (eas fave pee ae a npr fore alas lees Tague 19 sw et ssn crenata ie 2K wg ear he epi of we ee steal ai incense or egy poss hr il maintain tempee IO Secbecrskc cg ton et ievouge atte ponatn de cp ine "Sct fc (9> 1 wl ecm aac ch way to ce me ‘Spl combucn api nthe mr el il come hye yx ‘Sretecaofhsctateataneqloce oo sb kere Ate here [2"thor te cums sr deren ae ou ge prion pV nF pon sp nice ienwne of mcg inspec fra uate The care fps ah Sets ionic crest fc tuna aed Be oni ‘eink isomer can tt rma Ty Mum ooh elect "with nese n compen a, py nd 7, wl ines bea pa rather coop ineEames Famels hatens nt gpa annette Fg 4.10 show ti effec of eivalc nis nl compen on temper is bret eth fg ath Saino tbo Obie ely et ‘rn fh Aen, eget oe gs oe ch i mle | nme Redighinaley angen’ nln Ste Gm Thee Ans 7 Ait he empere ote ts tern, eft of chen ert i ss la tpt Tel weak ee (i a te fo a (reco mend oO wh soe rey tevenped and ag here al 3 sal ‘Soper Arte Compe ones, erases Ts bce by reine howe i sows the ff he syuvalone i and he omgrenon a9 0 meas atest ese (op of suas roan sree hp anand T= 208K eb tow tet ean le pro else masa {iy rer nce corse Tbsp premcedag e {tCompion o, eean efi peer! Be the per Bea ‘ec hgh eanreson sie aw = pnts) ater na psp nmr nite aba os bin fms ma fea we xn te ‘Sesion tet tna es sn neo copie Th eee or com ‘ioe Ge tie cmburon Son cater x a etciry fl comer blow be feta eet ‘What wil bee pcsnage cage ie fice fa Ot ye ing ‘Sept ofS, when te yc ht cost vow nes by 18?18 tiara of era Cato re tA tw Th Aas 119 Sotaion: Te cn) of he Oto ei gen ty ‘wee ris te compro ta ant i uf ra Gees] wen ph nom ney Dien a ee tt ig Po ait ate BOB a a tar 2B 1] " « Better Gees] ® ‘nee, a fen Dg ete “Basser tre Been ® Swing eat om By, ca-nanes (24) roof e860? meio ra jh terre) Sep tone, oa “Rare, the fficioneydacreses by [UHC] Ame = 18%-Vy= 1% 4 wm noe Yt wie one ne a hyo Die ec ing Cede ME onan seers, | Smurcunwiowasarcssee FS Solon The fey of te Del seis gien by =f Fem est Eamets120 temo tel Comin Se ‘ee he efile ess by [TE] Ane ‘Tae competion i a egiewsing on a Occ it esi felon 151 te pre adtongetre a ies fom ee ‘eran 6'CrspcielyThecune ke fealty Demin ene =a ce ee pce con pen = (00 =O hg 1 te oopein ior = Has ral jt) =U ster owe es9 Ean. Renelemans-ask Seis sie 5:1 gee go lad a at ne ig por pg mini = 4 ig in oefear fate Grid TA 124 Jos eer « se 678 + nooner? 478%) = 2180 cq ‘tees +0678, 216-0 G MY insar, 4568 10'=0 1j- ston (aRroRDaT Maina presse wl mati tngeee dees whe coding se vain of sehen wie tmp “Te congenic at of a nie workings Dit! 2 ste i fuelriot 201 Theempennrettetndtcomprnes 000K Toscana al ‘tom gad hepsi at utc votue ef he pects of sombeton sy cranes Saas) Deceit the recep foe cpesctR 07 ¢ 2x 10°74 0207 areata Hoe water ang pois 23, pe no, Pewee(0997 028 10°04 « sine 10+ 14 104} 1009 = 109 11047} + 09777 -241 Percentage ke dag whch he cnn camped, 238 oa 2 [ER] ane BUSI ot en woking co dnl ambush caapresion of| Tor tanec les pew ot he seks. The animes ied 0 ae Beem nny tenga oe a 1 pt (37 tag Kander = OE T3810) NG Soltons Retro Fine 1. Ht en Compson nor = Hw 6 17-0207 iB ©) =r" (@716+125%10°D tegen ets Sarees, > > > > > > > > > > ) > > > ) ) > > > > > > > > > ) d ) > ) ) 16 fda Conds Ent 4 fate Crd Tee Ais 127 o Datde 112042732533, Fane" =3307° =0aL4 K aareeh-1) 15-624) (Sie mutt acta pc sean ei us a to Speman rtp ieee epi silos an a mip Oa Sener aes 15 (ZR) am ee nite unto es fro without moe expansion ied th mero Bap stone BH 45 EQUIUBRIUM CHARTS “ean tr clone ae anand wi a ep of hemodyae (hora 1BHeyoood dep snow ne ofc nS aa follow he apne of eh Stan Norns, he carts te ttt ed so ve er pices by (Sige ei Hoe ho et maar ero oh ie "eo npr weds fr ec 2 aed me hrs ote roprie of tes pss he combiner ew =v 4451, Unbumed Mitre Charts ‘Theyre oft et gen oon es eo te so gies nth mite For ‘Mice oping tnt fhe engi he ail a so eae fei et ‘hangs hdr annie mantra char wool hotly be eu, Howe ised Sof hare tte tocoes tee fate sol aed nS engine The {minal omboston engine eee poses The tharmadyears:popris of xh he a rms cniced ae pared oop by et tt Cee it ined fr ‘hein lecminsn fst ogee pee os une the enn and endo ihe campeon pone, he hoe Seman fhe opening ‘=e comtacice and fie bul mite ate ed ee rhc of sou ening wih comics anu (= Cl +1250; 78+ BOO #9840 PM “ 14 Cat 6g Op + 154g > 387g COs + 1G HO +134 Ny oy ThgCiiags 231 Hg Oye SHE N+ 309g CO; 142g HO + ABN, (65) eg Gy sat ih 1+ 11.6) IS Hale « Flies 000821, F006 Tae theo auton eae 006g ily Hes -+02064g CO, +OOBLARHLO+OEEAGN A _ Degen theo Dk eae =e 8p chm be po (+ gf mie og of a bth ae uae. neem ose, he chilean eos osc 0.07250, AETIN, + DOOHEICO; + OOSIH,D + OORT, (4.7) ‘Theta mre recans» OSI, nde umber of es of pod nan ogine, amass faction fot procs remiss clearance space and ines wi the sou taco) a es cage Soe gi nde connine (=O ig Cay +g) +0204 Kp CO; 008g H,O-+ O78 IGN) ‘The al aero ta nde wlbe (=f + 05717» 0038 + 060% ig Ig nett ae tl tein nr #08 12. she tl std te sin of a of ees px incr thet ass fc cous or het got he alma fc Some (1+ kg: ee hp alan Fk el Mvof ad pinches"8 fnew end Contin