-

- Gas Turbine
-

- Gas Turbine Compressors
- Gas Turbine Combustors
-
- Turbine Materials
-
-
-
-
-
-

- Steam Turbine
- Gas Turbine
-
-
-
-
-
-

 Review of Thermodynamic Principles


.
PE1+KE1+IE1+FE1+Q=PE2+KE2+IE2+FE2+Wsf
PE1:potential energy[=mzg/gc where m=mass of quantity of fluid entering and
leaving the system, z=elevation of station 1or2 above datum, g=gravitational
acceleration, and gc=gravitational conversion factor (32.2Ib.ft/(Ibf.s2) or
1.0kg.m/N.s2)].
KE=kinetic energy (=mvs2/2gc), where vs=velocity of the mass.
IE=internal energy (=U). The internal energy is a sole function of temperature
for perfect gases and a strong function of temperature and weak function of
pressure for nonperfect gases, vapors, and liquids. It is a measure of the
internal (molecular) activity and interaction of fluid.
FE=flow energy (=pv=pmv) the flow energy or flow work is the work done by
the flowing fluid to push a mass m into or out of the system

Q = net heat add



 - Steam Turbine
Rankin Cycle

.

)
( .






.

 :
. .
. .
. .
. .
. .
. .

:
. .
. .
. ) (.

 :
. )(.
..
..
..
..




 - Gas Turbine
Bryton Cycle



44%

Otto cycle (20
)to 25%
Rankin cycle
)( 30 -35%


 2.86%
10.86%
3.77%

3.33%

GE
42.98%
4.66% Solar Turbine
KHI
Siemens
8.24% Rolls-Royce
MHI
Alstom
OPRA
11.69% Other

Gas Turbine electrical power generation unit production percent market share by
30.84% headquarters 2010-2019





 ALSTOM GT13E2 & GE MS5001
MS 5001
.
MS 5001
.
.
MS 5001

.
GE MS5001 Design Information
Compressor
17
10.5:1
Combustion
) ( 10

 Turbine


Package
.

.
) (
) Size = L*W*H =(11.6m * 3.2m * 3.7m
Weight = 87.5 t
Emissions Control
NOx .
Dry Low NOx DLN .
Performance Information
ISO .

 ALSTOM GT13E2
Compressor
21
14:1
Combustion
AEV
Burners
Dual, with low NOx emissions
Turbine

 Package
.

.
) (
) Size = L*W*H =(11.5m * 5.4m * 5.5m
Weight = 357t
Emissions Control
NOx .
Advance Environment Burners
.

 Performance Information
ISO

MODEL General Electric (GE) MS 5001 ALSTOM GT13E2

HEAT RATE 12,650 KJ/KWH 11,114KJ/KWH

EXHAUST 487 C = 909 F 550 C=1022 F

TEMPERATURE

OUTPUT 26300 KWe 184 MWe at ISO, 125.3 MW at 55C

EXHAUST 124.1 KG/s 456.6 KG/s

FLOW
MAXIMUM 28.5 % 38 %
EFFICIENCY




 :


.
:
- .
- .
-
).(Remote Control
-
.%-%
- )
(.
- .



1- Industrial heavy-duty gas
turbine.
2- Aircraft-derivative gas turbine.
3- Medium- range gas turbine.
4- Small gas turbine.




) 2800 to 3000 F) =(1538
)to1649 C


) (Firing Temperature
) Pressure Ratio across the
(compressor
56C 100F
Firing Temperature
10% 1.5% .

 Regeneration
(15 to 20) %
7:1
. 18:1
* Regeneration

(900 to
). 11800F) (482 to 638C
* Heat Rate
) (1/efficiency )(in Btu
. 1kwh

 1- Industrial heavy-duty gas turbine

) Sleeve
(Bearings

5:1 15 to 25:1
2000 to 2500F (1093 to 1371C),
) 3000F (1649C
axial-flow compressor
and turbine
can- annular
single-stage side combustors


)(Nox






.
Industrial heavy-duty gas turbine
-
-
-
-

.

 2- Aircraft-derivative gas turbine




)30psi (206kpa
),110F (593C

) * (
.


 Aircraft-derivative gas turbine

-
- :
.A
.B

.C
.D

 3- Medium- range gas turbine
5000 to 15,000hp (3.7 to
) 11.2MW
) (Gasifier

10 to 16 5 to 11
can-annular 5
to 10 annular
side combustors

2 to 3
1 to 2

 4- Small gas turbine
)5000 hp (3.7 MW

Centrifugal compressor
)Radial-
(inflow turbine
20% :
.A
.B )1700F (927C

.

 Gas Turbine Compressors

Intercooler between compressor
stages
A- Centrifugal Compressors:
- .
- .
- .
- .
- .
- . High stability





 ) (Impeller

) (Diffusers
.
Inducer

1.5:1 and 12:1


:
: Surging Phenomenon

.

