CS 2034 TCP / IP DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION

QUESTION BANK

Unit I Introduction

Part A

1. Define networking, internetworking?

Networking Interconnecting the individual host.
Internetworking Interconnecting the different networks.

2. Define MAC address, IP address?

MAC address is the physical address of a host. Its length is 48 bits.
Eg:12:de:34:0f:1x:1d
IP address is the logical address of a host. Its length is 32 bits. Eg:191.168.150.1

3. How we can identify a host. k /

. t
A host can be identified by its logical address (IP) and physical address(MAC).

4. Define Classfull and Classless addressing? b e

t u
Classful addressing Total address space is divided in to 5 classes called as Class A,
Class B, Class C, ClassD and ClassE such that each class with their own prefix.
e
Classless addressing Here, there are variable length blocks that belong to no class.
s
c
The entire address space is divided in to blocks based on organization needs.
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5.What is subnetting ?
: /
Subnetting divides one large network into several smaller ones. Subnetting
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adds an intermediate level of hierarchy in IP addressing.
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6. What is supernetting?
Supernetting combines several networks into one large one.

7. What is meant by masking ?

Masking is a process that extracts the network address from an IP address. Subnet
masking is a process that extracts the subnetwork address from an IP address. A
network or subnet address is obtained from applying the bit-wise AND operation on
the IP address and the mask.

8. What is meant by connectionless protocol?

The IP protocol is a connectionless protocol. Every packet is independent and
has no relationship to any other packet.
9. What is direct delivery?
The delivery of a packet is called direct if the deliverer (host or router) and the
destination are on the same network.

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10. What is indirect delivery ?
The delivery of a packet is called indirect if the deliverer (host or router) and the
destination are on different networks

11. What is the function of routing table?

Every host or router has a routing table to route IP packets. In next hop routing
instead of a complete list of the stops the packet must make only the address of the
next hop is listed in the routing table. In network specific routing all hosts on a
network share one entry in the routing table. In hostspecific routing the full IP
address of a host is given in the routing table. In default routing, a router is assigned
to receive all packets with no match in the routing table.

12. What is static and dynamic routing ?

A static routing tables entries are updated manually by an administrator. A dynamic
routing tables entries are updated automatically by a routing protocol.

13. What are the fields included in routing table?

k /
The routing table can consist of seven fields: a mask, a destination address, a next-
. t
hop address, flags, a reference count, a use, and an interface. The routing module

b e
applies the mask, row by row, to the received destination address until a match is
found. Classless addressing requires hierarchical and geographical routing to
prevent immense routing tables.
t u
14. What is the maximum length of a datagram?
s e
c
The maximum length of a datagram is 65,535 bytes.
/
: /
15. What is Maximum Transfer Unit ?
The MTU is the maximum number of bytes that a data link protocol can encapsulate.
p
MTUs vary from protocol to protocol.
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16. What is Fragmentation?
Fragmentation is the division of a datagram into smaller units to accommodate the
MTU of adata link protocol. The fields in the IP header that relate to fragmentation
are the identification number, the fragmentation flags, and the fragmentation offset.
The IP datagram header consists of a fixed, 20-byte section and a variable options
section with a maximum of 40 bytes.

17. How the errors are detected in IP?

The error detection method used by IP is the checksum. The checksum uses ones
complement arithmetic to add equal-size sections of the IP header. The
complemented result is stored in the checksum field. The receiver also uses ones
complement arithmetic to check the header.

18. What is Unicast, Multicast and Broad cast communication?

Unicast communication is one source sending a packet to one destination. Multicast
communication is one source sending a packet to multiple destinations. Hosts with
the same multicast address can either be on the same network or on different
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networks. Multicast addresses are often used for information retrieval and
conferencing purposes. Broadcast communication is one source sending a packet to
all hosts on its network

19. Differentiate ARP and RARP?

ARP Address Resolution Protocol, which translates the given 32-bit IP address in
to 48-bit MAC address.
RARP Reverse Address Resolution Protocol, which translates the given 48-bit MAC
address into 32-bit IP address.