Exes ‘abe 42 Chatconportonpertg oe oe =) wate 3 Ha ca eS (BES | ey 2 = 02n- +n =0+hd pe (ho sh cre cn gah al 1+ BOL ego tn chp comin = PUD. +p twat te Pa (9 teh ae 1 ng tts ctr sr fm es Now sie (1+ hp ek cg cnn Fk fh ah, (+p care sin Plaats “Tonle i eg. tert fg i to si BSS 0 epee finn 0.03 aman brngeece !atoo! 12 How mch fest ran fal wen or nach ea nance) Seton: From Tbe 42 9 sn Prt =~) = 0095097 = [SOFTEE] am seins [TE] Am etn ital F< 000085 [SRST] Am 5900 for evte an tm hg gees ooh Sion Babe iin se 8K, (A ie emp en ‘roth leat 80 Ky = 154728 Moa Stsblenaly fois K= Ah = 14723 Minot cates ad cats bi eta ean otban ne ae r ate oe me a Ais 129 om ae 33,460 K fo ong, = 15441 Maa tt ropes i 15.046 Te ie SD 0, Zs Foe = 10, he smb of ls fC Od Ms we OSH, OUTS an 73 rips eH lem cay of mac, ‘4, 000058 15472) 00725 5+ ATS 16 658 M0 perk ofa = [STS] Ame Sere ine ee of eats, AU = at =a 00-298) (65300351 4316310? 00-258) 061551445 «O46 MU per fe (een) am (298K an Ua nw 200 Be gg 688 MR Hag = Glsalangte Te vaer pe wat esta nia REEL Teste xa Sy ‘Sowa mail by wc etch ce ene Te at i ry we ing ‘Sof neon eg so ub cy oredr fo maa et “npr an ene os Tre shore sens he tamed pion i ae we, Ts sete cs epic re du Un open pes Hwee he conus Pes ‘Sut a ‘Ween ithe terezie eee aay oe by ection of eon 38 Knows no sen The intranets ety of eae ise ‘ated emi al tery Uae ctl Myler Gene moe rpc cng ase alr ange a Helle ee IngehgerntempertePrt tender erimieg Sesredomanmazreh oni Rec ST Nes ofl ean sey SoSon fee ook Wee veak ng «“n my soenfe, ont WZ ean “) oo wo “ soap ew geen be a as=(6-4)-«F (2) an “Te eo ng ewes he se) and — wont w(2) we atte em Th eae cant prs he chang eno i 200 new-aF h(t) we we teatienk n() as) gi tween ep npn cis ih ee Rami (9 hoe noe oii Vn at paca tempese nd exes the mel oe tec eng be cee fee eget Tee as we te ud fa tang compen poss oe e-em a a. a eres wih egiios ae 1 Te pps mon og ft [Bota s+ 36 197) bg) ator (928 #21 107) NE KD Sunn: Equine rai ¢= 1.0 ttt afl mse shim. Under ‘tous or Iba, Socio OOS6 he oft & ote Tas serniorntf 1 fon e251 xwong [ESB] = [EB] [OSTA] Am 4.53. lation betwen Usburned and Bunad Motures Te contusion a inaction che le pes ter cantata oo ‘Ser pao pe sen canbe get gi nyo oe of et mie 29015 Kp or de xigina iatare then “ Ealiy ‘wee ate ner einai aspect Fh ety in of ‘pei 9129815, per ilo, or revere oat conn resonators pereranns an ce he bred mie etapy by te wba RC ya i te ‘ree tae ft bred ne 16) | i e | fied mite ie ain, a) wen Date ‘Be feline iy po fing yf main wo he ‘uy of fran fo pout (GT) COy CO and 0 wegen Tablet ‘abet Sunda oy enteral nets tomaton ‘= Fea 7 Oto a 00 co, Sas HOG Su ‘lst ely rion ed ena enone ‘itu mine fe gus act (Cy) nd nem nih quale a 1 nd Soler ton he vasa tl ita ce ti om Slain: The chic eaion with Lea wen Gila + 12505 + Ny + 400, + SHO + IN Gtk) oOKD CBD Gs | MekD | GRAD Poke 0016 iy #02120, + 74HN, + 284g CO; + DOR HO +0768, Diving ems ysl wept of pce comer ok, S088 10 Gy 0125109 056279102, 74641 109 COy 9532 109 H0 4273107 Uist baned pu ftion psn wit he eh alts, Qe neon eh spec per fu te No-of knoe of ily = 5288 1040-9) Novefkmoe of, "= 7252 10% -) NecefknolrofN, 2273108 Nevofhmmler CO, = 4643102. Novoftmobeof Ih =322% 10.7 ee «130 faema ma Cann Egat , ak eS be A phe 22 x1) sb Y EMS) "52210962082 10) : ane Lay 25 0 0210) + 48h W/O) SS 07 (20630) = (Ewa AAT] Am ‘Toes och on teomdtoamietbe flareyae Te Seer ans 36 Bred BRIERE = ste he hue mite of ocean a at he of de aera cnr = 08 Kc chy = 310 hyn pee = 158 {Md ane 0124 mtg Cue the enpeue a x pes ae oan ‘Sic hing eure so ad he Bore faton 008, Son: Gen Tee GASK, tng MOBS ip 7-005 ss 29697 rie 43) 52963 0065 SEL kg st 30-214 = Lg eeu aral ig opm ecard 1-H] wt a abt Grin dT Ane_199 pv=n.=1860=[ BNET] Am = 16, ‘Avi andor ston or a angie p = SON wo Fg 19 es sys TOO ua +054 wg Ty ‘ne BEI stn ce ni smn of ee wih Coupee Te that al acs O08 Teel ae fa a bg ‘erence emptree letps snl era can Se ndcned mew else pes nd he sumer ery he fait ‘oe Uv ot ombutson care gue 1 ao 19) and ables abs 4200.85) 6 ‘owe Aemsghneenpenaen 25°C Frost aaa omprnsn: Ge: 350K From Fge 18, fr vor ven (2) «150-292 = BEAM ato maga Now Pom Fiewe a7, aT, 262K, ayFe rarer 83-29 (hom Tle 43) Imag eed pe Ro p= [RT] am Flonng conn onoy es fe 3 955 ge Ae, nenslieigar acing (08 he bane ga ch, igs 419, es We AMDMREA —p.=STOANR ody xp wok yg == 55+ 1540= 15S Kg. "Net wou = Epson work ~Compreion nek WSS 30 24S 1 oy * TRE, + aaa *8-CE] am cotta = [a] Ame ‘Wm ery fete a cone = mer oi cal nt nth ine ake atte oe wh dst ou = io hl sr at wold oy he dzone lien ety ad Tyo he moe 510 27298 tonto" 125) ~ REVIEW QUESTIONS 4. Wap he hema een fa sr sud pl mh ihr tn at fc 2 Wise satya eee importa? 