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  • David Broek The Practical Use of Fracture Mechanics 1988

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    A book about the mechanics of fracture It has graphs and equations to back up the theory with small problems for exercise after every chapter.

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    David Broek the Practical Use of Fracture Mechanics 1988(2)

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    A book about the mechanics of fracture It has graphs and equations to back up the theory with small problems for exercise after every chapter.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Als PDF herunterladen oder online auf Scribd lesen
    Markieren Sie unangemessene Inhalte
    11 Ansichten268 Seiten

    David Broek The Practical Use of Fracture Mechanics 1988

    Hochgeladen von

    catunderhelmet
    A book about the mechanics of fracture It has graphs and equations to back up the theory with small problems for exercise after every chapter.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Als PDF herunterladen oder online auf Scribd lesen
    Markieren Sie unangemessene Inhalte
    von 268
    » DAVID BROEK FracufEsearch In, Galea, OH, USA, % Kluwer Academic Publishers nary Cages Calg nao ae oP ted Ke Aceon Pan, "elon Asem ube, yr: Au Paes Ca. AR Rowe ne noche maa cy ch ny gala cain paseo ey tra se nil sem witht re pei om on Preface This book is about thew f facture mechanics fo the ston of practical problems sademic gor not atic and dealt with ony in at far ays Improves insight and understanding, it often cones secondary Hf in ‘gineering Knowledge of arora of ck hascnpt at loads nd tees ‘in prctal cases may cause ror for overshadowing tho introduced by shortcomings of facture mectanis and aeceeary approximations, ths mpl demonstrated in the text. have presented more thn three docen 4b‘hour coures on factor mechanics and damage tolerance analy 0 that I have probably more ‘xprince in teaching the sujet than anyone es. leaned moze than the Stadents and became cognizant of dieles and ofthe rel onsens in “ppleations In particular found, how a subject shou be expand pe tothe practicing engine to damonsteate tha his practical problem cin indeed ‘sone with engineering metho. This experience refered inthe pest ‘ons inthis book Suet backgrounds provide foram undestanding of tc ‘sues, but prgamatim prevails Mathematics cat be sok, but Ye ate resented {na hay that aprats to fg and ination. in lf formal Aleriations which would show but the mathemati sil f the water, A acting engineer does ear ile sbout how rack tip tess el i deve Feaccets that it can be done. slong as can wert ht thers st eof the form itis is val eoncerm is whats mean forthe elton to Prcical proems: Mathematical background is of te oft sini, bat ew engineering students aking facture mechanic coune il Dvome eects fate Inechanis. Mj adv hat indeed very few should.Pracre mechani ss ‘aur toa wseful engineering tool a hase bekling anaes Certainly ‘Snot perf, but no enpneting nals i Not mach hocking research Pract tod the present number of esearch facture mechani at ‘UL of proportion to the remaining engincering probs Despite the aclaimed sole edcation of engines my experience io teaching ractre mechanics to erally hundes of racing egies, tht ‘most hav onl vague eno ss suet a plat dformation and sen {many Mohr cle sam enigma; a most one lass Knows the se fonentation factor of a ceular hole: ewer eten have eter eat oye Srna and thisipianee, For his eason Chapter ofthe et css he ‘Mec of notes and oc yikling and provides simi look tid criteria. The treatments nesessaily compromising fg, but i serves the rps of providing the insight without wb ractre mechanics cannot be {indertood research work covered fundamental act and fatigue mechanism, cxpeimenalevtation of citer for Ele, actre and combed mode fonuing the Gevlopmen of eninciag procedures for arrest analysis ia ‘Teed panes collape conditions, and damage tolerance nals in Eee My engincering background however, hs always prevailed and Forel me Goider the