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Design of linear, planar and circular antenna

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 International Journal of Engineering Research
Volume No.4, Issue Special 1
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Design of linear, planar and circular
antenna array using toolboxes of
MATLAB
1 requiring physical motion.
Jayanta Kumar Sahu,2 Prabira Kumar Sethy
1
M.Sc Electronics, Sambalpur University Institute of
Information Technology(SUIIT)
2 one particular direction, especially for a receiving antenna in the
Lecturer, Dept. Of ECE, Sambalpur University
jayanta.sahu@suiit.ac.in, psethy@suiit.ac.in
Abstract: The demand for wireless mobile communications
services is growing at an explosive rate, with the anticipation
that communication to a mobile device anywhere on the globe
at all times will be available in the near future.An array of
antennas mounted on vehicles, ships, aircraft, satellites, and
base stations is expected to play an important role in fulfilling
the increased demand of channel requirement for these
services, as well as for the realization of the dream that a
SUIT,Sambalpur University@2015
ISSN:2319-6890)(online),2347-5013(print)
Jan. 10, 2015
portable communications device the size of a wristwatch be
available at an affordable cost for such services.In this project
different tool boxes of MATLAB are used like, signal
processing toolbox, image processing toolbox and phased array
system toolbox for different purpose of extraction of
information about antenna array and a comparison is made
between the linear and planar antenna arrays.[3]
Keywords: antenna array, channel requirement, MATLAB,
signal processing toolbox, image processing toolbox, phased
array system toolbox, wireless mobile communication
INTRODUCTION
The field of wireless mobile communications is growing at an
explosive rate, covering many technical areas. Its sphere of
influence is beyond imagination. In the world of modern
wireless communication, engineer who wants to specialize in the
communication field needs to have a basic understanding of the
roles of electromagnetic radiation, antennas, and related
propagation phenomena.
Antenna is an important part of any wireless communication
system as it converts the electronic signals (propagating in the
RF Trans-receiver) into Electromagnetic Waves (Propagating in
the free space) efficiently with minimum loss. We use antennas
when nothing else is possible, as in communication with a
missile or over rugged mountain terrain where cables are
expensive and take a long time to install.
An antenna array is a set of individual antennas used for
transmitting and/or receiving radio waves, connected together in
such a way that their individual currents are in specified
amplitude and phase relationship.
This allows the array to act as a single antenna, generally with
improved directional characteristics (thus higher antenna gain)
than would be obtained from the individual elements. The
resulting array in fact is often referred to and treated as "an
antenna," particularly when the elements are in rigid
arrangement with respect to each other, and when the ratio of
currents (and their phase relationships) are fixed. On the other
hand, a steerable array may be fixed physically but has
electronic control over the relationship between those currents,
allowing for adjustment of the antenna's directionality without
The array uses electromagnetic wave interference to enhance the
radiative signal in one desired direction at the expense of other
directions. It may also be used to null the radiation pattern in
face of a particular interfering source. [2]
(II)IMAGE PROCESSING TOOLBOX
The image-processing toolbox of MATLAB has a function
freqz2 for finding the frequency response of two-dimensional
filters. The same could be effectively used to evaluate the
radiation pattern of the two-dimensional arrays (IP toolbox,
2010). The radiation pattern of the array on the x-y plane is
shown in the following figure.
The following MATLAB function generates the three
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 International Journal of Engineering Research ISSN:2319-6890)(online),2347-5013(print)
Volume No.4, Issue Special 1 Jan. 10, 2015

dimensional radiation pattern of a rectangular array. This Here the two parameters for the construction of the ULA are N
requires three arguments: and D . Where N is the number of antenna in the array and D
represents the spacing distance between the antennas.
JJ. Currents, a matrix whose elements define the current
distribution of the array;

KK. theta, an array having the directions in which the

pattern is evaluated;

LL. phi, an array having the directions in which the

pattern is evaluated .