1 Whar de difescstetwecn are te aes yan to ef 4 Wht arte smpon mae ashe amt of eye? 5 Mw du he compo einer ge af hel ce ris? 6 Mw despise? Whee pp egamson eth 1. Hap epi sci alr wan ‘ce mare pound Hw des rem of CO af dere 5. Show te sft of ncaten oe One oe “ese 1 ipl cco dag unt es erg onto he ain 1. How te cnpeson rao aed he gua ae hl ety ad ‘efiny roe aol eal foe neta oe een ot 1, owas eden st themasinem temper alae es 1a Hordpaccunder ioc opin ots he ep tent 1 Tow doe else io ade compro eo le he mea fine pe fatwa? ™ 18 Prove the hal icine with rept th change psi et 3 oman okie of ele vig cnscan an i e oy any 1H 16 Desvemerpesin deerme techni fine of Dil with ps a ‘angen pes be atc! vole vig omni ta 1. Warthogs oman he Dee te cir eel np eres ion showing aes Expain peste cae Saparef atta ele 1, How ae the peer fuel pts n,n with he peice {hel tre ot ele conten nh cae of g's oma ones ‘onbuon md) const peste at conten?> > > > > > > > > > > > ) > ) ) > > > ) » > d > > » > > > > > ) nn rend Conon PROBLEMS 41 Wout wie the pose age ine fcc fan Oa eee hav {to 1, weeps haa coat ees 13% wise : ‘enngotaconesion eS These ve fil 400g The ‘nonsense he dri 3990 hele cmpsson 3) 8 {elena const voume tte) gabe, 0678 000017, eT Ein tenpent in chin Darcie een of ge 44 The comeson ro ft aie mahng oslo 30 Te empeataa Seedpeer ol od 20 i mae ‘ect acne reset ttf enbason ien by y= 0997 ¢ 210" Ady K) Combo Compe a 63% ofthe Ske Drme Be 145 Aa engine worting on Dal embustion eee ts compression ato 18 ad ce a ‘ies pce 65% of ese: The astm rato he pele br The [pound he engerser e bepngf mpeinaarand SI epe [te Dacmie te resorted the enpert a all he iepoi f e e ‘None f= 0257 tig ane" OtV6 19104 Beg “46 Arent nrg on Os je wh omen Ie Cyl The ‘Shnievauet ld kg These soe 6-1 Deter e eege Soles epunen Compu mau pest ate erase eed ne ‘oe to tour cong moll expansion io @) wn ae srpanion ‘sine = 01 bg compen lows nw pS = const Te prese {ihe empress a Be being of compression ae ta and SC epee 407 Doamine 8 mer fino fa anbured mane of oocae and i te rrp fa th egelens ro) 08 (9) 12 A mas fon fo Oe duc ea lees mes ih hes ch 4s Aotepne nal cto f 0 nd bee sate vig een to ‘TOW How much fh aad fit werent? How eh ulm ta Steud? Oban be congo oe T a ot 49 Casale esl ro en de sob oy park of i at 1000 feean unica ot mae avg an essere ao 10 Cie aber 33 an 3. «410 can laa free hs comps i 1 pres wah ci. ‘Feespesion. Te eta eda facie 5. The fe ve af the el [Schott eran rer adtheempere oth pos Be ork compute oak of epi h noue tmal eficen, he ndeed ‘ean cfeve pure andthe flume fine of eel je. Use co stn cas pues 417, 418 9) ot es Tes $2 al 43) awe Kempton tempers The Actual Cycle 51, INTRODUCTION Ane opertng onthe conver int et iso wl wick Terme eas ‘Rect thee owe she lepers te ext In te ot xs us Alt ‘Slee higher enya he engine an wat cal al ee of ‘espe pened “Wnt nr or her lin, ae pct hat and hte of incre Sek ce he ap ear cep ets al he “he acta yl nascent hsv Thi ani nei ry a econo th aie aly by ag eee nd ‘hing mennrenen by spc itunes Ane fh nes cn be mae or [peetu egies nd mint ronments tio psec ‘Soke ge wine lp of compe: programs Svcaped or i apne 52. DIFFERENCE BETWEEN THE ACTUAL CYCLE AND THE FUELAIR CYCLE “Te pos ase oe ose atleast alee ad he fale Inch fowing les at ween oft nlf he cl led 4 Bony ele fot on of eptember, 5 Harler teenie wale 4 Gace or pumping ss,521 Lesage sien tel npn auc eine ow npn atest gh tr Thee ‘igus rtm bepress een ‘els pth pto ingot nn Lesage cn beets by ney om at ‘icp on conan etsy panes ek 522 mpertect Mixing of Fuel and Air "api. nt polo can a pet ogee mite fils a eo nts int yin ete geen kes pace ese of nce ee pot ‘te inde, ae may beac eng sa ste pene ny be re he ‘ens liye int enogh ona fo congue uton, wich may en he {pene o CO Hy an ne ale Te fn of eo eee ‘tine te wage ft Fie SI show he ogo ein ae a ye ‘en ni vrs ous, Te aie cane ey ng et - B & e I y i e Poms! onan atu et age mdm atin Brn ie bune fl ose contin lading xpos ing in ln fel tr ex, ere wi» ow tia sce ee eat ‘rs with he combustion of par aes pc ene 3 ‘Ncabortr pene» es norton ite tnd cnn ed See ie al bas of ander nie. Th, tore a mae "he fe of impeach ion pie ciency et mh provid he inet yen ene pooper tent an pace ena toh 523. Progressive Burning ute says cont ole la ee i ae a he ipiton kes ply tad conte sn sombnton soto intel Seng conbusin sutras om and connae by moving hea ont Cenbaon eae wen he fa fsa sed hog te ene hare hes ome mein dingo Th tne eras at ‘the fe ompoion, he combuon camber hg nde eg te see ad ‘uote ton ptt ange operaing enti Der oan of hy ani Bee nes even ftp a say Sig amon Te sc es ey Sn porns the charge tat eto Te ane en pec pages) ‘rogue mine Tis penne fg cle ropes arg “he cin ofl er wt pope tar sow tte as efeive [oranoces brn or mh ye he po deena ap id cee ig Sn of al para care "eos ao lag pee ising nd propeniv bang eo sl ed ao te enon hep dag ig ver ely eee he ‘Sut ondows es iin mas be uno te? ae 5246 Burning Tine Losses ‘crash aly routs tog 40" once een thine te pti pod thetine te chops eo ned Teen ep ck apie) depen Se tne pen an titan tte he pion of sat pig mde ae oon {om cater The eel dance ore ying se fg se seo ‘etn hed oy wing mre an se pu up A bem censaon cane ‘nes uk pis moaned en einer dc steno ce "el ct The nono hee et pense bo fat eat suo te hae on the ned ae ut Sade a fet Hee md ‘she cna ee son moves a etn tn dg anh ‘ae cut he rng ltt me demo wh so nok ad ‘Hii, Howeee he brn ieee ae ei (a) The ti ro ie made too le on (©) Thetis rtay coved