20. Draw the IPv6 packet format.

+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
|Version| Prio. | Flow Label |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Payload Length | Next Header | Hop Limit |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
|
|
|
| k /
+ Source Address +
. t
| | b e
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+

|
+ Destination Address
|
+ t u
| |
s e
c
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
/
: /
21. What is the necessity for having ttl field.
ttl refers to time to live and this field will say the validity / lifetime for a IP
datagram.
t p
h t
22. What is the importance of ICMP?
Internet Control Message Protocol used to report the errors that had occurred
while forwarding the IP datagram to the original sender of the datagram.
Eg: Destination unreachable, Redirection etc.

Unit II TCP

Part A
1. List out various TCP services?
* Connection Oriented
* Reliable
* 8 bit byte stream.

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2. Draw the TCP header format?
Bit
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 3
offs
01234 5 6 789 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
et
0 Source port Destination port
32 Sequence number
64 Acknowledgment number (if ACK set)
E
C
N U A P R S F
Data Reser W
96 C R C S S Y I Window Size
offset ved
S G K H T N N
R
E
128 Checksum Urgent pointer (if URG set)
160 Options (if Data Offset > 5)
... ...
k / padding

.
3. Describe the protocol used for connection establishment. t
b e
Three way handshaking protocol is used for connection establishment:
a. SYN: The active open is performed by the client sending a SYN to the server.

t u
It sets the segment's sequence number to a random value A.
b. SYN-ACK: In response, the server replies with a SYN-ACK. The
s e
acknowledgment number is set to one more than the received sequence

/ c
number (A + 1), and the sequence number that the server chooses for the
packet is another random number, B.

: /
c. ACK: Finally, the client sends an ACK back to the server. The sequence
number is set to the received acknowledgement value i.e. A + 1, and the
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acknowledgement number is set to one more than the received sequence
t
t
number i.e. B + 1.
h
4. Define interactive data flow and bulk data flow.
On a byte-count basis the ratio is around 90% bulk data and 10% interactive,
since bulk data segments tend to be full sized (normally 512 bytes of user data),
while interactive data tends to be much smaller. (The above-mentioned study found
that 90% of Telnet and Rlogin packets carry less than 10 bytes of user data.).

5. Define retransmission. When it occurs?

Whenever a segment has been transmitted, a retransmission timer will
scheduled with RTO value. If no ACK was received till the timer expires then, the
same segment has to be retransmitted.

6. Define Keepalive timer.

In order to understand what TCP keepalive (which we will just call
keepalive) does, you need do nothing more than read the name: keep TCP alive. This
means that you will be able to check your connected socket (also known as TCP

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sockets), and determine whether the connection is still up and running or if it has
broken.

7. What is Persist timer?

If an acknowledgment is lost, we could end up with both sides waiting for the
other: the receiver waiting to receive data (since it provided the sender with a
nonzero window) and the sender waiting to receive the window update allowing it
to send. To prevent this form of deadlock from occurring the sender uses a persist
timer that causes it to query the receiver periodically, to find out if the window has
been increased. These segments from the sender are called window probes.

8. Explain TCP connection termination process?

TCP Connection Termination is implemented as follows:
1. One computer sends a FIN packet to the other computer including an ACK for
the last data received (N).
2. The other computer sends an ACK number of N+1
3. It also sends a FIN with the sequence number of X.
k /
4. The originating computer sends a packet with an ACK number of N+1. The
connection is closed.
. t
b e
Another way to close the connection is for one computer to send a packet with the
RST (reset) bit set which will tell the other computer to immediately terminate the
connection.
t u
9. Define MSS?
s e
send to the other end.
/ c
The maximum segment size (MSS) is the largest "chunk" of data that TCP will

10. Define half close. : /

t p
TCP provides the ability for one end of a connection to terminate its output,
while still receiving data from the other end. This is called a half-close
h t
11. What is reset segment.
We've mentioned a bit in the TCP header named RST for "reset." In general, a
reset is sent by TCP whenever a segment arrives that doesn't appear correct for the
referenced connection

12. Define simultaneous open.

It is possible, although improbable, for two applications to both perform an
active open to each other at the same time. Each end must transmit a SYN, and the
SYNs must pass each other on the network. It also requires each end to have a local
port number that is well known to the other end. This is called a simultaneous open.