The function freqz2 requires the frequency variables to be

normalized frequencies in the range -1.0 to 1.0, where 1.0
corresponds to half the sampling frequency, or radians. Due to
this, the progressive phase shifts x and y are normalized so
that their limits are equal to the limits of the normalized Figure 2- 20 element uniform linear array
frequencies of a two dimensional filter. The normalized values
of the progressive phase shifts are defined as follows: A Minimum Redundancy Linear Array (MRLA) is an example
of non-uniformly spaced linear array. The MRLA minimizes the
nx = sin cos number of element pairs that have the same spatial correlation
lag. It is possible to design a 4-element array whose aperture is
ny = sin sin equivalent to 7-element ULA which can be constructed by the
following codes,N=4;
Finally E(, ) is converted into E(x, y) so that the three
dimensional plotting function mesh can be used.[1] pos=zeros(3,N); azang=(0:N-1)*360/N-180;
pos(2,:)=[-1.5 -1 0.5 1.5 ];
% code5 theta=(pi/2)*((0:1:100)/100); ha=phased.ConformalArray(...
[the,ph]=ndgrid(theta,phi);shinx=cos(ph).*sin(the); 'ElementPosition',[cosd(azang);sin
shiny=sin(ph).*sin(the);E=freqz2(Currents,shinx,shiny); d(azang);zeros(1,N)],...
x=abs(E).*sin(the).*cos(ph);y=abs(E).*sin(the).*sin(ph); 'ElementNormal',[azang;zeros(1,N)] );
z=abs(E).*cos(the);figure mesh(x,y,z) viewArray(ha,'Title','Minimum Redundancy Linear Array
MRLA') set(gca,'CameraViewAngle',4.85);

Figure 1- The radiation pattern of a 5 5 uniform

rectangular array

(III)PHASED ARRAY SYSTEM TOOLBOX Figure3- 4 element minimum redundancy linear array

(A) CONSTRUCTION OF LINEAR ARRAY (B) CONSTRUCTION OF CIRCULAR ARRAY

By the following MATLAB coding we can construct a Uniform By the following MATLAB coding we can construct a Uniform
Linear Array (ULA), Circular Array (UCA),
N=20;
D=0.5; N=24;R=1; azang=(0:N-1)*360/N-180;
ha= phased.ULA(N,D); viewArray(ha,'Title','Uniform ha=phased.ConformalArray(...
linear Array(ULA)') set(gca,'CameraViewAngle',4.4); 'ElementPosition',[R*cosd(azang);R
*sind(azang);zeros(1,N)],...

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Volume No.4, Issue Special 1 Jan. 10, 2015

'ElementNormal',[azang;zeros(1,N)] );
viewArray(ha,'ShowNormals',true,'T
itle','UniformCircularArray(UCA)') view(0,90)
Here the two parameters for the construction of the UCA are N
and R . where N is the number of antenna in the array and R
represents the spacing distance between the antennas.

Figure 5- 18x16 uniform rectangular array

(IV) RADIATION PATTERN OF 5 x 5 UNIFORM

RECTANGULAR ARRAY
Figure2- 24 element uniform circular array
(A) RADIATION PATTERN IN AND CO-ORDINATE
Another kind of circular array can be constructed which is called SYSTEM
as Concentric Circular Array(CCA),which may be defined as
Multiple circular antenna arrays with the same number of In this part we are using the Image Processing Toolbox to
elements and different radii form a concentric circular array. generate the radiation pattern which can be obtained by the
This array can be formed by the following codes, following codes,
N=16;
R=[1 1.5 2]; azang=(0:N-1)*360/N-180; % radiation pattern of a 5 5 uniform rectangular array
pos=[zeros(1,N);cosd(azang);sind(a zang)]; theta=(pi/2)*((0:1:100)/100);
elNormal=zeros(2,N); ha=phased.ConformalArray(...
'ElementPosition',[R(1)*pos R(2)*pos R(3)*pos],... [the,ph]=ndgrid(theta,phi); shinx=cos(ph).*sin(the);
'ElementNormal', [ elNormal elNormal elNormal] ) %Normalized shinx shiny=sin(ph).*sin(the);
viewArray(ha,'Title','CCA'); %Normalized shiny E=freqz2(Currents,shinx,shiny);
here N is the number of antennas and R is the radii which has 3 %Analysis x=abs(E).*sin(the).*cos(ph); %Spherical to
values. y=abs(E).*sin(the).*sin(ph); %rectangular

z=abs(E).*cos(the); %coordinate system

mesh(x,y,z) %3D plot

the above codes are formed by using the following formulae,

The array factor for an MN rectangular array on the x-y plane

is,

Figure 4- 16 element concentric circular array

(C)CONSTRUCTION OF PLANAR ARRAY

By the following MATLAB coding we can construct a Uniform
Linear Array (ULA),
Where, x = kdxsin cos
M=18;
N=16; y = kdysin sin
dy=0.5
dz=0.5 where dx and dyare the spacing between the adjacent elements
along the x axis and the y axis, respectively, and the wmn are the
ha=phased.URA([N M],[dz dy]); current excitations.
viewArray(ha,'title','URA');
Here M is the number of antennas on the column of the array , N The image-processing toolbox of MATLAB has a function
is the number of antennas on the row of the array. freqz2 which could be effectively used to evaluate the radiation
dy is the inter-element spacing on the Y-axis and dz is the inter- pattern of the two-dimensional arrays (IP toolbox, 2010). The
element spacing on the Z-axis. radiation pattern of the array on the x-y plane is shown in the