ecg the mcsion pres (©) Te pam faon se pelsdt tn ono 525 Heal Losses tothe Cylinder Walls ‘Cope xing aah Dag omy ad ely pr fe sence a entre een gues ih ada consenlan hat ws om het se ‘Bough he ener wae and enrol te wr jk in wird cages a ‘uli iar nacnleeapies Seb rn ine pad an rom ee esse ‘nev at as et sme a hen yy tee eset een ‘igen te pdr wa Mn To te het gos he ig ee "Aca eat fof the ener wale te wok nd ice) ea sere cus some lhe ee eed auton ote or pong ‘Tos aingenpuson Hower te ns of heat ting coneon ese Ras ‘Seger td eestor cf CO, od HO Irae ch lm on ‘Son bt npn ner a eco ny man 526 Exhaust Blowdown Loss “The pra th ed engin oe mcg hn he sarc pees. thers aes pened atten dea eee the pi woul aos are aoa ‘omar gh ree esa pt sing he exo ck Ie xe Sd pe pm nn Tee psn ne ‘Wek The ctl opening of eka ave reeves he rvs he a efor he psn SB TS el ur on Re 53h oft ‘ae fei Sew ot mich Pata Gye 147 Fg 53 shone compro of te sn vole fray wh be acl ey, stn gS hao a ni its we et conpcnaetnt miter op nent het ‘cs oss The ong sw ei Tatlin ate: ain eri ie an ae ef le (4) Bondo ocr: The of exh Sodus fe ei yte gm eae Bde a. (Lr wok ras be expedite ice of we of i cyseid aes ofl et be weet tg Lot we a= 1 = Saale esata oe For wll ated ane gon conion pc epi, he rt he work ofc sx wo of eit ren ey nied w 08 al wa eee Jomo be tte no sw one bed on eget ha ts 9 or gee cbr pests fe lo sn 9 ps he om ows rhe above camp th ine os cae to be 6 at at 129 se de loco on ta be 2 of eh le wee.48 tne ed Conn ge 527 Fld Friction a ci ets thes ine iyi cin be id pce ‘oper eterno Dials bung sons Sane pe xl, wh ‘Ste me ha ton. The veal eof eto taloye ay e 52.8 Gas Exchange oF Punping Loss ‘evs oer cy a usc er cert ke Intake yn alo depends on te egine sent Tepes ering te scion sake tlw ‘osphe The extn sam Sits a ens aes est ps aen ‘Se omer: foreland tla or eee The buat eb et pt ‘pei ee fhe pes tec bec herd he xu yc Te {pene dung te eat ks ech gis he ate ‘ig tows the pus xnge pecs ir comvenon Seg. The eee of vod doe in expen eet gue wo ey hh are dig en ‘Sok calle te pmping wart onde peed alee pani op. Tea ping inp nee or dee pong tes hump ted {be om te loner lt pres popes he ile east rere The Pom los inrenes nude case ang tne he con peste Te pun a eres wi ed ams Guenter 152. EFFECT OF ENGINE VARIABLES ON FLAME SPEED ame sedis erie ptr wich fet calle ag den he eke on sng Tae jeden pen eae ea cped bea Gee 149 521, Pua Ratio “The fie pen iby epnden won eget. At ihrer he Mane speed Ines Fi 9 sovs ab matruaecperne on! wh sgh ae ‘tie perv anu ac rss te ‘tinge conse rd sat yh mien nin ae ‘Cane Gay sontton an ere ie he ano la 532 Inlet Prossure eri ci ine ace ib ng oy en ‘SEincmnenpune ts ming teat te oe et Ones ne ‘Sho supped le esr sree, cng ihe mann tenes 2 ‘Siting rene Dane pee 1533 Engine Speed stig engine th a isn sped ass, ihr it ela of ‘Semture ne nr anaphe letane ronson nec rece te ‘feolog chu Te eve pi dang reg. acing rane to betes ‘Ree and rutin unre This matin nse ar an bee em ah (howto he ane sed eee. 534 Engine Sze “The fae pl does ot depend pon th egies feng of sn devin Engi of ‘Helgi withne ie sane an pe eS sete sae a we san ad {ote ant ne ip regut tie e "ems pir oe = 20M we fre ag od ithe nied in tc ry en ped et te is ig ge si tee ee ether ene ses ‘on eS ons of sing nu hh ava ageing te ateny Ine iyo ect = SAD Ser ei eed ens, 54 ee ane eet hele wey techags alee a ped lope ete ae We sae ‘Se ec fr cmpetng Se combo pce the re cei te Sec ds cnn peed i en hee apnoea eager copia ean, Te oh {rac com ng eure rag wi en he ue ead fe Si oedian ofan Coton Ege __ gin Te gina ign avn wl fb poral te ed aig ‘tele wl teatnos te sane pacomge of Se ety np 535 Residual Gas {Eoeei guisman eect edie an pw a he ‘enc spc td cht ese Tsai i eof Chae etm ee ‘i ete he es wilt suf he el ups eh ane sied ‘wher omen to. The ger be in psec cage, ‘hee pend ines wth mee hare das 54 EFFECT OF SPARK-ADVANCE ON THE ACTUAL, (CYCLE OF SI ENGINES Spe th ping itn ch» way ata he in eshte TOC pion be spe tt an he combastin of nes eC oped oy et [ite a rae a oer Sansom be Senegal se ue SS Sams ferric acd escent aoe seit imen nome ar tena Se owes Ste ucaldo pansion wo or Peep se oo spc ining mich bance he igo aka pe eno sree ks {isp ecompeconbson nse te peer TOC br oo ‘ott eget cnpres de wong pss at cace pane wrk eee an es ‘hejower mete welon gS show he scl aa gran wise) pion sda sows te corpo ear yen Gag r omit some xtra can iets ten ene ae a a ‘A mode gion nce pes Bsa Thr wil fe al neo at th compen epic ks, ing mastmam owe dey Fes ows ‘nal inno gram wt ino piton rane: 151050" BDC and ss how oe ins? Shomte sinensis ae The ig of su hihi depends upc he end ade The ela sum ane mechanism re ed rove paca eect ing allopng (Goto, The racinut pies ge alae hen he ene ring se a ‘eth eon nt pderer rae omc teste pie ped easel “ie 31 cone the es of teenie perfomance, aha ae ee pee, snean elie peste ec, cneng taal oft mal Sefer as {Guten ings tn eet ote cle peta ee ae er ont Pe eee (CH ep The peter an opesig ssn od th152mm of taal Conon Ene Tablest_Oycleporomancete vrousgnentmnge a Se AR, Bea ea ae Bs We Ban