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2. Elastic modelling
David Muir Wood
d.muirwood@dundee.ac.uk
Elasticity
Hooke's law
elastic behaviour in triaxial compression:
drained/undrained
measurement of elastic properties with different devices
elastic anisotropy
elastic nonlinearity hyperelasticity
worked example
If I have seen further it is only by standing on the shoulders of giants. (Newton)
Hooke was Newtons predecessor at the Royal Society of London.
Hooke was a very small man.
Hookes law
A description of helioscopes and some other instruments. London 1676.
To fill the vacancy of the ensuing page, I have here added a decimate of the centesme of
the Inventions I intend to publish, though possibly not in the same order, but as I can get
opportunity and leasure; most of which, I hope, will be as useful to Mankind as they are
yet unknown and new.
2. The true Mathematical and Mechanichal form of all manner of Arches for Building,
with the true butment necessary to each of them. A Problem which no Architectonick
Writer hath ever yet attempted, much less performed.
abcccddeeeeefggiiiiiiiillmmmmnnnnnooprrsssttttttuuuuuuuux.
stress
force
extension
strain
Hookes law
x 1 'x symmetric
1
y 1 ' y
E 1 '
z z
'x 1 x
E
' y 1 y
' 1 1 2 1
z z
Hookes law
uniaxial tension
Youngs modulus E = (P/A)/(/)
Poissons ratio = (d/d)/(/)
direct observation of elastic constants
Hookes law
axial symmetry:
a 1 1 2 'a
r E 1 'r
'a E 1 2 a
'r 1 1 2 1 r
9KG 3K 2G
E
G 3K 2G 3K
Stiffness in conventional drained triaxial compression
p a 2 r / 3 q a r
q
if r 0 then 3
p
p 1 / K 0 p' p' K 0 p
q
0 1 / 3G q q 0 3G q
Stiffness in drained triaxial compression
q
3G
q
q
E
a
p G
q K
p
1 2
a
Stiffness in undrained triaxial compression
p 1 / K u 0 p
q 0 1 / 3G q
u
p = 0 (undrained)
p arbitrary (external change of total stress)
hence Ku =
Eu 1
Ku u
31 2 u 2
Stiffness in undrained triaxial compression
p 1 / K u 0 p
q 0 1 / 3G q
u
Eu E
Gu G E u 3G
21 u 21
u = 1/2
oedometer
one dimensional compression
E oed
'z
E
1
K 43 G
z 1 1 2
and Ko = /(1-)
Elastic stiffness from different devices
pressuremeter
direct measurement of shear modulus G
Elastic stiffness from different devices
4G
plate loading test
R 1
xx 1 / E h hh / E h vh / E v 0 0 0 xx
yy hh / E h 1/ Eh vh / E v 0 0 0 yy
/ E vh / E v 1/ Ev 0 0 0
zz vh v zz
yz 0 0 0 1 / G vh 0 0 yz
zx 0 0 0 0 1 / G vh 0 zx
0 0 0 0 0 21 hh / E h xy
xy
5 elastic properties
triaxial can only find 3: Ev, vh, Eh/(1-hh)
hh? Gvh? could use bender elements
xx 1/ 2 * / 2 */ 0 0 0 xx
yy * / 2 1/ 2 */ 0 0 0 yy
zz
1 */ */ 1 0 0 0 zz
yz E * 0 0 0 21 * / 0 0 yz
zx 0 0 0 0 21 * / 0 zx
0 0 0 0 0 21 * / 2 xy
xy
hyperelasticity
thermodynamically consistent
define strain energy density function U
or complementary energy V
U V
i ; i hence stiffnesses
i i
complementary energy function (Boyce, 1980)
n 1
1 1 q
2
V p'
n 1K1 6G1 p'
n 1 n 2 n 2 1
p K 6G 3G1 p'
p'n 1 1 1
1 1 q
q
3G1 3G1
n
constant volume paths p 'o K1 2
1 1 n
p' 6G1
n 1
constant distortional strain paths q p 'o
q o p'
U p'r e
p /
3
2 q2
1
p' p
p'
q q
q
constant distortional strain paths: = constant
constant volume paths q 2 6p'i p'p'i
asymptotic to 3 / 2
Houlsby strain energy function
y=0
y
z z
Example: Plane strain isotropic elastic element
under general stress path
y = (x + z)
General plane strain stress path: x = z
then y = (1 + ) z
z y=0
y
x = z x = z
y=0
y
z
Example: Plane strain isotropic elastic element
under general stress path
x = z
x = z x
x
y=0
z z
Example: Plane strain isotropic elastic element
under general stress path
z = (1 + )(1 - [1 + ]) z/E
x = (1 + )([1 - ] - ) z/E
One-dimensional compression (oedometer): x = 0
= / [1 - ]
stiffness: Eoed = z/ z = E(1 - )/ (1 + ) (1 - 2)
For example: = 0.25, Ko = / [1 - ] = 1/3;
Eoed /E = 1.2
Exercise: Plane strain isotropic elastic element
under general stress path
Assume = 0.25;
1. Plot relationship between z stiffness z/ z E and
2. Plot relationship between x stiffness z/ x E and