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 Unit III IP Implementation

Part A
1. Describe about ipproc.c
ipproc.c IP process, which is responsible to extract a datagram from a
queue and to process it ie., to forward towards destination.

2. How the IP software is designed.

IP software is designed by considering the followings:
Uniform Routing & Queue
Independent Process
Pseudo network interface queue

3. Define the term directed broadcast

Whenever a datagram is sent to a directed broadcast address, all machines
on the specified network must receive a copy. It includes both the gateway and host
on the destination network. The gateway will perform the following:
k /
Make a copy of the datagram for protocol software
Broadcast the datagram
. t
b e
4. List out the fields available in routing table data structure?
Struct route contains following fields.
t u
s e
Ipaddr rt_net network address of the route
Ipaddr rt_mask mask address for this route

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Ipaddr rt_gw next hop address
U_short rt_metri distance metric
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U_short rt_ifnum Interface number
:
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Short rt_ttl time to live in seconds.
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5. What is purpose the dont fragment and most fragment bit?
DF ( dont fragment) indicates whether fragmentation can be done or not. If
it is set, then the datagram should not be fragmented else fragmentation can be
done if needed.
MF ( more fragment) indicates whether it is the last or some are fragments
are there. If set, then there are some more fragments yet to be received else, it is the
last fragment of the datagram.

6. Define the term fragment fragmentation

If the path involves more than one gateway/ router, then this may happen.
That is if one gateway fragments the original datagram, the fragments themselves
may be too large for the subsequent network along the path. Thus, gateway may
receive fragments that it must fragment into even smaller pieces.

7. Differentiate datagram fragmentation and fragment fragmentation

The distinction between datagram fragmentation and fragment
fragmentation arises from the way a gateway handle the more fragments bit. For the

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datagram fragmentation the MF bit is assigned 0 only for the final fragment, but for
the fragment fragmentation the MF bit is assigned 0 only for the last fragment of
the final fragment.

8. How the fragment offset field will help.

Fragment offset in considered while we join all the fragments so as to make
the original datagram. Based on this offset value the fragments will be arranged and
the datagram will be constructed.

9. Define ip_anyaddr
It is a address whose all 32 bits are 0s. It will be filled as source address if
the gateway is unable to find the source address.

10. When an ICMP error can be generated?

If the gateway is unable to forward / deliver the datagram to destination,
then an ICMP error(appropriate type error message) to indicate the same can be
generated and sent back to original source of the datagram.
k /
11. When no ICMP errors should be generated?
. t
Gateway should never generate an error message
About an error message b e
For any fragment other than first
For broadcast or multicast datagrams t u
s e
12. Define host group.
/ c
The set of all hosts associated with a given multicast address. Host group
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membership is dynamic ie, host can join or leave from a group at any instance.
:
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13. What are types of IGMP message?
t
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There are two types as follows.
Query used to make a request / query regarding membership
Report used to report the membership for the query received.

14. What do you mean by configuring the network hardware for a multicast
address?
Configuring the network interface means that making the hardware to
accommodate multicast transmission and reception.

Unit IV TCP Implementation I

Part A

1. What is the datastructure used by TCP?

Transmission Control blocks (TCB) is the datastructure used to store all the
informations about the TCP connections which includes addresses, port numbers of
connection endpoints etc.

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2. How TCP software is implemented.
TCP implementation contains three process.
One process to handle incoming segments
One process to manage outgoing segments
A timer process that manages delayed event and retransmission
timeouts.

3. When a TCB should be allocated and deallocated.

TCB should be allocated whenever TCP establishes a connection. And TCB
should be deallocated whenever a connection terminates.

4. Define graceful shutdown.

TCP uses modified 3-way handshake to shut down connections.