pracealiy of procedures. This book rele a tine of ‘nperince in cath rd praca! applications. No subjects dacused 00 the fico hearsay Tstead the basse “hand-on” experience with vitally every ‘Stuer he fondameatl to the practi. Tram are of my shorcontgs, prejudss and oinionations, ut bee 10 teeta to thse on the basi of my egincering experience. This ext refs ‘hm, ad ool apologize Too many “refinement in engioeting solutions pertain to secondary eror: they acres the complexity, But Jo aot prose The soon, Ove dos ot improve te engl ofa chin by improving the irony tink The weak links in the fracire mechanics analysis are the trkowna, not the procedure, This book i for eninering students and for asncers who mastalve urgent problems yesterday Engineering olton are heaps approxmative, no mater what the rubea is.Such tthe maure of ncinceng, Necessary asumption ref more iaduetal than those de fo limitations of fracture mechanics. "Th et intended or he education ‘egies AL be sme imei serves as rceence For this reason tee fs sme dupbcaton and enensive cro ‘Rrrencs are provided Tis may be objetionablto the render going throws thetent rom AtoZ, bat wl eof a to those who read sections hee ab there Tes noc eft eno harman fot ever a I shal welome const tie cricsm with regard othe engineering appications. My baste in accom piahing things enforced bythe unfortunate situation tat Ihave to sake & {ving wile writing 4 Dook iam exancous efor which not very proitable) te refed in he text. gsi, am not apologizing js explaining ym grata o1my wie Baty for puting up with my preceeupaons and moods whe witig this text at for ubrating all writing toa wor-prces Se tsmaietankl oy sn Tit, who spent numerous hours rousing Sbitions to exerces and in raving urs Teste this ook to the memory of my father, Harm Broek. Many son sce trate ste utmat example So os ufaing sopport has ae Ban diver of my ambitions. Galena, Oo, February 1988 Notice Exenive computer ltt for fact shania ws devoped by the ce ‘of this book. This software is capable of -— “evoring an srengh ani in aston wih Chapters 34am 1 both for LEFM and EPFM, a pring fates cach growth ag fr constant ampli, random Teanga sem anor ing nssedance with Chaps Sand 1 ith ‘raion return. There ar opton for varus aration mal, te Stone a iba dta haps Suomaticly generating semandom es storie om the bio Seti dagrne (Chap 6) an pring sig on on ~ Ect mpcon en and aman oily of eon Ssrothctwi te posite daceed in Chae aig tated rack growth eres and acoumig for py an sa. ~ providing profesional as ‘en sy ic i i laa eee weary of prety fon Raids pero cn pa get factor, using moat ofthe procedures dscoted in Chaplet 8 : “The aoe soltmare ate or peronal computers wl as for VAX compuic Besa ft large se te sft spt apn sere ‘node each of which Hsin pononal ompteTocmaecommunia Uhrowh dike Slr that are persed automata. The sofware on Be he rom Fata is, 49 Cape Die, Gk, OA 'A mach implied version ofthe sume software ao by the autho) i val rom the American Soil of Metal ASHD), Metals Pk, OH 407. USA. This plied version has dat brary, no preprocessor for geometry Facior, cannot do reardaton. and dos mot generate sem-ranom Hee Contents Peta Nie (Chapier| INTRODUCTION Fracture conta “The two objatives of damage tkrnce ana (Crack pout and fractre Damage tolerance and ature mschaics “The ned for amalyseporpoe othe book (Chaper 2 EFEECTS OF CRACKS AND NOTCHES: COLLAPSE a 22 33 26 2, ae Scope ‘A ntcrupted oad path Sse concent actor State of sre at see concentration Yalding at 2 ntch Fracture at noche: rie behavior Measurement of colapue stengih Everseee ‘Chuper 3. LINEAR ELASTIC FRACTURE MECHANICS Fe Fa 4 io. an an) an (Genera or of the stress intensity factor Toughness Pst zone and sess ia place sues and plane sein “Thickness dependence of toughoess Mensirement of touphnes Competition wth pnt coliapse “The energy cision The eney release at ‘The meaning of he enety citron ‘The ke in ature reslance edefiniton of toughness series (Chapies 4, ELASTIC-PLASTIC FRACTURE MECHANICS Scope 42. Tae eneray criterion or plastic race 3, The ratte criterion 8, The ing tocar enerey 25. The residual