VOR Fyre 58 shows he oft ofp aac ne pV diagram Th yl espa os rca, The ic pvc eee (ae ce alee ns ‘ioe sconan abe ofiguson atone fropiam en Agee an ore ‘is vue wil wa etic! pve nd oe ies. emis Teteaanatanmenctep an ge 39 stows th ft of vag suk ining fon opin onthe ee inns ean five eam ine) Wi pum srt ming nie te aes ay ‘i teignin Svc incendie para ilo tet dae ‘Seep. nda ren ve oe of pe nc pce lear eA Ce 153 i | - I "Deg or ge ftir ming Panto Onttng sation on ee pee, ‘ttn fm optimum maybe ees ede id ann and 0 ilny ‘tc rant nian of hdc nd eb menue 55 POWER AND EFFICIENCY OF THE ACTUAL CYCLE Begone netic fhe mt dd on my ts Hem fl of 1551. Etec of Compression Ratio. ‘Te ft of opin ro on he nde her ses oe acc of pe gion engi owns Fp 1 Forth eo empath sree fiery to town The sae of oe wo oes he a, uti oe nl Oe Celowe Pe ficny of he ye nee with hea nope ry Ashe 552 Etec of Full Ratio ‘Te fet of eo on te nde ein ove esi ie ade ised ‘ermal eine 9) swe i suo gms) Cetin nnd yd cnn ‘ey ch ad ey ea mies ower he aig ef he fad fa ie de ‘ein ef snr ty hr ae fy sia ht Fer erg.) Te acl cue oid many or eign ses nd pcan ming lat The mai aed ea ‘epee nde asia nome ties ih hy ihe Sern as copter inser 56 FRICTIONAL Losses ‘Tecate eine owen ide tematic. Tea the oer nein deed ine be eg ear The pve developed ae ene eps re 158 ul willbe sth por eet te snowing te eta ses ewes {evar ep hm reson etwen pon an earache ‘tengo sytem nT sl power ced ate pover 9) Si Be ‘Ermine oneal open a twinge eta ees ‘ermal fine Tee) eel ebro deed ot ‘Gown iaTasie 2 Wisheincene neg pre sole nase ap Table 2pm Sania (r=) ue Fall food | Hel ood a ye Cea Ie Siete no a le St ae ne [me ec a0 aie 157. THE ACTUAL CYCLE OF CONPRESSIONJGNITION ENGINES ‘Te conbesion rcs of compen gn enie sampled in te allowing he Es 1 The ese ly pial stein ped een sa fiona Uhespmenne of fae ermewurb pesee ie doe combo 2, The secon sag combs sg ie pes the ly pits ng Tenpran een pied mot i ae fa bane ung te ped pee “Teck tees ding he toe ee sges cobuston vy wi design andoeing ‘customs Att get el eve inn can cones by nea inne eg. Py ener papery154 adr a Coa gt Ave ey oe ne fe ih mcmama igh ‘at ein bitoni rae elargyieae Betas lestenins nope iting ffl edad ropes ain ho nce. ‘emer may be lst ce rng soe ang ema ps mh Joes aa te ral fs tine es. Te desolate meted ‘ov for lepine et sme ths ds far eagee happens tee ofan sats oly nd enti ihe ee ya te ene he pees Clergy, te event eae te ave apy sf Sr iene soa ir aiog ron, boe’ be he 58 ACTUAL AND FUELAIR CYCLES OF C1 ENGINES. na Diet te era en component ye, Te mos i ie tinanpete consonant tue ef be man ies oe nee {edie aca oylofa Clea Fg Sa show hep apa fort mel Dele {tained prevail ece etoccer se owe ese nga re ake ‘conan Aan beee e aa an fairy sey oF O00 sae ttn Palace t i i REVIEW QUESTIONS 1. at ae he lose ose othe a fe alee eno ase ‘mide the iy of be aye? 2. Watdo yor oan revi rept Discus eager ae 1. ys pce ing il spol? Show te compton eat gues, {sical pine nie ato egtaence a, “Wn a meena yr pe? Wha wl etc? a yon mea by png toning? Wat et nr on which he ee of owen brag Sei? 4 Hoey ig et ow hee mt 1. Dang ih prt ee le eh laure sia? Wh de he a 1, Sia do you une ea oor na? Stow eel of xs ae pen eon exo oso em ‘9, Deine tein a ea ao the dow ot sa te ot wae ‘in Compe al yi ts tcp wh cna ame oo [pV dagam boetag tow ose 10, Bain th psn 0 eal ye thd ton aed TH Ward you unr by poping ose ig pr exchange! Eps witb o apdagem Win ni bebe ct of cling md pert o fon ss? 12, lib dre ane ued ary i peo oor engi aes? (Relea i esr (gee (Ene a ad Rep. 13, Show beau nor gun (itn TDC (9 ey ie ae. {Gap itn same Als hone coespoig fal eee Sonne etl poe fice 14, Winn two inp at oe ch pr ning pends? How ana pracy [rie tinge seed ral opting onion 1s, Siow snd emp fe fuk soe gle Yaga. 1 Stow te eet of devin peck tan om opm on mae ne we levers 17, Wt bet eit of congener fen the {au ye Compre he toy fescue witha ef he ith he pera apn 11, Delo wih ep of ipa hfe of a nicl meet ental ea fey anal cere in 1s, Wine tie prt cmtasonnacomreston ton nie! What ibe “tls Wholesome 1 Fara Cheops compe wid hl of» aga the aca ce with he ited premela eeCombustion in Spark-Ignition Engines 61, INTRODUCTION ‘Seton ins posta mse pe yx ck carat yap Sev Imatoft an tha sats ot po of i ed pet sew ees ‘manner, Woes the Mae et cnc ot end of Foe cee: oy ‘hp age ni end hp, orbs eld oma. When ered woe tha ofthe Mane ies nd tes tte the ene cos ee Pence clad ‘roti Wien he oie nese nh eo mound 4 en ome ming er hp cae er pe ‘Wie conbsiois nity spl cole combo ad when cna on isin by ne pet eal ncn condo Unt oa os ‘ons te cambusces on nd ar cep ajeae Unni eta ‘tn snd ith pion uit. Apa deta coe ner ‘tea of berm mbes Intech el nog pons wie cia ama eto hi sins Ff iy aie ‘Sve comtnns cae ten Sn tse whee ec egos Scie si omnis ae eng et ‘echelon elec uns hae try ake a ‘tne Mane Sunday esaibd Howe he toned pst bce nth ‘Sin hn eon esemeig a wl ig, 62 NORMAL COMBUSTION Tom nd he smgein ee acs tue nog Posed tren oc peg caste td tt poe for ane esos eae Fees thn tien of ne. Conteton penn eel fh mance i ‘heal ae depending ily on