5. What do you mean by aborting the connection?

Whenever unwanted segments like reset or syn arrives in synchronized
/
states, the TCP calls tcpabort to abort the connection ie., to deallocate the TCB.
k
6. List out the synchronized states in TCP FSM?
. t
LAST ACK, SYNRCVD b e
Synchronized states ESTABLISHED, FINWAIT1,FINWAIT2, CLOSE WAIT,

7. What are the TCP output message types. t u

Send sen dat and/or ack
s e
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Persist send probe to test receivers zero window
Retransmit retransmit a segment
/
Delete delete a TCB that has expired
:
t p
8. Define Initial Sequence Number?

h t
The Tcp code must choose a unique starting sequence number each time an
application attempts to create a new connection. And this initial sequence number is
generated by using the current time-of-day clock.

9. What is the need of timed delay after closing a TCP connection?

TCP allows immediate reuse of port numbers after the connection is
terminated. So, if any duplicated FIN request from previous connection is received,
then it will cause the termination. So, to avoid this TCP doesnt delete TCB
immediately after a connection termination.

Unit V TCP Implementation II

Part A

1. What is the datastructure used to store timer events.

Delta list data structure is used to store the delay requests. Each item in
delta list corresponds to an event scheduled to occur in future.

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 Each entry has two fields one is the relative time (indicating when event
should occur) and one field to point the next entry

2. What are the different timers used by TCP?

Retransmission & timeout timer, keepalive timer, persist timer and time_wait
timer(2MSL timer).

3. Describe tcpkilltimer
It is procedure used to delete all the pending events associated with the TCB.
It will be called when TCB has to deleted.

4. List down the possible ways by which TCP adaptive retransmission can be tuned.
Retransmission timer & backoff, window based flow control, MSS
computation, congestion avoidance & control, round trip estimation.

5.Define cumulative ack

Here each ACK carry the sequence number which specifies how many
contiguous octets of data is received. k /
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6. Describe the field tcb_rexmtcount
b e
This field records the counts of retransmission. And this count should not
exceed the maximum retries value.
t u
7. Define Silly window syndrome.
s e
/ c
If a receiver advertises buffer space as soon as it becomes available (ie, free),
then it is called as silly window syndrome. To avoid this, TCP uses a technique called
/
as receiver side silly window avoidance.
:
t p
8. What is impact of congestion?
Congestion will cause TCP to retransmit the segments, increasing delay etc. It
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can be avoid by adopting multiplicative decrease and slow start techniques.

9. Define urgent data.

Urgent data refers to that the data has to delivered to application which runs
on the endpoint as soon as the segment had arrived.

10. What the field urgent pointer contains?

Urgent pointer will contain the next byte of the end of urgent data in a
segment.

11. What is push request?

It request the TCP to send the all existing data without delay.. When TCP
sends it sets the PUSH bit in the segment code field.

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 PART B QUESTION BANK

UNIT I - INTRODUCTION

1. Explain in detail about the ARP and RARP protocols with neat sketch. (16)
2. Explain In detail about classfull and classless addressing techniques. (16)
3. Explain about subnetting and supernetting in detail. (16)
4. Explain about ICMP. (12)
5. Discuss in detail about IP Routing. (16)

UNIT II - TCP

1. Explain in detail about the connection establishment and connection

termination process. (16)
2. Explain about Keepalive timer and its importance. (16)
3. Sketch out the necessities of persist timer in detail.
k /
4. Write in detail about timeout and retransmission of data packets.
(16)
(16)
5. Explain about interactive data flow.
. t (16)

b
Unit III IP Implementation
e
1. t u
Describe about IP global software in detail. (16)
2. Explain about IP Routing in detail.
s e (16)
3.
4. Describe about IGMP
/ c
Explain about fragmentation and reassembly in detail. (16)
(16)
5. /
Describe about ICMP error processing.
:
(16)

p
UNIT IV - TCP IMPLEMENTATION I

h tt
1. Explain with sketch about finite state machine implementation of input
processing. (16)
2. Explain about Output processing. (12)
3. Write in detail about process tcphowmuch. (12)
4. Explain about data structures used for input processing (10)

UNIT V - TCP IMPLEMENTATION II

1. Explain about the timer.h process. How a timer event can be inserted and
deleted. (16)
2. Explain in detail about flow control and adaptive retransmission in TCP. (16)
3. Explain about Congestion control and avoidance in TCP. (16)
4. Describe about how to process a urgent data in TCP. (16)
5. Write the codings for implementation of push function. (16)

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