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 International Journal of Engineering Research ISSN:2319-6890)(online),2347-5013(print)
Volume No.4, Issue Special 1 Jan. 10, 2015

following figure . The u/v coordinates for the hemisphere x 0 are derived from
the phi and theta angles, as follows:
The following MATLAB function generates the three
dimensional radiation pattern of a rectangular array. This u = sin() cos()
requires three arguments:
v = sin() sin()
JJJ. Currents, a matrix whose elements define the current
distribution of the array; by using the following codes we can get the response of the
given antenna array in UV domain
KKK. theta, an array having the directions in which the
pattern is evaluated; %3D response pattern in UV domain

LLL. phi, an array having the directions in which the fc = 1e9; c = 3e8; plotResponse(ha,fc,c,'RespCut',
pattern is evaluated . '3D','Format','UV');

The function freqz2 requires the frequency variables to be

normalized frequencies in the range -1.0 to 1.0, where 1.0
corresponds to half the sampling frequency, or radians.

Due to this, the progressive phase shifts x and

y are normalized so that their limits are equal to the limits of
the normalized frequencies of a two dimensional filter.

The normalized values of the progressive phase shifts are

defined as follows:

nx = sin cos
Figure7-Response of a 5 x 5 uniform rectangular array in
ny = sin sin UV domain

Finally E(, ) is converted into E(x, y) so that the three When we need to have only the response of the array in U
dimensional plotting function mesh can be used. [1] domain then the following coding are required,

%responce pattern in U domain fc = 1e9; c = 3e8;

plotResponse(ha,fc,c,'RespCut', 'U','Format','UV');

Figure8-Response of a 5 x 5 uniform rectangular array in U

Figure6-Radiation pattern of a 5 x 5 uniform rectangular space
array
(C)RESPONSE OF 5 x 5 UNIFORM RECTANGULAR
RESPONSE OF 5 x 5 UNIFORM ARRAY IN POLAR PLOT

RECTANGULAR ARRAYS IN UV CO- Polar graphs are relevant to any phenomena characterized by its
direction and distance from a fixed point.
ORDINATE SYSTEM
The code for obtaining a polar plot of the response of a given 5 x
UV mapping is the 3D modeling process of making a 2D image 5 uniform rectangular array is,
representation of a 3D model.
fc = 1e9; c = 3e8; plotResponse(ha,fc,c,'RespCut',

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Volume No.4, Issue Special 1 Jan. 10, 2015

'AZ','Format','polar'); (VI) References

Journals and conference Paper:-

i. Sahaya Kulandai Raj Joseph and Joerg Schoebel (2010).

Designing Antenna Arrays Using Signal Processing,Image Processing
and Optimization Toolboxes of MATLAB, Matlab - Modelling,
Programming and Simulations, Emilson Pereira Leite (Ed.), ISBN: 978-
953-307-125-1
ii. Antennas and its ApplicationsPramod Dhande Armament
Research & Development Establishment, Dr Homi Bhabha Rd, Pashan,
Pune-411 021.
iii. Applications of Antenna Arrays toMobile
Figure9-Response of a 5 x 5 uniform rectangular Communications,Part I:Performance Improvement, Feasibility,and
array in polar plot System Considerations LAL C. GODARA,SENIOR MEMBER, IEEE.
iv. A mathematical theory of linear arrays by S.A
(V)CONCLUSION
SCHELKUNOFF.
Websites:-
In this paper, varieties of antenna arrays are designed such as v. http://en.wikipedia.org
linear array, planar array and circular arrays to meet the higher vi. http://google.co.in
demands of present communication systems. Books:-
vii. Balanis, C. (2005). Antenna Theory: Analysis and Design, 3rd
The different algorithms are utilized to construct the antenna ed., Wiley and Sons, 047166782X, Hoboken, New Jersey, USA.
arrays in various toolboxes of MATLAB. Also a 5x5 rectangular viii. signal Processing Toolbox Users Guide.
array is designed and its responses are obtained to show the (2010),TheMathWorks Inc.
ix. Image Processing Toolbox Users Guide. (2010),The
nature of its radiation pattern.
MathWorks Inc.

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