eenpreze oe fae and wel oe ¥ say adsense henge {he chamber oi finally te whol ofthe mite i engulfed. Depending the ere ft ‘cent spd amet wiles, seing peutic We ot Wh (evince ame prssimeed earns an hs perp be combos orien psc ne 6) apa anid erstoke Sten ome la gun ttn urea capes ron and expansion we pe Sig TO" of eek ‘eeln'alcontsion ks peesasanenuly TDC, Dore soaburon te vlane Se coe aot) emir cht oneve nan acl sp pitin eo combustion dc st carina, i inne ypc tlre TOC os ain ie nh ae as inte ie ‘el moth coon cer tang he eye an sng te tinder preset wed The eal aces il hight conbston praise coma eae Foes nwctes he ga of snes sod gut engine orion ipo he este 62:1 Stages of Combustion nS! Engine Fg 62 stow de pres cank le 8) ag inicing ee ages of oon Inui, Te persed at pit A tps B pres ie guint he It cave sine post shows pu a asin peste ad pr Dinas ‘etcupeio efte eaure per Tp apm fr mong inl wien the Canes in Tes AB epson eit age BC te oe ag CD he ae npr ude combustion nd bug, Cmbesion po cee wi int chil qs acd on he era tg tht ato ‘Stonbuston pons whch sod wd be eel of fae foe sth ndenama of al Conten es comp amet? Mcrcrtughsaua enya na at aye Wien ie Name eth thf end fhe in he re el aed ed ting Peer one Te oni oe it el nl bce eh pe ‘Thetrat stage AB) ‘hse i ale gon po prea pase. cared the fr be growth ind elope a sl opting me the fas: Te sri pit Sage he oo A wee speed an nf ged ih ot te ‘efi etre psa pat te tg career Tet ages {Chemica Spent he suf et ep and eof ae ‘nut concen he esa fm he evisu pee! te nt be ‘hema sen rac sa nfened ya ence, Ait isc tone ep gk ap me ey ows rte ess ly ae cys ec ‘he bres mint Wey He othr to nese pee Ha pa aig ‘Thesecond tag (2) “Tis age ical eran age coed the poppin th Bane actly ont sed. The sang ot ote eco tages es pan whe tm Conan Stine _161 ‘be psn se pint i tring cee abe. Th nd of he ead age ahd sah be mun es ea Tne pat en pees ie ete open ne cecal conosson anon e eaig eng ese p nn pe oes naar yi ‘lind all Tet of pes emote woe ate of bea ease bce ‘ring ogee snbaston cunt volo es nochange mh wth etage (C0) “Tissue gferurng Aloha complain bane te "nro i est ibe oe {Teltuning po ie sage nly be he tat when mia pes ‘dont nc gn ee ot, eee tian ‘Tarp spond sth pl whee egustron ec nd ate wh ie pc ‘soos ue sone tbe ror Duta hap eae ied desea ad eae ‘Subanon Sn eg soe sar fre ngewe on ain ‘Sip ow TDC dee ite par fl og ape 1622 Flame Speed Pattern ‘The Ne ped se haber lows ape sinc sown a Fe 63 ‘Boor ion tect av Sacre te ane eth ie ith ‘eye de ive tine kent ane ttl ase he aber ae dope ab ae ‘Sicrc tone ne \ i mts abet tear ranean a etHogs soy cf ow especial ow ence Shy ‘alms of hrs br ot het, ees vee ation fame ft ‘th potted amen emt bythe encin re eingsloes avue Ta hea Ieee in yon oft a a pra eno eer = done a nes oa be acon ed et er ‘ithe Mane fom posed it ste tet eon eng guest ae ne ‘Seow ats ona meas nse The merge sede oe Seg hs ped ste ea Tora ee ane ee nag Ie ean he ned cae ed ‘Reruns med nee ne ea nce hay bere ‘hah ane tae pers ver he entre pe i foe es es 1. Spetinon 2 Ey fader ‘Tet cing Mane pe ve hey en dca Chapter 623 Fraction of Burned Mass ye astowsenus anton na pines an te) aed aan stent, Contr Sn Ege ss cn ne arate en ne ao hated Senta eens meters ts apn he pple Goi Gisceme hacer mag mienmare (624 Pressure and Temperature Variation asa Function of ‘rank Ang Fgwe 63 stows te vation of fre nd oer with pet he ak age The eee al aes hep Safer TDC Acs he eta et os ene tu Se oie nt cond co od sen camer ey ev es of ng =e nn ecm rey soe our eee Sine ene fe Sie coats pnts teppei agence 1625 fect of Spark Timing on Inleator Diagram Fue 66 hos tl fu ning myn ne er ek ae Me ‘hing oer sven cotton usm ce per moe ee Bd sre comentn set fcpive wo) nse We pig mech {rel bcos pce pete eee pein perce et164 nama mad Coben Ee esti ‘rae Pet Pun cognate tn) ‘tection tokens mage reo The ‘Stanton wor este wet) mlnct The ‘oxi fake og bebe ced ‘ching iret wh oat i ‘Ried MT nig ese ss ene he aye epee 5 Ao ows ete fp arene on toute neta get afta eee Se Sef ape eh Se Raley 628 Efecto Ful Ratio on naestr Dlagram ig stows te ect of miter se on incr grams The elie oof be < insece th rit cnr th towne et ere The us ee ‘ned occur we he mit seg for Mon ak att 10% heh When ‘Ste de aes her ned he ane pen eee mites es es ie copay choo eel no ae wee ‘pee indict Gagan ib ened weak sce eget ‘Mio 10,0809 apse, = | | d onbtos nStpin es 165 se ne tion cant Fame Cntdrtnnechep rosie 62. FACTORS AFFECTING IGNITION LAG “Tete pase of contain processus eign ap This pete ‘aso ane Sveti e chomp: Thepon ingest ak te itor 3" ante oo ilacan Arte ipston hy See of ese ‘ett te pataum pene ceed ee Te atl te df ton ag (2 Sted in te boing cane (631. Nature of Fuel and Aire! Ratio eon end ce he afb al helping fe fiber, ‘Sit tobe el nd herr epson gle nge has bern Er a {guna be seep scene Scns he 25" tong tc one te aston i i t OO ® etemammas ames Gatenentegtter, 632 Ina Temperature and Pressure ‘Theo ec con depends tree tent on enpentiebtsmleextcn166 fete ed Cones tns essences nl temperate dria epee a ese {Be pat mio. tr pte og ces 633 Compression