 B- Axial-Flow Compressors


).(the reversed multistage axial flow turbine
Diffuser

* Diffuser



) (Inlet guide vanes

Diffuser
20:1 and 40:1

Centrifugal compressors

 Compressor Material

cast iron aluminum alloy

good-quality ferrite steel
Stainless
steel
titanium alloys

 Gas Turbine Materials









1- Creep rupture
2- Thermal fatigue


) (.

 Corrosion
- Erosion
Sulfidation -
- Intergranular corrosion
Hot corrosion -
) Cr(chromium

Ni
10 to 20% Cr
)1400F (760C
Corrosion Cr
+

Nox,CO &CO2 Corrosion
Nickel-base alloys cobalt-base
alloys Nozzles

 IN-738

U-500
Cr-Mo(Molybdenum)-V
1percent Cr,1percent Mo& 0.25percent V steel


12 Cr alloys
) 650F (343C
Turbine wheels
M-152 2to3 percent Nickel

Cr-Mo-V or A-286
A-286 An austenitic iron-base
alloy
turbine discs

 Coatings for the Gas Turbine Materials

Hot corrosion
Na2SO4


Composite Plasma,RT-22


 Gas Turbine Combustors

) (-
:
Tubular (side combustors) 1 :
.A
.B
.C

Can-annular -2
Annular -3

:
1-Recirculation Zone
2- Burning Zone
3- Dilution Zone




 o

.
o
:
-1 5 )50atomosphere(atm
)(73.5 to 735psi
-2 572 to 1472F (300 to
)800C
-3
)1620 to 3092F (900 to 1700C
o 2 to 10
percent
.

 The Fuel-to-Air ratio



.



:

= =
( )
:
: mass flow of air
: mass flow of fuel
3: enthalpy of gas leaving the combustor
2: enthalpy of gas entering the combustor

: fuel heating value

 :
-
).(Liners
- .
- .


 :


:
CH4 + 4O CO2 + 2H2O +
Heat


:
1- Making the liner of high- temperature, oxidant-resistant
material.
2- Using the cooling air effectively . Most modern use up
to 40 percent of the total airflow for cooling the liner wall.
:
1- Minimizing the peak flame temperature by operating a
very lean primary zone.
2- Injecting water or steam into the combustors to lower
the firing temperature.
3- Injecting an inert gas into the combustors to lower the
firing temperature.

 Typical of Combustor Arrangements

1- Tubular (single can)

2- Tuboannular
3- Annular


 CI : COMBUSTION INSPECTION


 HGP : HOT GAS PATH INSPECTION


 MAJOR OVERHAUL

 Turbines

Axial-flow turbine -1
Impulse
type & Reaction type Impulse
)
(Stationary blades

Reaction turbine Nozzles
)buckets( moving blades
Radial-inflow turbines -2
Inward-flow radial turbine
Centrifugal compressor

Turbochargers Expanders
80%


 Axial- Flow Turbines

) (Compressible fluids
:
1- Impulse Turbine
2- Reaction-type Turbine

 Turbine Blade Cooling Methods

:
1- Convection cooling
2- Impingement cooling
3- Film cooling
4- Transpiration cooling
5- Water cooling

 Gas Turbine Bearings & Seals
1- Journal Bearings provide radial support for the
rotating equipment.
industrial gas turbine
split split or full-round

2- Thrust Bearings provide axial positioning for them.
3- Ball and Roller Bearings are used in some air craft
jet engines.
aircraft jet engine


 Types of Journal Bearings
: Plain journal-1 ( 3.8*10 3cm) 1.5*10 3in
& ) 2*10 3in (5*10 3cm
:Circumferential grooved -2

:Cylindrical bore -3
the two
axial oil-feed grooves are at the split
: Pressure or pressure dam -4 Plain journal
pressure pocket unloaded half
:
)Depth:0.031in(0.079cm
Length: 50 percent of bearing length
Width: arc of 135

:Lemon bore or elliptical -5
.
:Three-lobe -6
.turbo machine
:Offset halves -7 Pressure dam bearing
)( .
:Tilting-pad -8
Shaft
Self-alignment
.

 Journal bearing
bearing
in
clearance space
. film space
fluid-film bearing
hydrodynamic . self-acting bearing
thickness of the fluid-film ) 0.0001
(0.00025to0.0025cm) (to 0.001in

full-film
shear force of lubricant
)( Laminar
Turbulence
Reynold number of 800
.

