I.

Thesis
Trafficking is not only specific to sexual exploitation, it also means labor exploitation. The
research focuses on talking about coercive labor practices and define them as human trafficking.
II. Argument
Trafficking v.s smuggling: labour exploitation men should not be looked at as smuggled.
Labour trafficking as the movements of person's place of origin within or across the border and
recruited into coercive labor.
Limitations:
Limited data sources
Trafficking as an organized crime is dangerous and trafficked people are too scared to
cooperate.
Data provided from NGOs are limited because most of the time it reflects the legal
framework of the country and legal practices rather than the issue itself.
Due to those limited data on trafficking victims is focused on migrants that have escaped
and seeked security under their country of origin or the destination country.
In order to understanded labor trafficking one must understand the supply side
potential migrants with a relatively poor socio-economic background coming from poor
countries and having low levels of education are more prone to fall prey to traffickers
than others. (Pre-migration condition)
Deprivation = labor migrants, poverty = forced labor victims
Ex. Albania
Intermediaries merchants of labour keep sustaining the supply.
People who used intermediaries from the beginning are more likely to end up in forced
labour than people who found a job through other means. (p16/22)
the more potential migrants are faced by informational and financial constraints, the
more likely it is that they will become a victim of trafficking and forced labour. (p. 26)
Physical and emotional threats constrain victims
Demand for labor contribute to increase in victims of forced labor.
III. Concerns
Limitation of the definition of trafficking that the author provide
Trafficking as a process that starts with a consensual agreement between the trafficker
and the potential victim (p.11)
Bias and limitation of the methodology
IV. Questions
One criteria for a coercive relationship is underpayments, can this be applied to U.S resturants
systems in which some workers get paid below minimum wage? (p31)
Which approach does countries take to labor trafficking and is it changeable?
Does Neoliberalism contribute to nowadays human trafficking? If so how?