tio ‘aero toning ees igh mpi se eh coca ot therehna gu aed etree pion he rer ee 634 SparkTiming Ath a iin rede whe be ps roc vaste TOC, ecg ‘Son pte athe pour af igen coved or, regan nt pt sed ese aod erie ng ease dn Ge ag seat ese ns 1635 Turbulence and Engine Spoed ‘gun aint fects fae Tue pepoona ‘Sie cp ped Tr epee! dan not are on ase nt lies. Howeve tet perder a kerping heme lcm nt tea ema lem copes nce testy wi pee. Fer ths reson beret sp a nen ay iy gti mc “ices bulne be ae in he ity ak a hes Mae ecg sie trees rs he tat fm th sho me deen ee ‘pe be he nace. Tats yeu pp stay cae ml ees 83.6 Electrode Gap of Spark Plus 7 ae L] A mai an ep cay» : nen mes (| Growin termes inte f Seer die haiaraonrtttr f a (evelopment he ane ale + Rm hort be mpegs on Ferdieentcompestan ora be ge Rete 9 ‘Sopntion a i nema te mgs of ‘Squtnn ances ee hte SS} Bie Anger ehetote pp aregind eanenpne 08h ‘Toner campeaion ui farang ing pen co 90, esp pg de pp a ‘aap om 08 mm 08 amiga ian DRUNK Ecce rbonae v 7 cont Sutin tg 167 164 FACTORS AFFECTING COMBUSTION IN SPARK:IGNITION ENGINES 641 Composton ofthe mixture “Te conor of mine aft he of eon tnd he sot fet eve ‘Seto maar eng nner gras The mp pion by trea {Sic ree FT cdo Forsch usr wi eutce ieberec T and13 ‘Satan fe fe age combo hepa ni ern i ea ae ‘minima resin inthe mama ef em ce ne) The ane pe hse ‘Berio ani conse he poverSevlpe by te eng the maximum We he feta ao es ha the ee) ene’ eel hee te aan fe et us of combustion cess Tie ncn of he ma pa oom re nd age ‘hn sph mang i sanoan a mn eares so snton ae ae pee dy Tian oa eee sey ange et cs Fars ian min inte eur o bemten 043 an 09 be pot Ope sss gfe carat imam be ci ia. 642 Load Wrenthebedis rede poer of engine olig, Ten pes ad ‘he peau the pf pion decent esl en ee eee Te Ftp of ombunsa pene and he contusion pce ay ee coerce caving ee ents Toae hs ay me ‘Say come dng» bar orion ote epanon oo Thi esse a erapted ‘hina ing atone anger vn de copreon pesos sil eyo ‘Ata ad the comune th sp pt nie poo as spat main oan thant incon moe et Ingroredy sng aie mee butte wastage tt Tae ee ma noeome gacigion nies 1543 Compression Ratio gre 61 sows the fet of compen ras cathe inte aga vechuietcomn ta th er met et he in ‘en fre pont xr Todaro go lag to pa acest ‘etree a ean net cnn eB160 fede faa Cans Gat (he ede Aner he MT ag higher compan rae The combar desig epi cn re armcct he shabu poset ate se ree 644 Speed We te ed ees, tine inte Mod ch leno esa Insc The me pein he a asec oon ees ih te cesin pn ech rao te mn se xpd ‘Sagres of nat tg (rr pencly esa, The ston ef Paso ‘Sittin (9) eres of an ences whe bees ed Ie coi pen scene itso ng he op pion By th eon he evapora ae fps nce show in ge 1 He ang of inion svat higher sels he pen inthe pa of coin abe ‘atl me to ete hfe ets sown Fp 6120) The tf be ‘eemane pe incest ay mst adenine ae sy o Gs emtin tucson, {645 Turbulence and Shape of Combustion Chamber Titulence ofthe cage sane tenes height nt ee odie vate Tene an be mene yng ope shape comin onto Sip tgs 169 nd ees ine fo fps he ver ric einer a he ion (So chagehh tm ring te hetang pave mets cep seo 645. Spark Plug Poston Wien te pt lag ou ee of he yd end eevee ye ne to the mst tat prt the stores Te cen pstion ft sar plo ‘are atm fame tte. Arse ee bea ac tn ee ror ce Mghr un ae with side aed pale "he fe pedicel te par los ted move towards Re esas vane tan te acon of he cok er ae Asthe spt po ov toy om ‘eal pston te contaon per reed tho gus abe nan ‘loc. on at a fr eg etn, The spp uly ow ree fa el puts ie ihr oe cf sr ae rogues ht aon nace be ace. Te a fo pa pas ib Spcronzd spars urd nse engines povide ya np {erormore. Thema cen sie an th spel oso ee ‘entre aethiops eshte prom whet ‘mallee ge lo wl ge sfc reson thee ae ae ps 65 CYCLIC VARIATION st ofthe oie hac oft sc ion ie como asi wie ‘nm yey erste ania, Ts ton realy ‘otminae sengh spaces ter he we end ee hen fh ge gue 6 shor te ering incor npn sunt cessaiveceet een tan no st or ‘Whe cee a nc thre cei ini (¢< 09) depending po te dein fours ei, lon! nd conpresin rhe ao ososonllet Pants Pee cxnaphtantney genta ainatennnecd ona,one yl. The mon for cy aon we anaes ils ‘al us tthe oe of se ley teas wnt nt ae pa esas ext som trsen maton ets ae de tert Ese of nampe masing. tpn mayor me ang fe ron singin ee est haneevelpmes There apsibyfmistg swe ome Seer ian ymca Tea sates ed sede il ats taney Kies ee wane lowe compre st cd od fr hh heaps ie ee "lmeaton of eee vation eprint fer tang tp ene proc sala no rg he oe ee ‘yc msn a bese sig male to i: cei aie syed tlre, yee rn gray eel by tna aed ed FStoued inet ae A putt etd arson aa eas eye aon 86 RATE OF PRESSURE RISE “The fs ie ding oe contusion procs fae he ek pee, Be power duced ul he sous wih wh ee se taase m pro e fsn, Bu 6 hor te psec aml nr fr anormal ao oF oui isa fo te a he oa cambon ees more ‘Shans en the ng tine edn comple combo Apt fon Incense a fpr ideal ps peak pre apo o TDC nee ee) am Parca etc, ‘ip peaene hr TC per eile bece i rade pater oot ‘he pmo cig Bough ger porn he poner sre nd bce nce te poet ‘at Ther ina pal nto Or me of pei The ph