strength dagram in EPFM clap 446. The measurement of te toughness in EPFM 45. The parameters ofthe seswstain curve 448, The uncon: 49, Accuncy 4110, Historia! development of J 4411, Limitations of EPFM 412. CTOD measurements 4113 Bnereser “Chapter 5, CRACK GROWTH ANALYSIS CONCEPTS Si Score 152. The concept undering atigue crack growth 55. Measurement of the at function SA. Rate equations 5. Conant amplitude crack growth na struts 56 Load interaction Rewrdation 57, Retardation model SR. Coach growth analysis for variable amplitude outing 558, Parameters alletng fatigue rack gromt rates S10, Stes coresion caching SL Exersse| ‘Chapter 6. LOAD SPECTRA AND STRESS HISTORIES i Scope 62, Types of stressors 63, Obtaining oad spectra 168. Exezedance diagram (65. Steshstory generation 66 Clipping 67, Teameation G8. Manipulation of sess history (69. Environmental effets fo Standaed spe, S11 Baers m us by iy bs 16 0 as we 19 16s Wes 168 68 1 05 1% 10 12 195 18 204 ans ms (Chaper 7. DATA INTERPRETATION AND USE. cs n 7A 1s 1 1: 2, a Pane strain eactre toughness “Toughness es of dy Estimates of toughness (General marks on fatigue ae data Fring the dad data Dealing with Seater in ate data [Accounting forthe enironmental fest twain retardation parameters Brercles, (Caper 8. GEOMETRY FACTORS. a 42, 3 Bu eh 89, an ‘Scope ‘The reference sess Compounding Superposition ‘Simple method for asymmetic oad eases Some cay gsc: Sim solutions for oles an ses concentrations ‘Simple solution for regal ses dntabuons Finite clement alse ‘Simpl solton for cack arses and multiple cements ‘Geometry actors for ase plate actu mechan, ‘Chaper 9 SPECIAL SUBJECTS a 32 a8 56 3 Scope Behvior of surface fas and cone racks Brak through: lak-efore beak Malipl ements, mil cracks, changing geometry Sop hos, cold worked holes and intrerence tenes Renda sires in general ‘ter fading moves mined mode loading Chapter 10 ANALYSIS PROCEDURES tol 02 ‘Seope Ingredient and cil Hcations 22 24 a5 a m Be ae mI 23 a 35 38 260 cH im ™ Ed mm Ps an Me hg m ms toa. 08 17 108, Cita locations and aw assumptions LCEFM versus EPFM Resa sength analysis Usrof Resune and Jecorve Crack growth analysis. Exereaes, ‘Chapter 1. FRACTURE CONTROL th na 3, ne. ue u9, 1100, ‘Chapter 12, DAMAGE TOLERANCE SUBSTANTIATION ra ar 123, 124, 4% a 129, 1210. mn (Chap 13. ABTER THE 1. na, Is. isa is bs 133, rot opi “The probity of sing the crack “The phys and sai of erack detection Determine the npeton itera Prctue conta plane Repairs ‘Stata aspects “he com of facture and rctre conc Freres ‘ope Odjecives ‘Reais and damage tolerance substation “Opsion to improve damage tlrance ‘Areraftdunage oeanee requirements Other requirenens Paw sumptions Sources of error and safety factors Misconceptions Oatook FAILURE ANALYSIS seve “he case of sis factre Frog Feats of we in rate mechanics amass nro acre mechan Fosse nctons based fare anal Bree FACT. FRACTURE MECHANICS Pa 383 46t wa 3a 30 9 mm m7 i ~ ” so 5 (Chaper 14. APPLICATIONS wr res as ee mar ‘Scope Storage tank (sitious example) Fractre are in ship ping ia chemieal pnt (cious exam) Flige cracks ead als Underwater pipeline Cosue (Chaper 15. SOLUTIONS TO EXERCISES SUBJECT INDEX “ o 6 * as sis CHAPTER 1 Introduction 1.1, Fractre conta Fracture control of structures the concerted efor by designers etal production and mantnance npncersandnspcor oer se operons without catastrophic acu falues OF the various ruta ae modes (Gocking ature, excessive plate deformation fracture sony on ery seldom does facture ccc due tan uforesen overload onthe damaged Structre Usual eae ya srctural fa ora crak: de oferta or sussined “normal” servic loadsa erack may develop (ating fen 2a ‘or sress concentration) and grow slowly in se, due fo the serv loading {Cracks and defects pair the strength Ths ding the continuing develo rent ofthe cack, the stractaral rength dcrass unt becomes ow tha {he service lads ‘eanot be ard any mor, andfacureenaes, Frctre ‘onto i intended To prevent actare de to defects serach the (raxsmar) loads experenced Suing operations serve, lacus tobe prevented, te stegth sould ot op blow a certain ae ‘ale