 Bearing

Journal

 Bearing Materials
Babbitt


300F(149c) Babbitt
) 200psi(1.36MPa
)270F(132c


 Gas Turbine Instrumentation and Control Systems


-:
1- Vibration Measurement
:
Displacement probes

unbalance, misalignment :
and oil whirl
Velocity pickup detectors


)Accelerometers (measurement of acceleration

)
Surge engine gear teeth wear

 2- Pressure Measurement
pressure transducers
diaphragm & strain gauges
diaphragm strain gauges


transducer
) 350F(177C

 Temperature Measurement
Thermocouples:
Resistive thermal detectors RTDs

2400 to 2600F
) (1315to1427C


Firing temperature



RTD Bearings

) (
Thermocouples )-201 to ) (-330 to5000F
(2760C



 RTD
Platinum
)-270 ) (-454 to 1832F
(to 1000C
RTD -+0.02F (-
)+0.01C
Exhaust
control system
iron-constantan or chromel-alumel


setpoint
error proportional-integral-
(mathematical expression) derivative (PID) algorithm
error ) oscillations in
(the speed


 )(TCs

80 C

)Iron (Fe
)Copper (Cu

100C 20C 0 10
mV
)Copper (Cu
)Constantan (CuNi
Hot Junction

Cold Junction



.


.

 Speed Control
Magnetic tranceduser

AC
/
)(speed setpoint
error
error

proportional-integral-derivative (PID) algorithm
)(mathematical expression
error )(oscillations in the speed

 Speed sensor


 Protective Systems
:
1- Over speed
110%
113%
2-Overtemperature
3- Vibration
4- Loss of flame
ultraviolet flame
detectors

5- Loss of lubrication

 Spark plug

 Flame detector

 & Generator Components, Auxiliaries,
Excitation
50
MW
.115C



 =N
:
: N /
.
: f
: 2p

 Synchronous Generators

Synchronous generators
Alternating
)(AC
Theory of Synchronous :
generator Operation

)(N
) (S

. )(


.
:
. .
. .
.
. .
.
.
0 V- 0 V+ 0

360 270 180 90 0

V
) ( Vo
. Sin wave


A,B,C 120 ).(

Iload
Vo ) (
.
) (
.
 Isc Short Circuit Current
) ( ) (

 Generator Field Control :
)
( .
)
( .

 :
) (A.V.R

) (A.V.R
.
Frequency Compensation

90%
) (A.V.R
.

 Type Of Excitation In Synchronous Generator :
Generator Self excitation :

) (Stator
) (Rotor )) (A.V.R
L N L1 L2 ( L1 L2 L3 AC DC
) (Rotor F- F+ XX X
).(

 ) (A.V.R ) (E1 E2 E3
)(A.V.R

. .
) (
) (DC ) (A.V.R ) (Stator
) (Excitation Generator
) ) (
( AC
AC DC ) (commentator
Diodes ) (
) (
) (
.


EX2100R Brushless Excitation One Line


 ) (A.V.R

.
Generator Separate excitation . :
)) Permanent Magnet
((Generator (PMG
).(


) (PMG ) (AC
) (A.V.R DC
) (Stator AC
DC ) (Diodes
.
.
Automatic Voltage Regulator (A.V.R) :

AC DC

.

 ** Generator Inspection **

* DC Rotor


* Stator
windings
Rotor
*
thin laminations
eddy current losses


 * Rotor
DC :
- . slip rings & brushes
- .
Slip rings

DC rotor winding
Brushes ride


.

.
 Brushless exciters
Dc
.

three-phase rectifier

DC .
Brushless excitation system
Brushes


pilot exciter AC
permanent magnetic
Stator pilot excitor

.
EA = K
is the flux ,K is a constant & is the frequency
 Power and Torque in synchronous
generators



Pconv. = ind. m
 Generator
Rated Voltage Break
down value of the winding insulation
BDV

)Shaft torque & heating of the windings
(
A,B,F &H
60,80,105 &125C .
10C rated value
.
Generator Components, Auxiliaries & Excitation
single steel
forging
.
Generator Off Line Flux

Flux Pattern inside the generator

when the unit is:

Where are the rotor poles?

Where is the centerline of the flux?

On Line Generator flux

Flux Pattern inside the generator

when the unit is:

Where are the rotor poles?

Where is the centerline of the flux?

 Power System Stabilizer

OFF LINE ON LINE

FLUX

Poles

Note: There is an error, the drawings should have the same number of lines of flux

When the unit is On-Line how can the flux angle be changed?

 Power Transformer



) (Eddy Current
.






= ; =
.
= =
= 3
= 3 1 1
= 3 2 2


 )(Tap Changers
- Off Load
- On Load
Accessories
- Conservator
- )( Bushing
- Radiators


 Transformers Protection
Buchhlze Relay ( )
Differential Relay
Over Current Relay
Restricted Earth Fault Relay
Oil Temperature Relay
Winding Temperature protection
Lighting Arrestor
Oil Level Indicator
Explosion Pipe (Relieve vent)
Pressure Relay
Off Load Tap Changer Tripping
Gas Receiver




 FIRST PART , TURBINE-COMPRESSOR- COMBUSTION **
REPAIR