wef my ‘enh invngs ig of hence of aon je teat psa ‘este Lh skinanma cantar ale dentin corpo tees ‘ese we oping nay Tica eaves eign Sera the nomen sha wy a apts oneal e psa thes pe he po ‘ther he TDC he enoing pak sue be etna cle oe epg omer sae hie mising sensei cperion 167 ABNORMAL COMBUSTION-AUTOIGNITION AND DETONATION ts srl cmbostion son a Fg 1) fe thle seit y he pu he ‘ame teen's ty wre noe conbuon caer compen he tnt There epn eed Eilat wles fe fet mes te cobesion hier ta ‘bored ngs tt pmo he canbe i be nl ater hs bei he ‘Stare comp, The ree ck nega smo cove at own in ae 650 "Pe temperte an rene fhe eu iph nogh it wi ite spony eft fam fet ees Ue stra comico her sage of conosion suey iis vocpaee SD a aay — * ®, Famtis Crtaoseeineg172 Fan fal Cant gt rontegineniemen ma seems Seamaster ert Seine eerie iinet aetna alsin rapt tn mh ya nt {ne 6150 nd caning gree fhe eu ee ine 0 4 Us fan MSGS Rime tecreremaers malta Saieeeeetic ae raeers ee epee oar ecemacer ck ete Pheoron there own x ining of dain, Tene Sed eng So foam eee spsieeteseaer oR cerca aspera tee reese coer te sieascacetienatnag lg ot ‘ion sta pene erg ty ct waves omen es gem rt ot als of econo LES isc iafens cereorecanaenes Souk ce oes aanraeecncne aries Sete capeney arena ene {68 DETRIMENTAL EFFECTS OF DETONATION Axcis ever vedo open fring tie ith ncn. Th npc ‘Sit deped ot ron aod way Ifthe lek oan sb ky wee Siete brs hey om kc yd once a ts eon Nake an baton: ket ester initera ne the polation which ‘Srsonl eens pe tng of he coion std vey fe wae ‘wii ppete te peed af sunny pss Aang pie rae “ldap me oping an nd rycen sno nie Decoton cate a feng ps ok 7 enbrin Suston ng_173 Increase eat tafe: Deaon cease a festa embion ‘hoe ah Ts nose ine reba ser bec fe epee he [prin doonung engi uo pc compton of cohen Usb ening sci eco arartny ip te sn p sn ad Mechanic damages The eternly pd combustn nes th np rs cl Fctsot sarin aly paces oes Ge eps cng ecg ed ‘erie the pees tetean eet ex coe td ius fa son gears cases epson os a etn Bring fo cee staged ing he cgay ences naig an sinter bn ning oe ie a Ps as ow yf he very Btu ning fe gn sn er paes whch see pn dh pn ee Prepon. gon of the mney some Bata wine combo ic Me ‘ermal agen oc eed prgnten The nan wave gtd eer Inte cer aes» of psa on fe a Po iy Te he et ‘aly ines the oun bent ped wp byte suk peg Oven of eck ip ‘iy bese an ea ae pg ees ny Erne Smeets ip sh oe tee ip tpt aT sing ot eS Sater et ate owe Teton soe ely wer and ete: Ono he ppl ene eles of onan tht feces Imo ciner ls nd itn ania in ef ema ey Carbon in he canst Ove an psd of ning te ain 4 ae arm of tn ‘Eaton sm hed eaton sol Hown oe eho tt ever he ‘Stic te combustion cant, ep of te pon bcs up nd pied. tug nkotb es psc ph eli he We eis ‘Stu i of ta ere otal pth of ew adore. 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Ingen tue toe ruc bine of he gcse appoie esoa ee) “Ta aoigison ter i sss ha he ae front popes with nore speed befoe these ation Deano thay: Ac 1 shea. he ning contons, Be advanng ‘ine tt cle ensign nee cosume oe eng ‘cme eran wave whorl ae ets Hee. er tape fon ne teens we Cea sgh ee om “he macs enn apo deamon hear cong ene saps tiny hae nnn re Met eet eee ees at ‘loc engne minh mags fone ot ea eos en Tee ‘Seas extent pl Ts, he agin ny met ey apd Tete he ine peer te ah peered dono deere hs peso (610 EFFECT OF ENGINE VARIABLES ON KNOCK ‘Topeveat iene lene end-stage, psa ens, 1g lison aly als eee conenton Tr fe fii a opr Insole prc ad revesing sky empresa, dey ns "Wiese coston we ange hes ote ang maybe eed y moe an sec fe ies meen sve Sis eel ee ps ah Se a ‘ly cued mh ne ber es te pred peer naeton 10 16103 Temperature, Preesure and Density Factors ‘teeny the eines Mane pet ince ae possi oe tien lane Arnone nese recs they eof he parte he age ‘Sts pote dares ph ese near ey of che eo Inoue eps af ici nage pfu econ In eau ut "lesa hgh ep The flowing oss to end alles be ean ok nun Shen gee 175 ‘Styne th tocing wee) of fe eng Ras een tng an so. ee sal omgesin a ove Whe neck wold curt oman cael ‘ies et ergrenion xo (HUCRY Mal win gh conde ch saat, ‘loys ud fore ba sic comesn chee al oie reg ‘Shoes ih cnpenion widest ines ‘Tem iced ar, Te ms ented cm by ‘Shek Thema of ce chen aur eed by pring ee fon ae ‘ig wt al poner ou ston oat ah he are pean ener we set deg ones i cote Ms oy eo {toes haere the nd oem whch nce pee ‘ei io he hare ben, sven be dey dad wey cng teins nek. The veneers a npn dred ‘Stated Theo toes okey net eager iow bron soo Siegal vgrenin tee ‘The temperature of he combastonchanber wis: ces ie ences of 2 ‘mtn ce was neste enn) to koe. Teel hes ee ge send cmp pte ek end ha abe eae oe ‘Spark timing: Aa ince in at svi fo he pied ining ines he ek Seccayei anes Ths tnns tei od dseeee heey ‘Te connt emperatur:_ An incre inte ol neice he epee ‘Seen pa Thi era integra do need ot wt te fe re evn ent hore he eyed oh wn a los owe opts An iene pve cup eg noses henge f be nie nd combo canbe walt ols eect reno atu us cig edly pra. Tree ney ee es ‘unt bck pressure nceig teeta back pr, nee te competion spe sr hia fac eee a re ee hve seen msg nr py ae