Thismeans tat eracks us te prevented kom growing tae at which ‘hestrengih woul drop blow th asepabllinit node to determine whch Sie of erck is admis, one mut be able o cake how the srr ftrengh aleced by racks (ar 3 fonction of this) ap in ede 10 ‘kein he safe operational if one mit be abl to cleat the tine in Which rack grows fo the permite size. For hon mas fst ea the Toctions where cracks cou develop. Analysis then mst provide information ‘oh tuck growth times and on srr strength a fanetion of cracks ‘This type of analysis is eal damage flere analy, Damage olerance the propery ofa struct to ssi dfs or racks safely ami sch te hat acon (orca be) taken fo late the cals mination canbe afc by repair or by replacing the ruched sircture oF 2 ( component te dig sige ae sil has th option tose mre rack ‘tan nae orimpove esculenta not ‘come donsous due the pont scons el Anat pero njecons may be sched, fet ects cn be fepaed oF Smponns elses when ct deed rte inet ene {tepuamen) or the ispeston nr nd pe ef spon, foo trom te cach growth Ue este in the urge ces aan. inspestons eb erormey mean of samba onde inguston chic poled hese impel an ae a dre ehnigus such a pout sing se suey so ines. St seers donne yboate eng cs pe the te ma {parc » cack uct si oie te bu Aloha fe ‘eokinone te pot tet winded cman dees ane ones heute (4h eater pres) vente alr ang Sern went ne id iho fs Art rand py he Ie can continue mei no burt ecrsdariag the ot Te hen psn sy sacks wes tha he ial ase ot et tan perio fe rston thn pb bes ca wal pow {Sthepermaabe ue acre conta s+ combintion of measur sch as ecbed above Gaciasing ante to prevent acre ds toes daring operon fay Scio ior sme ofthe menu, samy dag nee sna ‘ater stn, eign proven, psy sca sng amd ma tCaarcfnpectontepacenem shee: The cent fhe fate Conte Instr dpece pon i eicliy ote component upon he onc omequcae ofthe rue being eu fers oe a ou ot onequenal Garage aud bys poten foc are (nog sof fre) Pecrecontlafey-shamnernay Sump ar ecg na wi acer face rsbamce Foci cme fan pone let age bran aaj cud stein spec and epee ‘Damage onc ais andi reas form hast cot plan Inston of wher atu, pu depen Be ‘Setuad analy sng tc foralc fom he damage olan oa This book dea wh paca damage tans suis. Pace cone Issa dacued ont ute exe, te ad inerpcaon ot te damage tokrans amas for sedng acre contl mesure ‘Seca nO “Tee mutha ool employed ia damage tkrance ama ced trate ethan prove the cons ad equtns wed To dtrmie tow cas ow and Now cracks fet he engi of cre, Dag te Isis yur fase moma cote ins psa egg is ot porte, but wo eapocing asaya Toe equnhon for nd ct (oS inmisaer nor shen ua osc ovoture eng ‘ 3 ignores plastic deformation, Neverthe has een sed success for many years in design Slay, fracture mechan an be wed sees ‘eclimed inaccuracies red Yo accurate inate much mor ha de to inadequacy of the ene, wich wil Become sbundanly Sein the curse ‘of ths book, Naturally the results of damage oerance analis ms be ed judicious, bat ths can be said of any her engineting nas ay wel ‘Aithoush farther improvements of fastre mechani concept may wel be esa rom fundamental pst of ew, nly tat drape leranee rays can be much improved, tits accracy i deter mos by the cura of material data and priced lade and sree Fracture mechanics can give sefal answers to questions that ihr ould ot beanswered at all The answers mayo! be perf but reasonable nyse ister than none. Unfortunatly st ater ear fo aban wrong answer: Pilar merous. This book intended oerplin the engineering wage of Fracture mechanic and to pot othe ils deta Some othe pals sates eicerous that one ses things ote olen done wrong tha igh. These Sd other things have edt some myths about ature mechan a ies ‘which ar hard fo eliminate. They wil be added nth book. ‘Although he basis ature mechaniceconepsil be dseax his bok focuses on how the urls should be performed, on how to sole practical problems and on how 1 avoid erort. Alsinabe accra, sb the fctors “Mecingacuracy are discussed in deta A bot rsa gen of tose ‘concepts of fracture mechan that ‘are actly aed in practi damage folrance analysis For more in dep enn of thoes he reader ‘fered other tex-books on the mate (2,3. Yet the reset et prover Sufcient Dackwound for » proper understanding of the previa thas ‘tacos. 'AS his hook deals withthe rata use of established facture mechanics concep references have baes kept oa minimvm, They ct be found more ‘xem fete Te not ecesry to reference exablished cone ‘efecto Hooke nw are sper ou, ad sare efeenes to ace ‘ublshedTacaremechames concep. Hence, reference are provide ely 9 those ass where relrane or extent do not warrant complete eaten in his tert 50 that we ofthe evga publtion might be drat 1.2, The two objectives of damage olerane analy Esabishment of» fracture cont pl requires know ofthe tutus strenght afte by craks and ofthe ime ive for racks to ro (oadangerous size Thus, damage lance analysis as wo objectives nels to determine 1. the ef each om sength argin aps facture) 2 the rack growth a funtion of tne “Time wo sive dco low poe ti ahows dapnnmaay the eit tack Sze on sent tract pecan nh nr etd a nF teenth {taped ety ofthe fos, the ste ca at lore fate ‘ccanronue a. Spon the moment tha new Sse no sec te = teh steagvoftenew arc Phe Ret Lice teagin ond sul te ong thatthe sen of see ester nrce fate Paste wan mat cer when Smad oa led tri th ractre aoe-dsie. "Scien designs clear tevrm aon se Th tor maybe npn stent ap ut thf a aay the me Some ae of ‘htom tea far apie to lot Fora te ium Satta trce nds hesemurteauly Seg smn P= Petacchi she strin oho mine {vines oul oar sity eu hh mt tere rene en throes chs aun pas toaton re wun mer ‘erate the fly fate apd tote shown res he cl ‘Micra sie ltt test eng Fhe re Sdn ch ‘Ny hess a pest seman, ito than oe 0 Pal pet, Ridt agin es agen te = s whee jis agin the safety factor. Hence, sine load and ses are usally Proportional the stele actualy capable feavying P= P Paity ‘may well probit proportional, but sine plastic) is eeeall Hated to ‘all reset notches and srs concentration, the above i appronmtely ore But even ft sno core i calmer itr a: he Strctre is eszned to carry a lod ig than the highest antpte servie oad bya factor andthe structural strengths, = P, The vale of between 3 (many cil engineering structures) and 1 alae). Tesscmpharid that Pte highest erie load. he sevice ond varies, ‘he load may well be mh esha, dng most of he ime For example Uheloads on ras, bridge, of shore statues hp and planes are ly ‘uch ee han Py Only cnepionlcreumsiance storm) ds he ad ‘each P Atte! ies the load may be only aration of, 0 that he marin ‘ginst acres mach ger hance etree sation’. Theleads ot Some structures. e piplins,pesure vessels fottng machitery ae reaching more nary ays the same eel (Pas shown in Fite 12. “The new scr as strength Pith ety factors stength sie to thi the probabity of race not entirely ter. the load sould each P.en. ins storm) the sacar file. The probabity ofthis oocring = rnon-ero, but experince har shown that ie axepaby Tom, If racks ae preset these es than P. This remaining strength er the presence ‘feracks peal referred to the 'redal sent. Phe agama Figue L1 sealed the residual stength diagram. With a'Yesiual strength Pan < Py the salty factory hat decreased: ~ iP, which is Bethan J PJP. Im concer. the probability of factor faire has become bihe. Frictureisthecatastopic break ofthe stele into or more pee With cack of sea the veda stengthit Pr, Should load P = Poca then facture takes place. The ature proces Be slow and tbl tall the crack extending (by fracture), bat the saci sil hanging toate. Eventual he acute bso usable andthe sractre bea tof oF ‘more pots. The whole proces of stable able race may take pce n> {tacion of sscond. the load P= Py does not exc, serve loading coming a loads ator below Pay the eack wl continue to grow. not DY Fracture ut by eacking mechanism ich afte sressoronon or =p ‘Duc tocontnsalprowt the cack becomes longer terial strength Ae atetfatoroner site probity of fretre ier I noting done tnd the stucare remainaia ere, the esd tenth evenly wil become quale P oresen qua the average service lo Pn Figure 12). Then he Sst factors rodued wo and ractr occurs already a Peabo igh) ‘erielond or even at P, Thsis what mut be preven tera shoul ot te allowed from becoming solr that fracture cecurs atthe sevice fads. ar Tain ate o ‘Sunes ) opel edi of ng hn Hence the trate or component mst be replaced before the each becomes, lanevous, or the crack mus be detected and repaired before such time "The above inpls tha the iit shoud beset somewhat above P,. For examples one ny fui tht the resid strength never eles than P,P ‘there isthe remaining salety factor and P, he misimim permis ee ‘trengih, The dein engine ower doesnot decide what sould been tafety factor j This acon i prescribed by eles and repulations issued by ‘ngincring societies (eg. ASME) or Government authors, Similar, hese far orreaurement should prescribe. This hs ot heen done fora ypes ‘fstratre yet while eg the ASME rules approach he problem somewhat ‘iret (rates and repwation ar dwaned i Chupler 12). Hower, some tule of gosl most beetabahed, sme decision made, 10 St the minum ermine esi! stength ao tht the maim prise crack suey, {an be determined fom the resid strength diagram Provided the shape of the reidual strength diagram is Known, and f, pesca, the maximum permisible crac sie follows from te gram, In fer or damage erance nays determine he arg llowabicrack, the fst bjesive mst be the calelation ofthe renal srength gr of Fite Aap cam be calla inet (rom F,imay not Be ness to eal the eat ea strength dngram, bt ony the point, F) However, hs isseldom pose and rarely ne saving. general. thecaeation ofthe ene gram far peat The raximum ermal crackz lows rom he ‘alee residual strength dapram and fom tepid mine erm ine res sventh, The residual suengih igeam wl be diferent for ‘ierent components of structure abd for diferent tack leans perme cack ses wil be diferent el The ermine rack se rometmes called the cal rack ie. Hower, thealjetve of reir conta to prevent site eas. A ciel eats ‘one tht would cause fracture in serce Cracks are not allowed to gow that Tong Instead. they ae permite wo gow only to he pease They ‘wou be eral only in the esent that a oud ss hgh at P, would ear "Knowing tht the crack may no ete file blues is know shen te crack might reach. The second objective ofthe damage alerance ’rlyisis then the eleulton of theeackgrowtheurve, shown dagrammate flyin Figure I. Uner the acton of moral sei loading theca 0 by taigue srs corosion or ee. am eve ster te nding the convex ‘ve shown in Figure 13, Sarting a Some crack size the crack grow ins daring tne, The psmisible rack , flowing from Figure 1 canbe plied on the curve in Fiore 13 Provided one can cate the ure in Figure 13 one bin he ime H of safe operation an is eahe). If is for example an (assumed otal nial defect, then the component or structure must Be replaced afer tine H. Aertel. aay be the ii of rack detection by impction Tht ‘rack a wil grow to tin 8 tine 1. Since crack growth tno lle tayond gy the crack must be detected and repre or otherwe sina tafore th tine H has expt Therefore, theme between iepections mst be lee than #1. At an insetion at tne the crck wil be masa, Pats the detecon lt the at inspection were to take place Hour ltr the ‘rack would have reached sled, whch sno permid: 2 the espetion Interval mast be les than fis often taken a 1 Tn any ese the ane of ‘ale operation by whatever means of acre conto allows rr Hla a, 1 emeres from ie damage tlerunc ana, provided both theresa strength degra) and tnecrackpromincute canbe elelated 0068, Crick romth and rte “The residual strength and crack growth diagrams are eel diferent, not ‘only in shape but le n spf. Fractre the final een, olen aking place very rap, and resting ina breskingsitwo. Crack growth onthe ter hand curs slowly during moral verve lading. Alo the meskanss fof exack growth and fracture are dierent. (Crack growth takes pce by one of five mechanisms: 2 atgue due to ei loading 1. Suess cortoion due to ssaiod loading © Cre 4. Hygtogen indeed cracking © Liguidmetal iced racking ‘OF hese theft two, combinations thereof ae the most prevent, while the lst hal of interes for load-bearing strctres Crack growth 1 sometimes refered to as sub-

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